L5 Radical Expressions

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 5
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Outline
Radical Expressions
nth root of a
Simplification of Radical Expressions
Operations Involving Radical Expressions
Addition and Subtraction of Radical Expressions
Multiplication and Division of Radical Expressions
Rationalizing Radical Expressions
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nth root of a
Definition
Let a, b R and n N, n > 1. If bn = a then b is an nth root of a.
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nth root of a
Definition
Let a, b R and n N, n > 1. If bn = a then b is an nth root of a.
Examples:
Since both 32 , (3)2 are equal to 9, then 3 and -3 are second roots or
square roots of 9.
-4 is a third root or a cube root of -64 since (4)3 = 64.
2 and -2 are fourth roots of 16 since (2)4 = (2)4 = 16.
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Principal nth root of a
Definition
If n N, n > 1, a R, the principal nth root of a, denoted n a, is defined

as follows:
If a > 0, then n a is the nth root of a that is positive.
If a < 0 and n is odd, then n a is the nth root of a that is negative.
If a is zero, then n 0 = 0.
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Definition
If n N, n > 1, a R, the principal nth root of a, denoted n a, is defined

as follows:
If a > 0, then n a is the nth root of a that is positive.
If a < 0 and n is odd, then n a is the nth root of a that is negative.
If a is zero, then n 0 = 0.
Note:
1. The principal nth root is unique.
2. If n is even, the nth roots of negative real numbers are not real
numbers.
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Radical Expression
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Radical Expression
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Radical Expression
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Radical Expression
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Radical Expression
If no index is written, it is taken to be 2.
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Examples:
4 and 4 are square roots of 16, but the principal square root of 16 is
4.
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
square roots of 16, but the principal square root of 16 is
4. That is, 16 = 4.
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
cube root of 27 since (3)3 = 27 and 3 is a positive
integer. That is, 3 27 = 3.
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
3
27
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
3
27 = 3
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
3
27 = 3
2011
0
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
3
27 = 3
2011
0=0
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
3
27 = 3
2011
0=0
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Examples:
4 and 4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
3 is the principal
3
27 = 3
2011
0=0
9 is not a real number because there is no real number b such

that b2 = 9.
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Rational Exponents for Radical Expressions

Definition
If n is a positive integer and m is an integer such that
terms, then
1
a n = n a, and
1 m
m
= ( n a)m
a n = an
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m
n
is in lowest
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Rational Exponents for Radical Expressions

Definition
If n is a positive integer and m is an integer such that
terms, then
1
a n = n a, and
1 m
m
= ( n a)m
a n = an
m
n
is in lowest
Examples:
25 = 5
2/3
3
27 = ( 27)2 = 32 = 9
(32)1/5 = 5 32 = 2
(32)1/5 = 5 32 = 2
1
43/2 = ( 4)3 = 23 =
8
1. 251/2 =
2.
3.
4.
5.
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The laws of integral exponents can be extended to rational exponents:
Laws of Rational Exponents

Let a, b R; m, n, p, q Z; n, q 6= 0:
m
+p
a n aq = a n q
m
m
an
pq
n
, a 6= 0
p = a
aq
m
1
a n = m , a 6= 0
an
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an
m
p
q
mp
= a nq
a n b n = (ab) n
m
am
an
n
, b 6= 0
=
m
b
bn
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Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents
Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
2.
a + a1/2 a1/3
a2/3
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
2.
a + a1/2 a1/3
a2/3
a
a1/2 a1/3
=
+
a2/3 a2/3 a2/3
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
2.
a + a1/2 a1/3
a2/3
a
a1/2 a1/3
=
+
a12/3 a2/3 a2/3

/
3
= a
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
2.
a + a1/2 a1/3
a2/3
a
a1/2 a1/3
=
+
a12/3 a2/13 a2/3
/
6
/
3
= a +a
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
2.
a + a1/2 a1/3
a2/3
a
a1/2 a1/3
=
+
a12/3 a2/13 a2/31
/
6
/
3
= a +a
a /3
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Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 y 1/2 )
= x1/2 x1/2 + x1/2 y 1/2 x1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2 y 1/2
= xy
2.
a + a1/2 a1/3
a2/3
a
a1/2 a1/3
=
+
a12/3 a2/13 a2/31
/
6
/
3
= a +a
a /3
1
1
= a1/3 + 1/6 1/3
a
a
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We use the following properties:
Theorem
Let m, n N, n > 1 for any a, b R with a, b 0 if n is even.
n
n n
a = a; ank = ak , k Z

n
ab = n a n b
r
n
a
a
n
=
, b 6= 0
n
b
b
n m
a = am/n
p
n m
a = mn a
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Examples:

