Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of
Standby Storage Batteries
4 February 2010
PLCC
24/26v C & I Battery
UPS Battery
Battery for VHF set
4 February 2010
4 February 2010
PLCC
Extremely difficult to resynchronise the unit with the
grid
Major setback in the process of reviving the grid in the
event of a regional grid failure
If the battery fails while the unit is in operation, it may
become essential to shutdown
4 February 2010
Reliability
Reliable standby power source
Deliver power as and when called for
Full capacity at any point of time in service life
Predictability
4 February 2010
STORAGE BATTERY
WHEN ?
EITHER
SUDDEN DISRUPTION OF MAINS POWER TAKES PLACE
OR
CONVENIENT AVAILABILITY OF MAINS POWER IS NOT THERE
STANDBY APPLICATION
CYCLIC APPLICATION
4 February 2010
SELECTION HEURISTICS
KNOWLEDGE OF
ATTRIBUTES OF
COMPETING
TECHNOLOGIES
SELECTION OF RIGHT
TECHNOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE OF
ATTRIBUTES OF
DESIGN OPTIONS
KNOWLEDGE OF
APPLICATION
REQUIREMENTS
CALCULATION OF
CORRECT CAPACITY
4 February 2010
NICKEL CADMIUM
4 February 2010
BASIC ELECTROCHEMISTRY
LEAD ACID
CHARGED
DISCHARGED
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4
POS
NEG.
NEG.
NICKEL CADMIUM
DISCHARGED
CHARGED
2NiOOH + 2H2O + Cd
NEG.
POS
2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
NEG.
POS
LOW COST
APPLICATION VERSATILITY
4 February 2010
FLOODED
FLAT
TUBULAR
4 February 2010
VRLA
PLANTE
ACTIVE MATERIAL
SUPPORT STRUCTURE
ACTIVE
MATERIAL
SUPPORT
STRUCTURE
2
4 February 2010
AN OVERVIEW
ENABLES ELECTRONIC
CONDUCTION
PROVIDES MECHANICAL
SUPPORT TO ACTIVE
MATERIAL
4 February 2010
FLAT PLATE
MORPHOLOGY
ACTIVE MATERIAL
PASTED ON GRID EXTERNALLY
4 February 2010
LARGE ACTIVE
SURFACE AREA
LIMITATIONS
ACTIVE MATERIAL
SHEDDING
LIMITED CYCLING
CAPABILITY
EASY ACCESS OF
ACID TO LEAD GRID
4 February 2010
MORPHOLOGY
SPINE
GAUNTLET
4 February 2010
WHY ?
ADVANTAGES
NO ACTIVE MATERIAL
SHEDDING
SPINE DEEPLY
EMBEDDED IN ACTIVE
MATERIAL LOW SPINE
CORROSION
LOOSE PACKING OF
ACTIVE MATERIAL
POSSIBLE
WHY NOT ?
LIMITATIONS
4 February 2010
TUBULAR
4 February 2010
NO !!!
Exide OPzS
4 February 2010
Exide OPzS
Exide OPzS comes with Heavy Duty DIN standard Spines
HIGH PRESSURE SPINE CASTING IN HADI MACHINES
Exide OPzS
Comparative Water Loss study data:
Rate of water loss on float # per
Ah/Cell/21 days at 50oC, 2.4 V/cell
Positive
Spine Alloy
Negative
Grid Alloy
Till late 80
9% Sb
5% Sb
1.10 gms.
Post 90
5% Sb
2.5% Sb
0.55 gms
Exide OPzS
2.5% Sb
0.1% Ca
0.3% Sn
0.18 gms
In the absolute worst case too, cells do not require topping up in 1 year!!
4 February 2010
Exide OPzS
The Exide OPzS range of Tubular Cells
Now come in transparent, tough StyreneAcrylonitrile (SAN) boxes clear as glass.
Easy to monitor State-of-Health !!
