Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 (Ch.
1-3) flashcards | Quizlet
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What does the cell surface consist of?
Plasma membrane, glycocalyx, cell

extentions
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
Cytoskeleton, organelles
What does the nucleus consist of ?
DNA, nucleolus
What is the function of the plasma

membrane?
To protect the cell from harmful stuff

and to let in stuff it needs.
______ is an oily, two-layered

phospholipid film with proteins
emebedded in it
Plasma membrane
______ has these functions: receptor

molecules, cellular transport,
cell-identity marker, and cell adhesion
Membrane proteins
What makes up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What maintains the fluid nature of the

plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
What serves for cell identificaion?
Glycolipids, Glycoproteins
Glycocalyx
Fuzzy, sugary coating formed by

carbohydrated coponents of
glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Microvilli
Extensions of the plasma membrane that

increase surface area for absorption
(kidney tubules and small intestine)
Cilia
Short hairlike processes that are motile

or nonmotile
Motile
Moving substances
Nonmotile
Sensory function
Flagellum
Long hairlike process for locomotion of

human sperm
What are the 3 cell extentions?
Microvilli, cilia, flagellum
What are the 3 intercellular junctions?
Tite junctions, desmosomes, gap

junctions
Tite junctions
Seal of the intercellular space, prevents

molecules from passing through the
intercellular space
Desmosomes
Prevent cells from pulling apart
Gap junctions
Enable free passing of nutrients and ions
How does the selectively permeable

membrane affect us?
It prevents certain things from getting

into the cell and allows the stuff it needs
into the cell.
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments and

tubules that structurally support a cell
Organelles
Metabolically active structures within a

cell
Nucleus
Genetic control center (contains

chromosomes)
Nucleolus
part of nucleus that synthesizes

ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport system, synthesizes steroids

and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Covered with ribosomes; modifies and

transports proteins to golgi complex
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Ribosomes
Protein synthesis (translating the genetic

code of DNA into protein)
Golgi complex
Further modifies proteins and packages

them into secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
Break down used organelles and other

substances
Peroxisomes
Neutralize free radicals and detoxify

drugs and toxins
Mitochondria
Energy conversion within cells

(powerhouse)
Centrioles
Participate in cell division, are part of

centrosome
Cell cycle
-all cells come from preexisting cells

-series of events in the life of a cell that
culminates in mitosis and cytokinesis
-divided into 5 main phrases
(Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase)
What are the different forms of Passive

Transport?
NO ATP REQUIRED
1.Simple diffusion
2.Channel-mediated facilitated transport
3.Carrier-mediated facilitated transport
4.Osmosis
Simple diffusion
Molecules follow their concentration

gradient and pass through the plasma
membrane
Channel-mediated facilitated transport
Ions flow through the cell via proteins

based on charge and size
Carrier-mediated facilitated transport
Via a protein a chemical that matches

the binding site will be let in.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water from High

concentration of water to Low
concentration of water (Or think Water
follows where there is more solute)
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What are the different forms of Active

Transport?
ATP REQUIRED
1.Primary Active Transport
2.Secondary Active Transport
3. Vesicular Transport
Primary Active Transport
Using ATP to change the shape of the

protein it pumps molecules/ions against
there concentration gradient.
Secondary Active Transport
Using ATP to move things out the cell

and then having them move along there
concentration gradients and bring along
a friend to enter.
Vesicular Transport
Endocytosis- Vesicles that send things

into the cell
Exocytosis- Vesicles that send things out
of the cell
Transcytosis- Vesicles that send things
into, across and
out of a cell
Isotonic
Same solution
Hypertonic
Solution has more solutes
Hypotonic
Solution has less solutes
What happens to red blood cells in a

Hypertonic Solution?
The RBC will lose water or crenate or

shrivel up
What happens to red blood cells in a

Hypotonic Solution?
The RBC will gain water and rupture
What is resting membrane potential and

how is it established?
It is largely established by K+ and it is a

electrical voltage just across the
membrane. K+ goes outside the cell and
the concentration difference along with
the electrical difference brings Na+ into
the cell. It is important for exciting the
cell.
Interphase
Growth and DNA Synthesis (Most of the

Cycle) G1: Growth, S phase: Growth and
DNA synthesis, G2: Preparations for
division
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Prophase
The nuclear envelope dissappears and

Chromosomes appear
Metaphase
The Centrioles pull the Chromosomes

towards the middle
Anaphase
The centrioles pull the chromosomes

apart and towards each side of the cell
Telophase
The nuclear envelope forms and the

cells begin seperating.
Cytokinesis
The Cells split apart
DNA Replication
1. DNA strands open up via enzymes.

