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Chapter 10
Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction
Transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.
Requires an intervening medium
Can take place in solids, liquids or gas.
Stationary fluids: results of interaction between
molecules of different energy level
Conducting solids: energy transport by free electrons
Non-conducting solids: via lattice vibration
2
T
Q = k n
n
Q
kn
T
n
Temperature gradient
Slope on the T-x diagram at a
given point in the medium
Direction of heat
Always from higher to lower
temperature
Negative sign indicate that heat
transfer in the positive x direction
is a positive quantity
Thermal Conductivity
Measure of the ability of the
material to conduct heat
In general, = (, )
Type of material based on k
Isotropic k is the same in all
directions
Anisotropic k has strong
directional dependence
= + +
in Plane Wall
Heat conduction is dominant in
one direction and negligible in
other directions
The energy balance for the thin
element shown during small time
interval is,
Q x Q x+x + Gelement
Eelement
=
t
element is
Eelement = Et+t Et = mC Tt+t Tt
= CAx Tt+t Tt
the element is
Gelement = gV = gAx
10
1 Q x+x Q x
Tt+t Tt
+ g = C
A
x
t
Applying the definition of derivative
T
lim
=
=
kA
x0
x
x x
x
11
0
1
T
T
kA
+ g = C
A x
x
t
The one-dimensional, transient heat
T
T
k
+ g = C
x x
t
12
where =
k
Cp
13
Steady-state:
T
t
=0
2
+ =0
2
2 1
=
2
2
=0
2
14
in Cylinders
The area normal to the direction of
heat transfer is = 2
The energy balance for the thin
element shown during small time
interval is,
15
Q r Q r+r + Gelement
Eelement
=
t
the element is
Eelement = Et+t Et = mC Tt+t Tt
= CAr Tt+t Tt
the element is
Gelement = gV = gAr
16
1 Q r+r Q r
Tt+t Tt
+ g = C
A
r
t
Applying
the definition
derivative and Fouriers Law
of
Q r+r Q r Q
T
lim
=
=
kA
r0
r
r r
r
17
0
1
T
T
kA
+ g = C
A r
r
t
The
one-dimensional, transient
heat conduction equation in
cylinders with variable thermal
conductivity is,
1
T
T
rk
+ g = C
r r
r
t
18
one-dimensional, transient
heat conduction equation in
cylinders with constant thermal
conductivity is,
1
T
g 1 T
r
+ =
r r r
k t
where =
k
Cp
19
one-dimensional, transient
heat conduction equation in
cylinders with constant thermal
conductivity and
Steady-state:
T
t
=0
+ =0
= 0 2 +
=0
20
Spheres
The area normal to the direction of
heat transfer is = 4 2
The one-dimensional, transient
heat conduction equation in
spheres with variable thermal
conductivity is,
1 2 T
T
r k
+ g = C
2
r r
r
t
21
one-dimensional, transient
heat conduction equation in
spheres with constant thermal
conductivity is,
1 2 T
g 1 T
r
+ =
2
r r
r
k t
where =
k
Cp
one-dimensional, transient
heat conduction equation in
spheres with constant thermal
conductivity and
Steady-state:
T
t
=0
1 d 2 dT
g
r
+
=0
2
r dr
dr
k