Penjalaran Gelombang Seismik

di dalam medium elastik-isotropik

Some facts about the contributions of seismic method

in earth sciences and exploration geophysics:
The knowledge of the interior of the earth comes from earthquake
seismic method
Has contributed in proving the Plate Tectonic Theory.
Has succeeded used in mapping depth of bedrock, crustal
thickness, and uppermost mantle velocity, especially by using
seismic refraction method.
The most important contribution is in oil industries: can show details
of layering within sedimentary basins and gross structure of the
deeper crust by using seismic reflection method.

But,
Like other geophysical methods, the seismic method is only an indirect
method: Only the physical property of solid matter (elastic
constants, velocities) can be mapped.

Seismic Waves - Definitions

Seismic:
Relating to an earthquake or artificial shaking of the earth.

Waves:
Motion that periodically advances and retreats as it is transmitted
progressively from one particle in a medium to the next.

Seismic wave:
propagation of energy through the Earth caused by earthquake or
artificial vibrations.

Elasticity
Elastic:
ability of a material to return immediately to its original size, shape, or
position after being squeezed, stretched, or otherwise deformed.
Undeformed
Deformed
when
stressed

Stress

In seismic method:
Earths materials must behave elastically
in order to transmit a seismic wave.
The degree of elasticity thus determines
how well a material transmits a seismic
wave.

L
L

Return to
original shape
when stress
removed

Elasticity
Earth materials may be

Elastic, under some conditions, OR

It depends on:
the magnitude and orientation
of the deforming stress
(amount of compression,
tension, or shearing).

Stress

Inelastic, under others.

Ductile

Elastic limit

Strain = L/L

Strain

the length of time the material

takes to achieve a certain
amount of distortion (strain
rate).

e.g. behavior of asthenosphere

Apakah ada material In-elastic?

Hookes Law
The linear relation between stress and strain is formulated by Hookes Law.

ij = Cijkl kl
Cijkl = stiffness tensor or tensor of elastic parameters (elastic tensor)
ij = stress tensor, describing the stress condition at any point x in medium
kl = strain tensor.

The tensor Cijkl is 4th

order tensor and has
originally 81 elastic
components

Elastic-Anisotropic and Elastic-Isotropic

Medium
Because stress and strain are symmetric tensors:
ij = ji

Cijkl = Cjikl, and

kl = lk

Cijkl = Cijlk

The number of elastic tensor components reduces to 36 !!!

With additional assumption related to thermodynamic (Cijkl = Cklij), the
number of elastic tensor reduces to 21 !!!
This material is called triclinic or elastic-anisotropic medium.
Materials which are completely symmetric: elastic-isotropic materials,
which have only 2 independent elastic tensor components:
Lames parameter and .
Cijkl = ij kl + ( ik jl + il jk )
ij = ij ll + 2
ij

Elastic Constants
and their relationships with stress-strain
Bulk modulus or incompressibility: k
(describe the ability of a material to resist being
compressed)
V 0
incompressible (k = )

P'

V'
a

stress
P
=
strain V / V

P = P - P
= pressure change
(applied stress)

k=

V = V - V
= change in volume
caused by P

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Elastic Constants
and their relationships with stress-strain
Shear modulus or rigidity or Lames constant :
stress F / A

=
=
(describe the ability of a material to resist
strain
l / l
shearing)
l 0
very rigid ( = )
l
No resistance to shearing (lack rigidity, = 0),
e.g. water.
l

A
a

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Elastic Constants
and their relationships with stress-strain
Young modulus or stretch modulus: E
(describe the behavior of a material that is
pulled or compressed)

E=

Poissons ratio:
(for a stretched rod:
the ratio of transverse strain
to longitudinal strain)

W / W
L / L

stress
F/A
=
strain L / L

L
A
L

b
F

W
L
W

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Elastic Constants
and their relationships with stress-strain
Lames constant :
(illustrates the relationship between the four
constants discussed above)
=k

2
E
=
3
(1 + )(1 2 )

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Elastic Constants
and their relationships with velocities
Cijkl = ij kl + ( ik jl + il jk )
C1111 = + 2 = Vp .
2

vp =

C1212 = = Vs2 .

C1111

vs =

k + 4 / 3
+ 2
=

C1212

Thus, there are several types seismic waves:

Body waves: - a compressional wave, or a primary wave, or
a P-wave, or a longitudinal wave, or a push-pull wave.
- a shear wave, or a secondary wave or S-wave, or
a transversal wave.
Surface waves: Rayleigh wave, Love wave, Stoneley wave.

