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N`
P
i
A
Q
r i-r T
t
C
NR
S
QN
QR
RT
QR
QN
QR =
cos r
RT
QN
NORMAL SHIFT
The apparent shift in the position of an object placed in
one medium and viewed along the normal, from the
other medium.
N`
N
t
S
r
i
P r
i
O
M.S.GAYATHRI, Lecturer in Physics
OP=incident ray
PQ=refracted ray produced backwards meet ON at I
NN`=normal
OI=normal shift
RPO=i=angle of incidence=NPO
QPS=r=angle of refraction=NIP
t=thickness of the optical medium
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
Here n1 = n n2 = 1
900
i>C
denser medium
d
r2
r1
i1
P
B
S
C
M.S.GAYATHRI, Lecturer in Physics
d + A = i1 + i2 ---------------------(2)
at minimum deviation
i1 = i2 = i
r1 = r2 = r
d=D
D
i
(1)
(2)
A = 2r
D + A = 2i
or
or
r = A/2
i = (A+D)/2
REFRACTION THROUGH
CURVED SURFACES
Curved surface: it is a part of a sphere.
Principal axis: the horizontal line passing through the
centre of the curved surface.
Pole(P): centre of the curved surface.
Centre of curvature(c):it is a point on the principal
axis which is the centre of the sphere in which curved
surface is a part.
M.S.GAYATHRI, Lecturer in Physics
r
M
=
We know that n1 sini = n2 sinr
=
M.S.GAYATHRI, Lecturer in Physics
IM
OM OP = u
CO = CP OP = R - u
CI = CP - IP = R + v
B D
I`
V`
OE = incident ray
FI = refracted ray
O = point object
I` = virtual object for the surface ADC
OP = u =object distance
R1 ,R2 =radii of curvatures of the
surfaces ABC and ADC
PI =v=image distance
P I` =v` =image distance for the first surface
M.S.GAYATHRI, Lecturer in Physics
O
u