2. Leading strand gets new nucleotides
put on it while the lagging strand gets
put together in fragments via DNA
Polymerase
3.Ligase enzymes splec the short
segments of DNA together
4. Histones associate with the DNA,
forming two new chromatin strands.
Protein Synthesis
The genetic code to make proteins is

coded in three bases called a triplet.
Translation (Nucleus) happens and
Finally Transcription (Cytoplasm).
Translation
mRNA gets a copy of DNA in its own

language and takes it to the cytoplasm
Transcription
mRNA transfers the copy to tRNA to

decode and have rRNA form new
proteins.
Codon
Three-nucleotide sequence on
messenger RNA that codes for a single
amino acid
Anticodon
Group of three bases on a tRNA

molecule that are complementary to an
mRNA codon
What is Matter?
That which has mass and occupies space
What is Energy?
The ability to do work
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What are the three states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, or Gas
What does Kinetic energy mean?
Energy in action
What does Potential energy mean?
Stored energy
What four elements make up 96% of our

body mass?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O),

and Nitrogen (N)
What makes up an atom and what are

there charges?
In the Nucleus we have Protons (+) and

Neutrons (Neutral), while orbiting the
nucleus are Electrons (-)
What is does atomic number mean?
The number of protons in an atom
What does mass number mean?
The sum of the masses of its protons and

neutrons
What does isotope mean?
Same element with a different amount

of neutrons
What are solutions?
They are homogeneous mixtures of

components that may be gases, liquids,
or solids.
What are solvents?
The substance present in the greatest

amount (Usually liquids)
What are solutes?
The substance present in smaller

amounts
What are colloids?
Heterogeneous mixtures that scatter

light but don't settle out. (A kind of
happy medium between solutions and
suspensions)
What are suspensions?
Heterogeneous mixtures that are often

visible that tend to seperate out
What is a molecule?
Two or more of the same type of

element
What is a compound?
Two or more of differnt types of

elements
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What are the different types of chemical

reactions?
Covalent bonds- Two or more non

metals sharing electrons (CO)
Ionic bonds- Two or more metal to non
metal atoms giving away or taking
electrons (NaCl)
Hydrogen bonds- Not really chemical
bonds but more like strong attractions
when a hydrogen attached covalently to
a Nitrogen or Oxygen to another
electron hungry atom.
Polar bonds
Charges caused by unequal sharing of

electrons ( HO)
Nonpolar bonds
No charges caused, equal sharing of

electrons (CO)
What are valence shell electrons?
Outermost shell of electrons that cause

chemical reactions to occur
What is the rule of 8?
Atoms tend to want to have an a valence

shell of 8
What is a chemical reaction?
When to two reactants form a product

by bond being formed
What does reactant mean?
Two or more atoms being combined
What does product mean?
The result of the the reactants
What is a synthesis reaction?
When something is combined to make a

new product. (A+BAB)
What is a decomposition reaction?
When something is broken down into

smaller molecules (ABA+B)
What is a exchange reaction?
Bonds are both made and Broken (AB+

CBC +A or AB + CD AC+BD)
What is a redox reaction?
Electrons are exchanged. Electron

donors (Oxidized) lose electrons while
Electron acceptors (Reduced) take up
electrons
What is the difference between

inorganic and organic molecules?
Inorganic molecules tend to not have

Carbon. While organic molecules tend to
have Carbon.
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What are Ions?
Atoms that has a positive or negative

charge
What are Electrolytes?
A solution that conducts electricity

because it contains ions.
What is a cation?
Positively charged particle
What is a anion?
Negatively charged particle
What are acids?
H+(Proton) Donators
What are bases?
H+(Proton) Acceptors
What is the function of buffers?
To maintain homeostasis with acids and

bases
What is the pH scale?
(7= Neutral, X>7= Basic, X<7+= Acidic)