Additional Features
Low foot print
Plastic Encapsulated
Strap for corrosion
resistance
Insulated Connectors
4 February 2010
4 February 2010
EXIDE PLANTE
4 February 2010
PLANTE
MORPHOLOGY
CAST OF 99.99%
PURE LEAD
LAMELLAR GRID
STRUCTURE
ENHANCED
ACTIVE SURFACE
AREA
INTEGRAL GRID
ACTIVE MATERIAL
4 February 2010
PLANTE
POSITIVE PLATE
HANGING FROM
CONTAINER SHOULDER
TO PROVIDE SPACE FOR
CREEP GROWTH
INEVITABLE TO PURE
LEAD POSITIVE
4 February 2010
Plante
10 A
FLOAT CURRENT
Low Sb Tubular
SbCdVRLA
NormalTubular
10yrs
SERVICE LIFE
4 February 2010
20 Yrs.
PLANTE
NO LOSS IN CAPACITY
20%
1.25
VRLA
20%
1.25
Ni-Cd
20%
1.25
PLANTE
4 February 2010
AGEING FACTOR
ZERO
1.00
PLANTE
FAST RECHARGE
NO ANTIMONY POISONING
4 February 2010
PLANTE
LONG LIFE
DUE TO
VERY LOW EQUILIBRIUM FLOAT CURRENT OF
THE ORDER OF 1 mA/AH UNDER NORMAL FLOAT
CONDITION
PLANTE
EASY MONITORING
RELIABILITY - REITERATED
4 February 2010
VRLA DESIGN
4 February 2010
WHAT IS VRLA ?
SEALED
CAN BE KEPT
IN ANY ORIENTATION.
NO TOPPING-UP REQUIRED
EVER MAINTENANCE-FREE.
4 February 2010
Advantage VRLA
1. No topping up ever
2. No emission of fumes
3. Supplied factory charged
4. Excellent high rate discharge performance
5. Excellent charge acceptance
6. Excellent deep cycle life
7. Low Self-discharge
8. Designed to suit float and moderate cyclic duty
9. Compact low foot print
10. Long Life
4 February 2010
O2
Charger
H2
H+
VRLA
SYSTEM
e-
H+
O2
H+
H+
O2
ELECTROLYTE - H2SO4
At -ve Electrode
4 February 2010
4 February 2010
4 February 2010
VRLA Limitations
SIZING FACTORS
PARAMETERS
LOAD CURRENT
LOAD DURATION
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
Selection Parameters
DEPTH OF DISCHARGE
FREQUENCY OF DISCHARGE
PARAMETERS
TO BE
CONSIDERED
FOR SELECTION
APPLICATION CRITICALITY
CHARGING CONSTRAINT
MAINTENANCE CONSTRAINT
Selection Summary
APPLICATION
ATTRIBUTE
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
DEPTH OF
DISCHARGE
TUBULAR
TUBULAR /
VRLA
VRLA /
PLANTE
FREQUENCY OF
DISCHARGE
TUBULAR
TUBULAR /
PLANTE
PLANTE /
VRLA
CRITICALITY OF
APPLICATION
PLANTE
PLANTE /
TUBULAR
TUBULAR /
VRLA
CHARGER
CONSTRAINT ON
VOLTAGE
TUBULAR
MAINTENACE
CONSTRAINT
VRLA
PLANTE /
TUBULAR
PLANTE /
TUBULAR
OPERATING TEMP.
TUBULAR /
PLANTE
PLANTE / VRLA
VRLA
4 February 2010
BATTERY SIZING
4 February 2010
Sizing Parameters
DUTY CYCLE LOAD CURRENT
AND DURATION PATTERN
APPLICATION
PARAMETERS
BATTERY
PARAMETERS
DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTOR FOR AGING PHENOMENON
FACTOR FOR STATE-OF-CHARGE IF
REQUIRED
4 February 2010
CHARGING
VOLTAGE PER CELL
VC
MIN. DC BUS
VOLTAGE VMIN.
MAX. DC BUS
VOLTAGE VMAX
VMAX / VC
NUMBER OF CELLS
VDC / V
NOMINAL VOLTAGE
PER CELL, V
4 February 2010
END OF
DISCHARGE
VOLTAGE
(ECV)
NOMINAL DC BUS
VOLTAGE VDC
END OF DISCHARGE
VOLTAGE
BACK-UP DURATION
REQUIRED
TYPE OF CELL
SELECTED
CAPACITY FACTOR
F
LOAD CURRENT, I
DESIGN MARGIN, D
FACTOR FOR
TEMPERATURE
CORRECTION, KT
STATE-OF-CHARGE /
FLOAT CHARGE
CORRECTION
FACTOR, Z *
4 February 2010
Multi-step Load
P = PERIOD
S = SECTION
Sn = Pn
P=S
CS =
(A
P=1
S=N
C = MAX. CS
S=1
4 February 2010
P-1)
X FT
SOFTWARE ALGORITHM
ENVIRONMENT
PARAMETERS
SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
LOAD
PARAMETERS
BATTERY TYPE
SELECTED
USERS
CONFIRMATION
BATTERY SIZING
TOOLKIT
NO. OF
CELL
SELECTED
MODEL
SIZING CALCULATION
PRODUCT CATALOGUE
O & M MANUAL
STANDARD LAYOUT
4 February 2010
THANK YOU
4 February 2010