1. 2 18 = 2 18 = 36 = 6
r
3
54
54
= 3
2.
= 3 27 = 3
3
2
2
4
3. x3 = x3/4 (x 0 if the index is even.)
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Examples:

1. 2 18 = 2 18 = 36 = 6
r
3
54
54
= 3
2.
= 3 27 = 3
3
2
2
4
Note: if n is even, am/n = n am is true only if a 0.
Example: 43/2 = ( 4)3 = 23 = 8 and 43 = 64 = 8
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Examples:

1. 2 18 = 2 18 = 36 = 6
r
3
54
54
= 3
2.
= 3 27 = 3
3
2
2
4
Note: if n is even, am/n = n am is true only if a 0.
Example: 43/2 = ( 4)3 = 23 = 8 and 43 = 64 = 8

p
(1)6/2 = (1)3 = 1 but (1)6 = 1 = 1
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A radical expression is in simplest form if all the following conditions

are satisfied:
The radicand has no factors which are perfect powers of the index n.
The radicand is positive for radicals with odd indices.
The radicand is not a fraction. (Rationalize the denominator.)
The smallest possible index is used.
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Simplification of Radicals
p
Example: 18x3 y 2
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p
3 2
Example:
p 18x y
=
32 2 x2 x y 2
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p
3 2
Example:
p 18x y
= 32 2 x2 x y 2 p
=
32 2 x2 x y 2
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p
3 2
Example:
p 18x y
= 32 2 x2 x y 2 p
=
32 2 x2 x y 2
= 3xy 2x
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p
Example: 3 8x7 y 2
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p
3
Example:
8x7 y 2
p
3
=
(2)3 x6 x y 2
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p
3
Example:
8x7 y 2
p
3
6 x y2
= p(2)3 x
p
3
3
3
=
(2) x6 3 x 3 y 2
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p
3
Example:
8x7 y 2
p
3
6 x y2
= p(2)3 x
p
3
3
3
=
(2)
x6 3 x 3 y 2
p
= 2x2 3 xy 2
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r
4
3 10y
Example:
3x2
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r
4
3 10y
Example:
3x2
r
4 32 x
3 10y
=
3x2 32 x
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r
4
3 10y
Example:
3x2
r
r
4 32 x
4
3 10y
3 90xy
=
=
3x2 32 x
33 x3
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r
4
3 10y
Example:
3x2
r
r
p
3
4 32 x
4
90xy y 3
3 10y
3 90xy
=
=
3
3x2 32 x
33 x3
33 x3
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r
4
3 10y
Example:
3x2
r
r
p
3
4 32 x
4
90xy y 3
3 10y
3 90xy
=
=
3
2
32 x
33 x3
33 x3
3x
y 3 90xy
=
3x
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Example: 4 9
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
6
Example: 16x4
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
p
6
Example: 16x4 = 6 (2x)4
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
p
p
6
Example: 16x4 = 6 (2x)4 = 3 (2x)2
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4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
p
p
6
3
Example: 16x4 = 6 (2x)4 = 3 (2x)2 = 4x2
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Radicals with the same index and radicand can be added or subtracted.
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Examples:
1. 4 3 5 12 + 2 75
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Examples:
1. 4 3 512 + 2 75
= 4 3 5(2 3) + 2(5 3)
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Examples:
1. 4 3 512 + 2 75
= 43 5(2 3) + 2(5
3)
= 4 3 10 3 + 10 3
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Examples:
1. 4 3 512 + 2 75
= 43 5(2 3) + 2(5
3)
= 43 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
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Examples:
1. 4 3 512 + 2 75
= 43 5(2 3) + 2(5
3)
= 43 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
2. 5 x3 121x3 + 16x
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Examples:
1. 4 3 512 + 2 75
= 43 5(2 3) + 2(5
3)
= 43 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
2. 5 x3
121x3 + 16x
= 5x x 11x x + 4 x
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Examples:
1. 4 3 512 + 2 75
= 43 5(2 3) + 2(5
3)
= 43 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
2. 5 x3
121x3 + 16x
= 5x x 11x x + 4 x
= 6x x + 4 x
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If radicals have the same index, we use
b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
1. 3 3x2 y 3 36x
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
= 3 3x2 y 36x
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
15x 2x
2.
6x3
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
15x 2x
2.
3
6x
15x 2x
=
6x3
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
15x 2x
2.
3
6x
30x2
15x 2x
=
=
6x3
6x3
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
15x 2x
2.
3
6x
r
30x2
30x2
15x 2x
=
=
=
6x3
6x3
6x3
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
15x 2x
2.
3
6x
r
r
30x2
30x2
5 x
15x 2x
=
=
=
=
3
6x
x x
6x3
6x3
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b=
n
a
a
ab and n = n
b
b
Examples:
p
3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
p
= 3 3x2 y 36x = 3 33 22 x3 y
= 3x 3 4y
15x 2x
2.
3
6x
r
r
30x2
30x2
5 x
15x 2x
=
=
=
=
3
6x
x x
6x3
6x3
5x
=
x
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If radicals have different indices, we first make their indices

the same by
finding the LCM of all the indices, then using n a = nm am .

