Experiment I (a)

Aim : - To determine the approximate focal length of a concave mirror by

obtaining the image of a distant object
Apparatus : - A concave mirror , a meter scale, a mirror holder.
Procedure : - 1. Select a distant object such as a tree or a pole easily
visible from the
window of the laboratory.
2. Mount the concave mirror in the mirror holder
3. Adjust the concave mirror in such a way that the rays coming
from the tree
fall on its reflecting surface.
4. Obtain a well defined & sharp image on the white wall of the
laboratory by moving the mirror backwards & forward.
5. Measure the distance between the wall and the concave
mirror with the help of a meter scale
6. Repeat the experiment thrice.
7. Note the readings.
8. Find the average of the readings.
9. This is the appropriate focal length.
Result : - The approx. focal length of the concave mirror is _______cm.
Precaution:1. The distant object should be clearly visible .
2. The image on the wall should be well defined and sharp.
3. While measuring the distance, the meter scale should be
kept parallel to the ground .
4. Experiment should be performed on a bright sunny day.

Experiment No. I (b)

Aim :-To find the focal length of a convex lens by object at infinity
method
Apparatus :- A double convex lens, a holder, a screen ,meter scale.
Procedure :1. Locate a distant object from the window of the laboratory.
2. Place a meter scale on the table in the direction of the object
with the o
mark towards the object.
3.Place a convex lens mounted on a lens holder at the 10 cm
mark of the
scale.
4.Place the screen behind the lens and move the screen
backward and forward
till a sharp clear image is formed.
5.Record the position of the screen.
6.The difference between the position of the lens and the
screen is the focal
length of the lens.
7. Repeat the experiment by placing the lens at two different
positions and
repeat steps 4, 5, 6.
8. Calculate the average focal length.
Result :-The average focal length is _______cm
Precaution :1. Fix the convex lens vertically in the lens holder.
2. The bases of the lens stand & the white screen should be in
line with the
meter scale.
3. Record the position of the lens and the screen only when a
well defined
sharp image is formed on the screen.

Experiment - II
Aim : -(i) To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular
glass slab.
(ii) Measure the angle of incidence , angles of reflection and angle of
emergence and
interpret the result .
(iii) Mark and measure Lateral displacement.
(iv) Find the value of refraction index of glass with respect to air.
Apparatus : - Drawing board , drawing pins , plain sheet of white paper ,
a rectangular
glass slab , geometry instruments , and sharp pointed alpins.
Procedure : 1. Fix a white paper on a drawing board with the help of the drawing
pins.
2. Place a rectangular glass- slab in the middle. Draw its boundary .
Remove the glass-slab & label the boundary as ABCD
3. Draw an inclined line on the side AB, to meet AB at X. Place two pins
on P & Q. PQ is then the incident ray .
4. Replace the glass slab again within the drawn boundary . Look at
the feet of pins P & Q from the other parallel opposite face of the
slab i.e. from CD along the plane of paper. Fix two pins R & S in such
a way that RS & the images of P & Q lie on the same straight line.
5. Remove the glass slab & all the four pins. Encircle all the pricks of
the four pins. Join R and S and produce it up to the edge CD to meet
CD at Y. This will be the emergent ray.
6. Draw a normal NN at X and LL at Y. Join X and Y. XY is the refracted
ray.
7. Measure i , r, r 2, e
8. Produce RS backwards. Drop a perpendicular EF from E on RS
produced to meet PQ at F.
9. Measure EF. This is the lateral displacement.

sini
= sinr

10.

Find Cga

11.

It should be approximately 1.5.

Result :1. At the point of incidence the incident ray , reflected ray and the
normal to the
air-glass interface all lie in the plane of paper.
2. The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray .
3. Within experimental limits, the angle of emergence and angle of
incidence are equal.
4. Emergent ray is laterally displayed . Lateral displacement = _______
5. When the light ray travels from optically rarer medium (air) to
denser medium (glass),the angle of reflection is less than the angle
of incidence.
6. The angle of refraction at the air glass interface and incident angle
at the glass-air interface are found to be equal.
7. Cga= _______
Precaution :1.
2.
3.
4.

