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07/10/2008
04:06 PM
Page 703
15.5
g() =
u(t ) = 1
u()
1
g() =
(a)
703
u(t ) = 1
(b)
(c)
Figure 15.18
Convolution of g(t) and u(t) in Fig. 15.16 with u(t) folded.
1 2 1 1
l ` ,
2
2
0
(1)l dl
t1
(15.13.4)
0 t 1
y(t)
t1
1
2
Although the two methods give the same result, as expected, notice
that it is more convenient to fold the unit step function u(t) than fold
g(t) in this example. Figure 15.19 shows y(t).
Figure 15.19
Given g(t) and f(t) in Fig. 15.20, graphically find y(t) g(t) * f (t).
f (t)
3
g(t)
3e t
Figure 15.20
For Practice Prob. 15.13.
3(1 et ), 0 t 1
Answer: y (t) c 3(e 1)et, t 1
0,
elsewhere.
For the RL circuit in Fig. 15.21(a), use the convolution integral to find
the response io(t) due to the excitation shown in Fig. 15.21(b).
Solution:
1. Define. The problem is clearly stated and the method of solution
is also specified.
Example 15.14
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Page 704
Chapter 15
704
io
1
i s(t)
1H
(a)
i s (t) A
1
0
t(s)
(b)
Figure 15.21
For Example 15.14.
Io
1
Is
Hence,
H(s)
Io
1
Is
s1
(15.14.1)
(a)
h(t)
1
1
Is
s1
e t
t
(b)
Figure 15.22
For the circuit in Fig. 15.21(a): (a) its
s-domain equivalent, (b) its impulse
response.
(15.14.2)
i (l)h (t l) dl
s
(15.14.3)
[u (l) u (l 2)]e(tl) dl
(1)e(tl) dl et
0
t
(1)e
dl
t
e (e 1) 1 e ,
t
(15.14.4)
0 6 t 6 2
For t 7 2,
io(t)
(1)e(tl) dl et
2
t
e
2
2 t
e (e e ) 1 e e ,
t
dl
t 7 2
(15.14.5)
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Page 705
15.6
705
is(t )
1
(15.14.6)
0
t2
is(t )
1
0 t 2 (15.14.7)
t2
(1)el dl el `
et e(t2)
t2
t
(e 1) e
2
(b)
(15.14.8)
t0
A,
Excitation is
1 et A,
0 t 2
io(t) b 2
t
(e 1) e A, t 2
(15.14.9)
vs
0.5 F
10
10e t
+
vo
(a)
t
(b)
Figure 15.25
For Practice Prob. 15.14.
15.6
t
Figure 15.23
h()
0 t2
t
(a)
h()
Application to Integrodifferential
Equations
Response io
4 t
Figure 15.24
For Example 15.14; excitation and
response.
ale29559_ch16.qxd
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720
Example 16.2
04:11 PM
Page 720
Chapter 16
10e
t u(t)
V +
+
v o (t)
10
0.1 F
2(t) A
Figure 16.7
For Example 16.2.
Solution:
We transform the circuit to the s-domain as shown in Fig. 16.8. The initial
condition is included in the form of the current source Cvo(0) 0.1(5)
0.5 A. [See Fig. 16.2(c).] We apply nodal analysis. At the top node,
10(s 1) Vo
Vo
Vo
2 0.5
10
10
10s
or
2Vo
sVo
1
1
2.5
Vo(s 2)
s1
10
10
10
10
10
+
s+1
V o (s)
10
s
10
0.5 A
2A
Figure 16.8
Nodal analysis of the equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 16.7.
25s 35
A
B
(s 1) (s 2)
s1
s2
where
25s 35
10
`
10
(s 2) s1
1
25s 35
15
`
15
(s 1) s2
1
A (s 1)Vo(s) 0 s1
B (s 2)Vo(s) 0 s2
Thus,
Vo(s)
10
15
s1
s2
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Page 721
16.2
Find vo(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. 16.9. Note that, since the voltage input is multiplied by u(t), the voltage source is a short for all
t 6 0 and iL(0) 0.
Answer: (24e2t 4et3) u (t) V.
721
+
v o (t)
2H
Figure 16.9
For Practice Prob. 16.2.
Example 16.3
In the circuit of Fig. 16.10(a), the switch moves from position a to position b at t 0. Find i(t) for t 7 0.
Solution:
The initial current through the inductor is i(0) Io. For t 7 0,
Fig. 16.10(b) shows the circuit transformed to the s-domain. The initial
condition is incorporated in the form of a voltage source as
Li(0) LIo. Using mesh analysis,
I(s)(R sL) LIo
t=0
R
i(t)
b
Io
+ V
o
(a)
Vo
0
s
(16.3.1)
R
or
I(s)
Vo
Io
VoL
LIo
R sL
s(R sL)
s RL
s(s RL)
sL
(16.3.2)
Vo +
s
I(s)
Applying partial fraction expansion on the second term on the righthand side of Eq. (16.3.2) yields
VoR
Io
VoR
I(s)
s
s RL
(s RL)
(16.3.3)
Vo tt Vo
be
,
R
R
t0
(16.3.4)
sS0
sS0
sIo
VoL
Vo
b
s RL
s RL
R
(16.3.5)
Vo
(1 ett ),
R
t0
(16.3.6)
The first term is the natural response, while the second term is the
forced response. If the initial condition Io 0, Eq. (16.3.6) becomes
i(t)
Vo
(1 ett ),
R
t0
(16.3.7)
which is the step response, since it is due to the step input Vo with no
initial energy.
(b)
Figure 16.10
For Example 16.3.
LIo
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Chapter 16
728
Example 16.8
Io
I2
1
2s
Solution:
I1
s
V(s) +
2
4
+
Vo
Figure 16.18
(s 4)Io
s 4 2 12s
But
Vo 2I2
2(s 4)Io
s 6 12s
Hence,
H(s)
Vo(s)
4s(s 4)
2
Io(s)
2s 12s 1
1
1
4s 1
b1
2s
4s
4s
V1
4s 1
s4
4s(s 4)
4s 1
1
2s 2 12s 1
4s(s 4)
2
4s(s 4)
Hence,
H(s)
Vo
4s(s 4)
1
2
Io
Io
2s 12s 1
as before.
Find the transfer function H(s) I1(s)Io(s) in the circuit of Fig. 16.18.
Answer:
4s 1
.
2s 12s 1
2