currents between phases with no earth connection are protected

by means of the over-currents (O.C.) relays, only when they

exceed the minimum current setting of the over-current
protection .
* The types in (2) , (3) and (4) above have been used for the
protection of feeders in present project .

(9.6) Protection of Parallel Feeders :

In case of parallel feeders , directional relays are used at
the receiving ends to prevent the reverse of power , as shown in
figure (9.3) . Over-current relays are used at the sending end.
The time setting of the directional relay is smaller than that of
the over-current relay .

(9.7)Protection of Transformers :
Transformers are protected by different methods :
(a) Over-current and Earth-fault Protection :
It protects the transformers from overload and short circuits.
Generally, indication type over-current relays are used . The
setting of these relays is in excess of the normal load currents .
There is also an earth fault protection , when there is no earth
fault the three phases will balance and no current will pass in
the earth fault relay .
(b) Differential Protection for Transformers :

This type of protection is used to protect the transformer

from interterm fault and also phase to phase faults . If the
current in the primary and the current in the secondary are not
equal in case of any internal fault in the transformer the relay
will act .
Due to the unequal voltage and different types of connection
(star or delta) on the primary and secondary there is a different
currents , the protective current transformers ratios on primary
and secondary side should be selected in order to have the same
load conditions as shown in Fig. (9.4) . Also the connection of
the protective current transformers should be arranged in order
to have no phase angle in both sides .

(c) Bucholz Relay :

It is based upon the principle of a gas operated relay ,
when any internal fault occurs the oil will evaporate and will
produce gases .
The relay consists of an oil container has two internal
floats made from Aluminum and is normally full of oil as shown
in fig. (9.5) .
In case of slight fault, small doubles are produced which
pass to the relay and trapped in it, due to these bubbles the oil
level will fall causing an imbalance to the upper float and the
mercury will contract the switch .
2

In case of a serious fault , the gas produced is much more

and the oil in the relay will be displaced by gas , causing the
lower float to fall down and the mercury will contract switch .
(d) Protection of Transformers From Voltage Surges :
By inserting a short length of cable between the end of the
overhead line and the transformer , it is possible to reduce the
magnitude of the voltage surge before it reaches the transformer
. In this case , the surge impedance of the cable acts as the
terminating impedance of the line .
Since Z0 for the cable is considerable less than that for the line ,
the surges reflected from the line/cable junction consist of
reduced voltage and increased current . Therefore , a reduced
voltage surge continues forward along the cable to the
transformer . The associated increased current surge has little
effect when it reaches the transformer because of the short
duration of the surge .

(9.8) Protection of Transmission Lines :

There are many types of T.L. protection :
(1) Translay Protection .
(2) Summation Transformers .
(3) Silkier Protection .
(4) Carrier current protection .
Carrier Current Protection of Transmission Lines :

An alternative to the use of pilot wires is to make the

comparison using high frequency currents transmitted over the
power line itself. High frequency transmitters and receivers are
required at each end of the line, but the cost of installing the
pilot cable between the two ends is avoided .
The high frequency (100-500 kHz) is injected into the power line
using coupling capacitors . The coupling capacitors offer low
reactance (1/wc) to carrier frequency , but high reactance to
power frequency .
Fig. (9.6) shows a schematic of the carrier current protection
system . The coupling capacitor will not allow the 50 Hz
currents to enter the carrier equipment . A low inductance is
connected in series with the coupling capacitor which will offer
a high impedance for carrier frequency . Thus carrier frequency
currents are forced to go into the carrier equipment . The coil is
shunted by a spark gap to protect against any sudden rise of
voltage .
In order to confine the carrier frequency current into the
line only, the line shall have at both ends line traps . The line
trap is an L.C in parallel which has very high impedance to
carrier frequency and very low impedance to 50Hz currents .
The line trap prevents the high frequency signals from entering
the neighboring line, and hence the carrier currents flow only in
protected line .

The high frequency (carrier) current can be used for sending

locking signals in schemes similar to the interlock protective