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Seismic Waves

a Compressional Wave

Direction of
Propagation

b Shear Wave
SH

SV

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Rock Properties

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Equation of motion
ij
2u i
2 = fi +
, i, j = 1,2,3,
t
x j

describe the
conservation of
momentum

u = u(x,t) = 3D ground displacement vector.

x = [x1,x2,x3]T is a shorthand notation for cartesian coordinates.
= density of medium.
fi = components of the body force.

Relationship between strain & displacement

1 u i u j
+
ij =
2 x j xi

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Equation of Motion
The complete equation of motion in the stress-velocity
forms for 3D Elastic-Isotropic Medium:
xx xy xz
v
+
+ fx
x =
+
x
t
z
y

v y
t

xy
x

yy
y

yz
z

+ fy

v z xz yz zz
=
+
+
+ fz
t
x
y
z

v
xx
v x v y v z
+ 2 x
=
+
+
z
x
t
y
x
yy
t

vx , v y , vz :

xx , yy , zz :

normal stresses

xy , xz , yz :

shear stresses

v y
v x v y v z
+
+
+ 2
x
y
z
y

zz
v x v y v z
v
=
+
+ 2 z
+
t
y
x
z
z
xy

particle velocity component

v y
x

v x
y

xz
vz vx
+
=
t
x z
yz

v z v y
=
+
t
z
y

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On an interface
Converted waves will be produced !!!

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Types of seismic point sources

Explosion point source, e.g. TNT.
Single-Force point source, e.g. Hammer.
Double-couple point source, e.g. earthquake.

X-Y & R-T components of receivers

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Explosive point source and single-force point source

21

Double-couple, e.g. earthquake.

P-wave

S-wave

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Double-couple, e.g. earthquake.

P-wave

S-wave

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Some applications

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Single-force point source applied in

homogeneous-isotropic layering medium
(Schmidt-Aursch, 1998)

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Single-force point source applied in

homogeneous-isotropic layering medium

Phase 1: direct P
Phase 3: P-R_12-P

Phase 2: P-T_12-P
Phase 4: direct S

Phase 5: P-TK_12-S

Phase 6: P-RK_12-S

Phase 1: direct P
Phase 3: P-T_12-P
Phase 5: direct S

Phase 2: P-R_23-P
Phase 4: P-T_12-P-R_O-P
Phase 6: S-R_23-S

Phase 7: S-T_12-S

Phase 8: P-T_12-P-RK_O-S

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Single-force point source applied in

homogeneous-isotropic layering medium

Phase 1: P-T_12-P
Phase 2: S-TK_12-P
Phase 3: P-TK_12-S
Phase 4: S-T_12-S
Phase 5: P-R_23-P-T_12-P
Phase 6: P-T_12-P-R_O-P-R_12-P
Phase 7: Multiple
Phase 8: Multiple

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Earthquake in Subduction Zone

(Schmidt-Aursch, 1998)

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Earthquake in Subduction Zone

Some snapshots

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Earthquake in Subduction Zone

P: Longitudinal wave
S: Transversal wave
R: Reflection
T: Transmission
C: Conversion
OU: at border between upper crust and lower crust
OM: at border between upper crust and Mantel
UM: at border between lower crust and Mantel

The synthetic seismograms

Phase 1: P-T_OM-P
Phase 2: P-TC_OM-S
Phase 3: S-TC_OM-P
Phase 4: S-T_OM-S
Phase 5: P-T_OU-P plus others
Phase 6: S-T_OU-S plus others

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Black Forest
Sule (2004)

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2D Elastic Waveform Modeling

SP-21, homogeneous ore-dyke model, Explosion source

32

2D Elastic Waveform Modeling

SP-21, homogeneous ore-dyke model, Explosion source

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Simulasi Historical Gempa Jericho (1927)

Gottschaemmer (2002)

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Pembuatan model elastic-isotropic, snapshots, dan

synthetic seismograms

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Peak Ground Velocity

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Studi Kasus 2: Supervolcano Toba

Sule (2006), model kecepatan diambil dari Wandono et. al. (2006)

Model Vp

Model Vs

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Simulasi perambatan gelombang seismik (Sule, 2006)

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References:
1. Aki, K. and Richards, P. G., (1980), Quantitative Seismology,
W.H. Freeman and Company.
2.Lillie, R. L., (2002), Whole Earth Geophysics: An Introductory
Textbook for Geologists and Geophysicists, Pearson International.
3. Schmidt-Aursch, M., (1998), Zweidimensionalle Modellierung
von Wellenausbreitung bei erdbeben mit finiten differenzen,
Masters thesis, Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH).
4. Sule, R., (2004), Seismic Travel Time Tomography and Elastic
Waveform Modeling - Application to Ore-Dyke Characterization,
Logos Verlag Berlin.

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