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Introduction to

Heat Transfer

Outline
1.Heat Transfer Mechanisms
1.1. Conduction

1.2. Convection
1.3. Radiation
2. Conduction Heat Transfer

2.1. Series/Parallel Resistances


2.2. Geometric Considerations

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction
Transfer of energy of
motion between adjacent
molecules
May occur across solids,
liquids, and gases.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction
Molecular
Vibration

Free Electron
Diffusion
(for solids)

*This is why metals


are good conductors.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Convection
Transfer by bulk transport and mixing of
macroscopic elements of warmer portions with
cooler portions of a gas or a liquid.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Convection
Forced Convection

Free/Natural Convection

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Radiation
Transfer achieved by electromagnetic
waves and requires no physical
medium to propagate.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Identify the mechanisms:

Conduction Heat Transfer


Recall: Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
Where:
Q = heat flow rate
A = heat transfer area
k = thermal conductivity
T = temperature

= temperature gradient

ONE-DIMENSIONAL ONLY

Conduction Heat Transfer


Recall: Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
Where:
q = heat flux
k = thermal conductivity
T = temperature

THREE-DIMENSIONAL

=

=
,
,

Conduction Heat Transfer


Recall: Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Quantity
Q
A
k
T

SI Units
W
m2
W/mK
K or C

English Units
Btu/hr
ft2
Btu/hrftF
F or R

Conduction Heat Transfer

Useful Conversion Factors:

3
1
= 4.1365 10

W
1
= 1.73073

1
= 3.1546 2
2

1
= 0.29307

Quantity

SI Units

English Units

Btu/hr

m2

ft2

W/mK

Btu/hrftF

K or C

F or R

Conduction Heat Transfer


Thermal Conductivity, k
A measure of a materials ability to
transfer thermal energy by conduction.

Thermal Diffusivity,
A measure of a materials ability to
respond to changes in its thermal
environment.

Conduction Heat Transfer


A dimensionless umber often appearing
in equation of change for energy
transport is

Prandtl number
Pr = =

Peclet number
=

Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction Heat Transfer


Thermal Conductivity

Conduction Heat Transfer


Thermal Conductivity
For most liquids, thermal
conductivity varies
moderately linear with
temperature:

= +

Conduction Heat Transfer


Thermal Conductivity
For gases, thermal
conductivity increases with
temperature:

Conduction Heat Transfer


Thermal Conductivity

Conduction Heat Transfer


Common Insulators:
1. Cellular glass
2. Polyurethane

3. Polyisocyanurate
4. Polystyrene

5. Glass fiber
6. Calcium silicate

7. Mineral wool

Conduction Heat Transfer

Exercise:
1. Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area
for an insulating wall composed of 25.4-mm
thick fiber insulating board (k = 0.048 W/mK),
where the inside temperature is 352.7 K and the
outside temperature is 297.1 K.

Conduction Heat Transfer

Exercise:
2. A furnace wall is insulated by a material with thermal
conductivity expressed as
= 0.08(1 + 0.003 )
where k is in Btu/hr-ft-F and T is in F. During
operation, the temperature inside the furnace reaches
1800F, releasing heat at 3500 Btu/hr-ft2. Determine
the insulation thickness sufficient to bring the
temperature outside the wall to 300 F.

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