Tells whether something is neutral, basic
or acidic.
What is the function and the basic

building blocks of Carbohydrates?
To provide Energy. They tend to have a

carbon ring with H and OH hanging of
each carbon.
What is the funciton and the basic

building blocks of Proteins?
To build up tissues. They have a carbon

atom surrounded by a amine group, an
acid group, a hydrogen and an R group.
What is the function and the basic

building blocks of Lipids?
To store energy, become chemical

messengers or protect/insulate the body.
They tend to have a glycerol and 3 fatty
acid chains.
What is the funciton and the basic

building blocks of Nucleic acids?
To make up genetic code. They are

usually made of a phophate, sugar, and a
Base (A, T, G, C, U)
What is an enzyme?
Globular proteins that act as biological

catalysts
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What are the 3 basic steps to enzyme

activity?
1. Substrates bind to the enzyme's active

site, temporarily forming an enzymesubstrate complex.
2. The enzyme-substrate complex
undergoes internal rearangements that
form the products.
3. The enzyme releases the product(s) of
the reaction.
What is the function of ATP?
The energy/currency of the body to

preform all of its functions.
What is the difference between anatomy

and physiology?
Anatomy- study of the structure of body

parts and their relationships to one
another.
Physiology- study of the functions of the
body.
What is the principle of

complementarity?
It is the relationship between structure

and function.That is, what a structure
can do depends on its specific form.
What are the levels of organization?
From Smallest to Largest:

(1) Chemical Level (2) Cellular Level
(3) Tissue Level (4) Organ Level
(5) Organ System Level (6)
Organismal Level
What are the 11 organ systems?
1.Integumentary System 2. Skeletal

System
3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular
System
7. Lymphatic System 8. Respiratory
System
9. Digestive System 10.Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
What are the functions of the

Integumentary system?
Protection, Synthesis of vitamin D,

Houses cutaneous receptors and sweat
and oil glands, Water retention
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What are the functions of the Skeletal

system?
Support, frame work for movement,

blood formation, protective enclosure of
viscera (organs), and Electrolyte and
Acid-base balance
What are the functions of the Muscular

system?
Movement, Stability, communication,

control of body openings, and heat
production
What are the functions of the Nervous

system?
Rapid internal communication,

coordination, motor control and
sensation
What are the functions of the Endocrine

system?
Hormone production, internal chemical

communication and coordination

Cardiovascular system?
Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes,

hormones, electorlytes, heat, immune
cells, and antibodies, fluid, electrolyte,
and acid- base balance
What are the functions of the Lymphatic

system?
Recovery of excess tissure fluid,

detection of pathogens, production of
immune cells, defense against disease

Respiratory System?
absorption of oxygen, discharge of

carbon dioxide, acid-base balance,
speech
What are the functions of the Digestive

system?
Nutrient breakdown and absorption;

liver funcions include metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins,
and minerals; synthesis of proteins;
disposal o drugs, toxins, hormones;
blood cleansing
What are the functions of the Urinary

system?
Eliminates wastes, regulation of blood

volume and pressre, stimulation of RBC
(Red Blood Cell) formation, control of
fluid electrolyte, and acid- base balance,
detoxification

Reproductive system?
Make offspring
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What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a relatively stable/constant

condition even though the outside world
changes continuously (ex temperature)
How does the body maintain

homeostasis?
A STIMULUS detected by a receptor

sends info to the CONTROL CENTER
via AFFERENT PATHWAYS. The
control center decides what to do. It
sends info to an EFFECTOR via
EFFERENT PATHWAYS to evoke a
RESPONSE. Which gets the body back
to normal by doing the opposite of the
stimulus (Negative Feed Back Loop) or
increases the response (Positive Feed
Back Loop)
Anatomical Position
Standing erect with feet flat; arms at the

sides; palms, face, and ears facing
forward; providing a standard reference
for body position
Ventral
toward the front or belly
Dorsal
toward the back or spine
Anterior
toward the front of the body
Posterior
toward the back of the body
Superior
above
Inferior
below
Cephalic
toward the head or superior end
Rostral
toward the forehead or nose
Caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
Medial
toward the midline of the body
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment or

origin
Distal
farther from the point of attachment or

origin
Superficial
closer to the body surface
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Deep
farther from the body surface
Abdominal
Abs area
Acromial
Deltoid area
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubital
Anterior part of the elbow
Axillary
Armpit area
Brachial
Arm
Buccal
Cheeks
Calcaneal
Heel
Carpal
Wrist
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Where Cervical vertebre are (Neck)
Crural
Leg
Digital
Fingers and Toes
Femoral
Thigh
Frontal
Forehead
Gluteal
Butcheeks
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Where Lumbar vertebre are (Lower

back, superior to the gluteal)
Mammary
Near the nipples
Mental
Jaw
Nasal
Nose
Occipital
Back of the Head
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eyes
Otic
Ears
Palmar
Hands
Patellar
Front of the knee
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Pelvic
Inferior to Abdominal, and superior to

Groin
Plantar
Foot
Popliteal
Back of the knee
Pubic
Genital area
Scapular
Back
Sternal
Sternum
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Ankle
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Belly button
Vertebral
Spinal cord area
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into left or right parts
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body in the middle to

become left or right parts
Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and

inferior parts
Frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior and

posterior parts
Sagittal section
Sagittal cut
Transverse or Cross section
Transverse cut
Frontal or Coronal Section
Frontal cut
Oblique Section
Diagonal cuts
What are the two cavities of the Dorsal

Body Cavity?
Vertebral cavity and Cranial cavity
What are the two cavities of the Ventral

Body Cavity?
Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic

cavity
What cavities are in the Thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity and

Mediastinum
What cavities are in the Abdominopelvic

cavity?
Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity
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What is serosa?
A thin, double-layered membrane

containing a bit of fluid to reduce
friction
What is the part of the membrane that

lines the cavity walls called?
Parietal serosa
What is the part of the membrane that

lines the organs called?
Visceral serosa
What serous membrane lines the Cranial

and Vertebral cavities?
Parietal and Visceral Meninges
What serous membrane lines the

Abdominal and Pelvic cavity?
Parietal and Visceral Peritoneum
What serous membrane lines the Pleural

cavity?
Parietal and Visceral Pleurae
What serous membrane lines the

Pericardial and Mediastinum cavities?
Parietal and Visceral Pericardium
If you consider your home air

conditioner in terms of homeostatsis,
then the wall thermostat would be the
Control Center
Which of the following statements is the

most correct regarding homeostatic
imbalance?
It is considered the cause of most

diseases.
8/10/2015 4:23 PM

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Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 (Ch.

1-3) flashcards | Quizlet

Like this study set? Create a free account to save it.

What does the cell surface consist of?

Plasma membrane, glycocalyx, cell

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

What does the nucleus consist of ?

What is the function of the plasma

To protect the cell from harmful stuff

______ is an oily, two-layered

______ has these functions: receptor

What makes up the plasma membrane?

What maintains the fluid nature of the

What serves for cell identificaion?

Fuzzy, sugary coating formed by

Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 (Ch. 1-3) flashcards | Quizlet

Extensions of the plasma membrane that

Short hairlike processes that are motile

Long hairlike process for locomotion of

What are the 3 cell extentions?

Microvilli, cilia, flagellum

What are the 3 intercellular junctions?

Tite junctions, desmosomes, gap

Seal of the intercellular space, prevents

Prevent cells from pulling apart

Enable free passing of nutrients and ions

How does the selectively permeable

It prevents certain things from getting

Network of protein filaments and

Metabolically active structures within a

Genetic control center (contains

part of nucleus that synthesizes

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Transport system, synthesizes steroids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Covered with ribosomes; modifies and

Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 (Ch. 1-3) flashcards | Quizlet

Protein synthesis (translating the genetic

Further modifies proteins and packages

Break down used organelles and other

Neutralize free radicals and detoxify

Energy conversion within cells

Participate in cell division, are part of

-all cells come from preexisting cells

What are the different forms of Passive

Molecules follow their concentration

Channel-mediated facilitated transport

Ions flow through the cell via proteins

Carrier-mediated facilitated transport

Via a protein a chemical that matches

Diffusion of water from High

Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 (Ch. 1-3) flashcards | Quizlet

What are the different forms of Active

Primary Active Transport

Using ATP to change the shape of the

Secondary Active Transport

Using ATP to move things out the cell

Endocytosis- Vesicles that send things

Solution has more solutes

Solution has less solutes

What happens to red blood cells in a

The RBC will lose water or crenate or