Drawing board should be of soft wood

Glass slab must be clean and should be free from air bubbles.
Alpins should be fixed in vertical positions.
The base of all the pins (on the paper) should be placed in a straight
line.
5. Keep your eyes along the plane of the paper and in line while
observing the image and fixing the pins.
6. Place the pins at least 1-2 inches away from the glass slab and 2
inches apart from one another.

Experiment III
Aim :-To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.
Apparatus :- A drawing board , few pins or cello-tape , a glass prism all
pins, three sheets of whitepaper , a measuring scale and a
protractor
Procedure :1. Take a white paper and fix it on the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.
2. Place a glass prism along its triangular base, in the middle of the
paper. Mark the boundary ABC of the glass prism. Now remove the
prism .
3. Draw a line inclined to AB nearer to A than BC. Fix two pins P & Q on
it . This is the incident ray. Let it meet AB at L
4. At L draw NN1, a normal to A B
5. Looking through AC now fix two pins R & S such that the feet of the
images of P & Q and the feet of R & S are in the same straight line.
6. Remove the prism. Remove the pins & encircle the pin points.
7. Join R & S to meet AC in M.
8. At M draw KK perpendicular to AC.
9. Join LM. This is the refracted ray.
10.
Produce PQ forward and RS backward to meet at O.
D

11.
is the angle of deviation.
Result :1. The path of the ray of light incident on one refracting face of a glass
prism is shown in the figure.
2. The ray of light entering from air to glass at the first refracting
surface, on refraction, bends towards the normal. At the second
refracting surface, light rays enter from glass to air and bends away
from the normal.
3. Thus, the ray of light suffers two refractions on passing through a
prism and hence deviates through a certain angle from its original
path.

Precaution :1. The refracting faces of the glass prism should be smooth,
transparent and without any air bubble or broken edge.
2. Use a sharp pencil to draw the boundary of the prism and rays of
light.
3. The alpins should have a sharp tip and be fixed exactly vertical to
the plane of the paper.
4. The distance between the pins should be at least 2 inches. It
provides greater accuracy in finding the direction of incident ray and
refracted ray.
5. Always adjust the feet and not the heads of all pins to lie along the
same straight line.
6. The pin pricks should always be dotted and circled.
7. Angle of incidence should be between 30 and 60
8. Proper arrows should be drawn to indicate the direction of incident,
refracted and the emergent ray.
Experiment IV
Aim :-To see images of an object formed by a convex lens when placed at
various positions.
Apparatus :- A convex lens , a lens holder , a lighted candle on a stand ,
a meter scale , a
screen holder .
Procedure :1. Take the convex lens and find its approximate focal length by distant
object method. It is 10 cm .
2. Place the convex lens in a lens holder at the 40 cm mark on the meter
scale. On the meter scale mark F1 , 2 F1, F2, 2F2 at the following
markings 30 cm , 20 cm , 50 cm, 60 cm respectively .
3. Light the candle and place it on a stand such that the flame & lens are
at the same level.
4. Place the candle at the 10 cm mark (beyond 2F )
5. On the opposite side of the lens place the screen in the screen holder.
Adjust the position till sharp inverted image of the candle flame is
obtained on the screen.
6. You will note that this position of the screen is between the 50 and 60
cm mark. (between F & 2F)
7. Also the image is smaller in size than the actual flame.
8. Now place the candle at the 30 cm mark (2 F1).
9. Adjust the screen till a sharp image is obtained.
10. You will see that this position is at 60 cm mark (2F 2). The image is
inverted and of the same size.
11. Now place the candle between the 20 cm and 30 cm mark. (between
2 F1 & F1)

12. Adjust the screen till a sharp image is obtained .

13. You will see that this position is beyond 60 cm mark (beyond 2F2 )
and the image
is inverted and larger than the object .
14. Now place the candle between the 30 cm mark & the lens .
(between F1 & O)
15. Look through the lens from the opposite side.
16. You will see an erect, virtual and enlarged image of the candle.
Result :- We have seen images for various positions of an object for a
convex lens .
Precautions :- 1. All stands should be vertically straight.
2. The candle flame and the lens should be at the same
level.
Note:- Draw the following ray diagrams from the book on the blank side.
{

(i) Object beyond 2F

(ii) Object at 2F

(iii) Object between F & 2F

(iv) Object between F & O