Example: 2 4 8
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the same by

Example: 2 4 8
LCM of indices: 4
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the same by

Example: 2 4 8
LCM of indices: 4

4 2
2 48 =
2 48
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the same by

Example: 2 4 8
LCM of indices: 4

4
2 4 8 = p22 4 8
= 4 4(8)
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the same by

Example: 2 4 8
LCM of indices: 4

4
2 4 8 = p22 4 8
4
=
4(8)
4
=
32
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the same by

Example: 2 4 8
LCM of indices: 4

4
2 4 8 = p22 4 8
4
=
4(8)
4
= 32
4 5
=
2
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the same by

Example: 2 4 8
LCM of indices: 4

4
2 4 8 = p22 4 8
4
=
4(8)
4
= 32
4
= 25
= 242
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Rationalizing a Denominator
If denominator consists of one radical

Multiply both the numerator and denominator by an expression that will
make the radicand of the denominator a perfect power of the index.
r
16x4
Example:
3z
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r
16x4
Example:
3z
4x2
=
3z
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r
16x4
Example:
3z
3z
4x2
=
3z
3z
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r
16x4
Example:
3z
4x2 3z
3z
4x2
= =
3z
3z
32 z 2
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r
16x4
Example:
3z
4x2 3z
3z
4x2
= =
3z
3z
32 z 2
4x2 3z
=
3z
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If denominator consists of two or more radicals
To rationalize the denominator, use the special products:
(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
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(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x
=
3x 2x
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(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x

=
3x 2x
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(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x
3x + 2x

=
3x 2x
3x + 2x
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(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x
3x + 2x
( 3x + 2x)2

=
=
3x 2x
3x 2x
3x + 2x
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(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x
3x + 2x
( 3x + 2x)2

=
=
3x 2x
3x 2x
3x + 2x
=
3x + 2 3x 2x + 2x
x
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(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x
3x + 2x
( 3x + 2x)2

=
=
3x 2x
3x 2x
3x + 2x
=
3x + 2 3x 2x + 2x
5x + 2x 6
=
x
x
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
21 / 23
(x y)(x + y) = x2 y 2
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
3x + 2x
Example:
2x
3x
3x + 2x
3x + 2x
( 3x + 2x)2

=
=
3x 2x
3x 2x
3x + 2x
3x + 2 3x 2x + 2x
5x + 2x 6
=
=
x
x
= 5+2 6
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
21 / 23
1
2 34
1
2 34
Example:
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
22 / 23
1
2 34
3
1
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
2 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
Example:
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
22 / 23
1
2 34
3
1
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
2 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
Example:
=
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
84
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
22 / 23
1
2 34
3
1
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
2 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
Example:
=
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
84
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
22 / 23
1
2 34
3
1
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
2 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
Example:
=
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
84
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
4
3
3
4
16
= 1+
+
2
4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
22 / 23
1
2 34
3
1
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
2 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
Example:
=
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
84
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
4
3
3
4
16
1+
+
2
4
3
3
4
2
1+
+
2
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
22 / 23
Exercise:
Simplify the following. Rationalize the denominators.
24c1/2 d2/3
1
18c1/7 d3/5
2 (u1/3 + (uv)1/6 + v 1/3 )(u1/6 v 1/6 )
3
3
84
4
2
4
p9x
3
5
9a4 b2
2 5
9
6
+
3
8
16
x2 2x + 1
7
x+1
1
8
3
4 + 3 27
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec 5
23 / 23

L5 Radical Expressions

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L5 Radical Expressions

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Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Rationalizing Radical Expressions

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

If n N, n > 1, a R, the principal nth root of a, denoted n a, is defined

If a > 0, then n a is the nth root of a that is positive.

If a < 0 and n is odd, then n a is the nth root of a that is negative.

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

If n N, n > 1, a R, the principal nth root of a, denoted n a, is defined

If a > 0, then n a is the nth root of a that is positive.

If a < 0 and n is odd, then n a is the nth root of a that is negative.

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

If no index is written, it is taken to be 2.

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Principal nth root of a

9 is not a real number because there is no real number b such

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Rational Exponents for Radical Expressions

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Rational Exponents for Radical Expressions

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

The laws of integral exponents can be extended to rational exponents:

Laws of Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents

a2/3 a2/3 a2/3

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents

a12/3 a2/3 a2/3

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents