Elementary Hand Book of The Burmese Language

PL5933
T23
ASIA
îr,
ELEMENTARY HAND-BOOK
OF THE
BURMESE LANGUAGE
BY
TAW SEIN
KO,
M.R.A.S.,
f.a
t.,
f.s.a.,
GOVEENMENT TKANSLATOR AND HONOKAIl AHCHJJOLOQK'AI,
OFFICEK, Bri:MA.
RANGOON:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, HURMA.
J^
1898.
-rc^->
^1!?^
[
Price, Rs.
2-8-0. ]
PL 3 f 33
r^3
hdf
CORNELL
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
DATE DUE
AUG-iHb ig?O^H
"IS Burmese lana

^'*'iiMliimiXii'' *
3 1924 022 058 931
The
original of this
book
is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright
restrictions in
the United States on the use of the
text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022058931
ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK
OF THE
BURMESE LANGUAGE
BY
TAW SEIN
KO,
M.E.A.S., f.a.i., f.s.a.,
GOVEENMENT TEANSLATOB AND HONOEAKY AECHaJOLOGlCAIi
OFFICER, BUEMA.
RANGOON:
printed by the superintendent, government printing, burma.
i8q8.
PEEFACE.
Ars longa,
the
This book is divided into two parts
vita hrevis.
deals with the colloquial form of the
first
Burmese
Both
guage, and the second with the literary form.
tended for hard- worked
mercantile and other professions, to
whom
knowledge of Burmese may be essential
made
is
practical as possible.
There
learning
a certain
undergone
if it is
amount
are in-
and busy men engaged in
officials
reason that an attempt
lan-
to
an elementary
and
it is for
this
make the compilation
as
however, no royal road to
is,
of drudgery
must be faced and
desired to acquire any kind ot knowledge
and an acquaintance with the Burmese language does not

form an exception to the universal
The
by Mr.
compilation of this work

St.
is
rule.
due to a suggestion made
John, Burmese Lecturer, Oxford University, who
represented to the Local Government the need of a practical colloquial course in
Burmese
for the
Indian Civil Service
candidates undergoing their probationary training in

land.
The
Eng-
original scope has, however, been extended to
meet the gro-wing requirements

In the preparation
of foreign residents in
of this volume,
are due to
Maung Tun
who has
often acted as
my
Burma.
acknowledgments
Nyein, Extra Assistant Commissioner,
Government Translator during
my
absence on leave or deputation, for the valuable assistance

given by him.
Burma Secretariat: 7
1st October 1898.
TAW SEIN
KO.
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
Pages,
Introduction
Part
...
Colloquial
Key
to the
...
...
,..
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
pronunciation
Numerical Notation
Time
Days
...
...
week
Names of the months
The Heavens
Points of the Compass
of the
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
ibid.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Sea
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..,
...
...
Persons, relationships, &e.
...
...
...
...
Members of the body ...

Movements of the body
...
...
..,
...
...
...
...
...
Ailments
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
17
...
...
...
...
18
...
Wearing apparel
...
Professions, Trades, &c.
...
...
56
...
Earth
Seasons, weather, &e.
vi
10 12
12 14
14 16
16 17
9
^10
18
19
Servants
...
...
...
...
...
...
19
Animals
...
...
...
...
...
...
1920
Beptiles
...
...
...
...
...
...
21
Fishes
...
...
...
...
...
...
ibid.
Birds
...
Insects
Articles of
...
...
...
Commerce
Metals
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Food
...
...
...
...
...
Fruits
...
...
...
...
...
...
Vegetables
...
...
...
...
...
...
Drink
...
...
...
Furniture
2122
2223
24
23
2425
2526
2627
27
2728
2829
...
...
...
...
...
Nationalities
...
...
...
...
...
29
Colours
,.,
...
...
...
...
...
30
Money
...
8031
...
...
...
...
...
Precious stones
...
...
...
...
...
Weights and measures
...
...
...
...
...
Army and Navy

Weapons
Eoad
31
31
32
...
...
...
...
...
32
...
...
...
...
...
33
...
...
...
...
Games, amusements, &o.
Words and phrases in constant use
...
...
...
3334
...
...
...
34
,,.
...
...
3536
35
ii
Pages.
Miscellaneous questions and answers
...
Weather
...
Time of day...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Salutations, &c.
...
...
...
...
...
Dining-room
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bed-room
...
...
...
...
...
...
Boat
...
...
...
...
...
...
Office
...
...
...
...
...
...
3738
38
39
42
43
43 44
42
4446
4649
50
56
Health and sickness
...
...
...
...
...
49
Miscellaneous phrases
...
...
...
...
...
50
Part 11 Literary
Chapter
I.
Chapter
II.
Chapter
III.
Chapter
IV.
Chapter
V.
Chapter
VI.
Chapter
VII.
Chapter VIII.
Chapter
IX.
Chapter
X.
Chapter
XI.
Appendices
I.
II.
III.
...
...
...
...
The Alphabet
...
...
...
...
Homonyms
...
...
...
...
Noun
...
...
...
...
...
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
40
40
57121
5760
60
62
6267
6871
7174
7478
7879
7980
Pronoun
...
...
...
...
Adjective
...
...
...
...
Verb
Adverb
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Preposition
...
...
...
...
Conjunction
...
...
...
...
80
Interjection
...
...
...
...
ibid.
...
...
...
...
81
Syntax
Extracts from J4takas
...
...
...
...
Petitions
...
...
...
...
...
Extracts from the " Selections from the Records of the
Hhitdaw"
97
95
107
109
121
83
INTRODUCTION.
It
is
generally admitted that the
to study, and
when there
competent teachers, the
are
few
Burmese language
be encountered and overcome
The method
appears to be considerably enhanced.
Burmese has yet

yet to be worked
to be systematised,
up with that
cessfully applied to
But before
of India.
must
some
try his best to study
and vernacular languages
consummation
brought about, one
is
Burmese according
The Burmese language can be made
lâs
which has been suc-
critical spirit
from a philological stand- point.
of teaching
and Burmese literature
of the classical
this
and very few
suitahle text-books
difficulty to
is difficult
to his
interesting
own
lights.
by studying
it
Philology means, of course, the
science which traces the origin and development of a language,
and indicates
its
Burmese
relationship to others.
a Turanian
is
language as contradistinguished from an Aryan language, and

belongs to that family of languages which has been described as
Thibeto-Burman.
ing
its
Some
A language,
like
long career of development
an organism, grows, and dur-
many
accretions cling to
of these accretions are thoroughly assimilated
and become
part and parcel of the organic growth, while others

their nature of foreign excrescences.
will illustrate this remark.
two words,
gj
The expression
The expression means
offering or to exercise charity.
main a
Now
still
gjal^s is
common word
8|gQii
of
(PMi or Sanskrit
to give as
the word
made up
al^s
a charitable
will ever re-
foreign excrescence and refuse to get assimilated.
take the
retain
The following examples
(Chinese lu) to give, and alh
3]^) giving or a gift.
it.
Then
This occurs as 8a5o in an old lithic
inscription of the twelfth century A.P,
It is
made up
of
two
ii
words 8$?
Thus,
8cS (Shan g) a wife,
woman
in
Burmese
and then in her capacity
+ q = (Thibetaa o)
conceived
is
first in
a mother.
her capacity as wife
Both the constituent parts
as mother.
composing the word 8$ so are Turanian in their naturfe and they

get thoroughly assimilated.
It
may
be said that these are tauto-
each of the component parts generally expresses the
logical, as
one and the same
idea.
But
in a state of society
difPerent tribes, such a stratification of
Each
section or tribe
must have
language was inevitable.
peculiar dialect, and their
must have the same tendency
living together
well defined strata in geology.
Tavoy localism)
(a
its
to bring,
composed of
as the formation of
Other instances, namely, a^cooaS
^=S
fate, 33Gogcj>ig,D(yoco^D a question, all
to look, godSo to assist,
oo@g3
tend to cori'oborate the above
view.
Allusion has been
made above
to the existence of
Pali derivatives in the Burmose language.
It is a
San skrit and
moot qu estion
whether priority should be accorded to one or the other.
There
however, reason to infer from the evidence available that San-
is,
skrit derivatives
before Pali was
known
Buddhism
the form of
of the
were introduced into the Burmese language long

in
Burma.
first
This evidence also shows that
introduced into this country was that
Northern School, which was subsequently absorbed and
assimilated
by the Southern School.
Like the Chinese, Thibetan, and other languages, Burmese

monosyllabic language,
every root
is
i.e.,
to say,
every word in
it is
is
a root, and
a word, each word consisting of a single syllable or
monosyllable to which a particle, and not an independent word

may be prefixed as in oools a door oo^^s power or glory sood
;
food.
cal
sentence
relationship
is
is
but an allocation of words whose grammatidetermined by their
respective
positions.
iii
The grammatical apparatus being thus

of the
first
deficient, the
Burmese language may be divided
The words
and those
like brick or stone,
the second, verbs
of speech, including particles,
placed in the third group.
The
into three groups.
group would include nouns and pronouns
and the remaining parts
vocabulary
would be
two groups are
in the first
in the third are like
cements the building materials together.
mortar which
apparent that
It is
most of the words in the third group were independent words at

one time, and that they have been ground down to their present
form through years
of attrition.
An
namely, that of goo 5, a Burmese honorific

transcribed as
changed to
means
o,
great,
Owing
tS.
and thus
and the
done by a great. personage
was originally
may
is
be taken to
that any action
necessaxily a great action,
is
to
adopt the ana-
Each expression should be analysed
method.
vowel a was
In Chinese ta
ta.
mean
In studying Burmese, one of the best ways

lytical
be cited,
This should be
affix.
to Bengali influence, the
this td
affix
may
instance
into its
com-
ponent parts; the relationship between these words, whether that

of allocation or agglutination, should be determined,
and the
gin o each word should be traced as far back as possible
ori-
and
its
phonetic changes and gradual development should also be noted.

If this method
is
followed,
Max
i,'tteresting tales.
we can make some
of the words tell us
Miiller has proved conclusively that the
English word daughter assumes in Sanskrit the form
milkmaid.
it
of
When
must have been
this
word came into
in a pastoral condition.
cows or goats, which
it
was the duty
family to milk every morning.
word
"
Mranmd," the national
can be made to
use, the people
tell
duliitCi,
who used
They had large herds

of the daughter of each
Similarly the derivation of the

appellation of the
an interesting
tale,
Burma
is
Burmese
known
race,
to the
iv
people of Bengal as Brahmodesh, which

the Pali designation " Brahmadesa
Brahma, the Creator
or the region or country of
"
Hindu
of the
Bengali form of
th^"
is
Now
Triad.
interchangeable in the Indo-Chinese languages,
became Mrahma and the
letter h being,
into
by
and y are interchangeable,
so
system of Chinese transliteration each word
is
syllables to suit the genius of the language
Mien (= Myam)
or
myan
always spoken of as
(g|c^Ss
neighbours, the Chinese
C3CO
=
=
Mran-ma, while
Mramma-desa
word g?oj
ma.
we
so
{a
the couatry of the
and
The Burmese
Prome
to the
is
the
to their
fo
rm
@g
of the
another form of
it is
another form of
is
Pyi
Prom
infer that
Frome means
= g^ =
pran
of the
and Burmese history
Mranmds
tells
arose and attained
the derivation of the above two words
Burma is the meeting-point
namely, that of India and of China
of
two
civilizations,
that the Mongoloid tribes
which were eventually amalgamated into a

first
known
Therefore,
call it
same source
a tribe called the
political eminence.
we may
Myan,
Both the Talaing and Burmese forms
Brahm.
that at
Burma
The derivation
Brohm
Again,
o being interchangeable).
word are traceable

VIS
form
works written in Pali the form
invariably occurs.
name Brohn.
the city of Brahma.

brail
get the
intimately connected with that of the word JProrne.
is
the Talaing
In the
and in Burmese prose we get the

in
cut up into mono-
In Burmese poetry
This word should be spelt Prohm, because
Brahm
Now,
Myammi.
national appellation by which the Burmese are
gôD
changed
assimilation,
we get the form
are
and Brahm&,
word Mrahma assumed the form Mramma.
the
and
political society, Avere
brought under the influence of Hindu colonists who wor-
shipped
Brahma
and that the centre of Brahmanical influence
Burma was Prome.
in
In
other
a language,
stiidyinn,'
system of translating
tlie
a very good practice.
is
It
as the results obtained have
and
it
into an-
makes ns think in two languages,

had
to he achieved
by much
la-
bour and racking of brains, words, phrases, idioms, and the nicelanguage are retained in
ties of
otir
The great thing,
memory.
however, to be borne in mind in translation
is
that one should try
and place himself as much as possible in the same position

In
writer of the original.
this
way, the
as the
and energy
spirit
of
expression of the original would be retained in the translation.
Most students do
not, however, try to do so,
deavour to make the required rendering as
and the
result is that the translation
is
and generally en-
literally as possible;
not only tame, but hardly
conveys the thoughts and ideas of the writer in an intelligible
and
felicitous
At
manner.
One may
the present time, there are two kinds of Burmese.
be called Lower- Burma Burmese, and the other Upper-Burma Burmese.
The Burmese
of
Lower Burma,
in
some
places,
would be
something like the Prenoh patois in Jersey and the Channel

Islands
it
is
corrupt,
mese, however,
towns.
The
is
still
and
is
The pure Bur-
almost a jargon.
preserved in
chief characteristics of
Upper Burma
in the larger
Upper-Burmese
style are its
conciseness, the absence of dispensable particles and affixes,

its
comprehensive expressiveness, grace, energy, and elegance.
The Lower- Burmese

particles,
and want
of
and
and
differs
style is
from the other
of brevity.
Burmese can
tween the two
very diffuse
Any
readily
is
it
abounds in useless
style in its laboured simplicity
one with a tolerably good knowledge
distinguish the
marked
difference be-
styles.
The popular impression amongst

language
devoid of literature.
foreigners
This
is
is
that the
not true.
Burmese
It has
an ex-
vi
poetry
is
icnsivc literature, and
may
its
exceedingly beautiful, and
be compared favourably with that of other nations.
The
cheerfulness of the people, their healthy and peaceful enjoyment

of
their loyalty to sovereign authority, their devotion to their
life,
religion
and
institutions,
and the beautiful influence which Bud-
has exercised over their mind and character, are faithfully
dlii,sm
pourtrayed in their literature, and especially in their poetry.

it is
to
be hoped that more prominence may' be given to Burmese
literature in the curriculum of studies
To become a Burmese
scholar, a
iii
the province.
knowledge
of Pali
an intimate one.
on Pali
mese
literature,
studies
Burmese
Burmese
is
essential,
to a large extent based
and, without an acquaintance with Pali, Bur-
would not be
classics
literature
is
two languages
for the connection between the literatures of these

is
And
of
much
interest.
In
fact, to
study
without a knowledge of Pali, wou.ld be like
attempting to read and appreciate Milton without knowing
about the Bible and the mythology of Greece and Pome.
much
PART I.-COLLOQUIAL.
KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.
Consonants.
oo
>
'k
aspirated.
tard.
-)
Tinaspirated.
ng
as in Za??^, English.
unaspirated as in spirit.
so
's
aspirated as in saw, sea.
go
00
00
m zenith.
as
as in
unaspirated.
semr, Corunha.
[ 't
aspirated.
'd
as in
OD
dawn.
as in napkin.
unaspirated.
'p
aspirated.
as
>
m SmZ^.
as in
oa
as in yes.
Gi
as in rural.
^1
as
mamma.
m lovely.
OD
th as in thaw.
oo
^/i
as in thee.
CO
as in heaven.
as in weather.
Note. There are no English equivalents

mayj however, be transliterated as follows
:
rmesG.
for certain combinations in
Burmese,
They
NUMERICAL NOTATION.
Time.
English.
The Heavens concluded.

English.
Earth concluded
English.
9
Sea.
English.
11
Persons, Relationships,
12
Persons, Eelationships, &c

English.
Bridegroom
Burmese.
13
Members op the Body continued.

English.
14
Members op the Bodt

English.
-concluded.
15
Movements of the Body

Burmese.
English.
Swim
...
Moat
...
To shoulder
...
To carry in the arms
To carry on the head
To carry on the back
Ride
Drive
To
strike
continued.
Transliteration.
GqojsoD^
...
Ye-ku:^M
o^cSgoIod^
...
Ko-'paw-^M
ooso3^
...
'Tan:^M
ô5oo^ or côOd^
...
Paik-thi or pwe-#M
gioSco^
...
Ywet-thi
...
ioo^ or ocj^g^soo^ ... Po:^M or g6n:po:^M

soo^
... Si:^M
...
godSsoo^
with the ogoSoo^
...
Maung:^M
...
Twet-thi
elbows sideways.
To
strike with
the goodSsco^
elbows downwards.
To strike (with the o^soo^
fist).
Slap
..
...
'Taung:fM
'To:^
16
Movements of the Body

English.
concluded.
Ailments
English.
17
concluded.
18
Weaking Apparel concluded.

Eii<;lish.
19
Professions, Trades, &c.-
21
Birds
English.
22
concluded.
23
24
Articles ov Commerce
English.
concluded.
Food
English.
26
concluded.
Fetjit
Jinghsh.
27
concluded
28
Drink concluded.
English.
30
31
Monet concluded.
English.
32
Weights and Mbasdiies concluded.

English.
Burmese.
35
Games, Amusements, &c

English.
concluded.
Burmese.
Transliteration.
Lottery
...
08
Dice
...
33^03
...
An-za
Dominoes
...
O^SCÔO
...
Th6n:b6n-bfe:
Cards
CO
...
T6:
Play at cards
Squares
...
'Pfe:yaik-thi
CtJ|DS
...
Kya:
...
Sit-da-yin
'Ti
Chess
Checkmate
...
'Kwe-thi
..
...
Sa:thi
Pootball (Burmese)
...
Chin:16n:
Capture a piece
Play football
...
Chin:16n:'kat-thi
Cycling
ooScSsSs
...
Set-bein:zi:
Hunting
33^Cô5
...
A-m5:laik
Shooting
Gooo5oS
...
Thin-nat-pyit
...
Byaw-bwfe:za:
Picnic
Words and Phrases

Yes
...
in constant use.
ocjoSra or oôSoooS*
No
Very well
GOD3Ss(
This
^03Gp;iCX>^
*<XlOll3l
That
Many
ten terms.
;
cxiDS
33Gp
Gg|S
Ma-hok-'pu:
Kaung:byi
1-a-ya, or thi-ha, or
OgoSogDJGOOO *
on
OOc80OD8
words are but

Thus 00c5 := 00^ ;
colloquial
GC03
ocS
goddS
= 0^;
c^
;
TM-go-la-ge
Ho-go-thwa:
'Twet-thwa:daw
La-ge or Laik-la-ge
Myan-myan-lok
Tha-di-'ta:
Yii-thwa:
00^ orS=z^;
oocîi odg^-i
= c^SgssdS
da
'To-a-y4 or hb-ha
naodifications, generally in pronunciation, of

the writ-
cod5 or cô5ooDb
Take care
Take away
(^
,.
Come here
Go there
Go away
Come along
Be quick
Kok-ke or hok-te
...
= co^^g
c^
ô
c^ = cx>îi
J.S
^=
goooii gc[3
;
ODD or ol
C^;39S=:88-1
GOOD
ODD
ooôacp
=
=
=cocS
j
q5
Words and Pheases

English.
36
in constant tse
Burmese.
concluded.
37
Miscellaneous Questions and Answers.

English.
Burruese.
Can (you) speak

Burmese ?
Transliteration.
@?od
ooods ooo5 cxdcq^s

or cxjodc^ cgDODcScx)
dat-tha-la:
coDsii
Yes, a little
What
(He)
...
did he say
?...
would
said (he)
Mya-ma-sa-gaitat-t hala: or Ba-ma-lo-pyaw:
^'ôocSooc^
...
N5:nfe:tat-te
ajooDGgDcoco
...
Thu-ha-pyaw:;(â-lfe:
cgDsac^db
...
Thwa:me-de
^dsooôdcods
...
Na:lfe-tha-la:
go.
Do you
understand
partly
(I) do,
Did you not

No,
sir, (I)
What can
(you)
...
hear?...
did not
do for
(I)
Ta-cho-ta-wet-na:-l^-d6
og^sOi^scoDg
...
Ma-kya:hu:la:
ogDsoô5oloSc}|Di
...
ooc^ôog|ôcx)
...
whom
Ma-kya:laik-pa-'kinbya:
Bfe-p6n-ma-za-y a
m a-
Ife:
wish to serve the

Government.
(I)
To
coôoooS^dsodôocS
does (this)
A-so:ya-a-hmu-daw-
Gs^sqM^^GooSooSsgS
'tan:gyin-ba-d5
olcx)o6ii
cooSo^^Soocb
....
Bfe-thu-paing-f/â-lfe:
oocôgDsoc^cx)
...
B^-thwa:ma-lo-lfe:
going home
gSSc^c^dsgoooocS
...
Ein-go-thwaidaw-me
How many times
ooc^j>8)lG(y3G|ocb
...
Be-hna-'ka-pyaw:ya-ma
belong
Where
you go-
are
ing?
(I)
am
now.
must
(I)tell
(you)?
Don't be angry,
for I
How
sir,
forgetful.
far is
going
As
am
he
8cSos^gol^ô6<5|Ds go
Seik-ma-'so:-ba-ne-'kinbya:-me-dat-lo-ba
ooc^côlii
ojcooSaacS ogDso eg
Thii-be-a-'ti-thwa:ma-
CO"
far as
\h:
Mandalay
\q-\h:
o^gcos Gspo5 gs^dS
Man:da-le:-yauk-aungthwa:ma-lo
ogDsocgii
When
did he arrive?
cxjoooSccooGcpoSoDco
Thu-be-daw-yauk-tha1^:
(He) arrived just

now.
âSoocxjcspoScooS
...
Gu-din-ga-bfe:yauk-t^
Who
acôoajcgsoora
...
Da-lo-ba-lu-pyaw:Âa-
says so
...
38
Miscellaneous Questions and Answers concluded.

English.
They
all
Burmese.
say so
Transliteration.
aj{c^33:)8oqs3C^G(yD[^
How
deep
is it ?
Eour fathoms
Whose pony is
My
pony,
...
this
C30GOODo5^ dScOCO
Ba-lauk-net-tha-le:
GCOgCQôSoDcS
Le:lan-net-te
Da-ba-lu-myin:le:
sir
Tliu-do-a:16n:-da-lo-
pyaw:gya-da-b^:
ODDCXJII
c^^gcodQSsoIoScjIds
,,
Kyun-daw-m y i n b a
'kin-bya:
Weather.
(It) is
very warm..,
(It) is
very close
(It) is
very windy...
..
(It) is very rainy
..
Te-aik-te
coc6gcx)c8o5odo5
Te-le-teik-te
cooSgcocô5cooS
Te-ie-taik-te
cooS^sg^DODc6
cloudy
(It) is
raining hea-
(It) is
Te-mo:ywa-de
Mo:-6n-de
i^SCO^gG^COoS
Mo:the:ue-de
^s Gg3o5
Mo:'pyauk-'pyauk-ywa-
vily.
(It) is drizzling
GôrS 2.0Q^
oooSii
(It)
has stopped rain-
^sc8o5g or ^sbg
ne-dh
Mo:teik-pi
o)'
mo:
bi
(It) is cold
breeze
cold
is
qSsoooS
Chan:de
GODg33SCô5g^00cS
Le-e:taik-ne-de
blowing.
(It)
beginning to
is
Îo:ywa-za-pyu-bi
rain.
rains have commenced.
The
The rainy weather
Mo:kya-bi
Mo:u-du-k6n-bi
is
over.
(It) is
(It)
hot today
...
(It) hails
(It) is
(It)
OG^C|JO0cS
foggy
was
day.
fair yester-
Ga-ne-pu-dfe
Mo:ch6n:d5
thunders
^goSs;(c200oS
Mo:tl)i:kyv,e-de
j>SgGOO0c5
IIuin:we-de
Q G ÔD G ^ CODCOt5
Ma-ne-ga-ne-tha-de
si:
39
Time oe Day.
English.
The day
Bui'mese.
is
breaking
Transliteration.
^scoSsogg
Mo:lin:za-pyu-bi
Just at sunrise
Ne-'twet-sa-ga
Early in the morning
Ma-net-saw:zaw:
What time was it ?

What o'clock is it ?
It is eight o'clock
It
is
half -past six
It
is
early
is
...
late (afternoon)
It is late (night)
Bfe-a-chein-ga-lfe:
coo5j>S^D^ôra
Be-hna-na-yi-shi-ba-le:
Shit-na-yi-shi-bi
...
It is late (forenoon)
It
O0oS33^$CXIcb
G@0o5^D^^@
Saw:-d&
G^gSg
Ne-myin-bi
G^?.^g
'Ne-nh-.hi
;în-net-pi
...
It
is
noon
It
is
about midnight
cx)5sg315gcodo5^
past midnight
oo^SGolScoqjSg
It is
Come
in
Chauk-na-yi-gwfe:shi-bi
GODOOCS
Mun:te-bi
the
,,,
Tha-gaung-lauk-shi-bi
Tha-gaung-kyaw-bi
Mun:ma-te-gin-la
fore-
noon.
Is
in the forenoon
it
It
Mun:-ma-te-gin-la:
was only in the

afternoon.
g^gc^g 8cooS or ^G$

GODSsyjgScooS or $s
c8gg^Socio5ii
Mun:lw5:hma-'pyit-te
or na-ne-saung:hma'pyit-t5 or mun:tein:
hma-'pyit-te
It has struck nine...
It
It
is
nearly four
is
already dark,,,
half
It will take
...
c^sô^c^sg
Ko:na-yi-'to:bi
Gco8->:D^c^soq(
Le:na-yi-'to:lu-bi
g^dSQ
Hmaung-bi
côooo^gDcSSooS
..
Ne-ta-wet-kya-lein-me
day.
(I) will stay
here the
whole day.
He will be back
at
breakfast time.
ooc^ôqsS^DGô^
o?.o5coqS?o3s^ô;j@$
G^poScSSocSn
Ta-ne- 16n:di-ma-ne-m&
Ma-net-'ta-min: sa:
gyei
n-thu-pyan-
yauk-lein-m5
He
is
coming in time
for dinner.
He
was up
at
qod^g33d8
oijcoocSS
ocoii
dawn
aa^coS odoSoo oj cxjg^

cooSii
]â-za-hmi-aun g
la-lein-m5
A-yon-det-ka-t h
ne-d5
h u-
ti -
'ta-
Time of
English.
40
Day concluded.
Burmese.
He came before dawn
Transliteration.
33âS ococSaSzqoDD
A-yon-ma-tet-'kin-tM-
oocSii
Irt-de
Will he come again

this evening ?
sj^g^cxjcod^socods
...
Gu-iia-ne-th u
ma-la:
Did he say he was

coming this even-
;gG.?,a;[coDo6bco3s
...
Gu-fia-ne-thu
ing
He
-la
6 n
-ma
de-la:
was com-
said he
ing at sunset.
gôS^^ oodocSc^
Ne-win-gyein-la-mfe-lo-
ajj
thu-pyaw: de
cgDcocîi
Age.
What
33odoSodoS GcoDo5ôdb
A-tliet-ba-lauk-shi-ba-
were you
born ?
oooSo^sooGgsoora
Be-don: ga-mwe: tha-
be twenty
next June.
G^g)$co oq)S|S33ooo5
j>5coo5gôoSii
is
(your) age
le:
When
Ih:
(I) shall
He
now but in
is
prime
How
son
(He)
of
old
?
...
the
cxjsjgoag^cSGooDSso^s
She
- zun-la-kya-yin-athet-hna-'se-pye-mfe
...
(your)
ooDsoocSGcaDoSgsoc^
Tha:ba-lauk-kyi: ba-le:
ooc6|iScoDgcxiD ^gods
'Se-linit-tha:iM-shi-the:
only ten
is
...
dh
cooSii
He
kaung: d6n:
life.
is
Thu gu -ma- a-ywe-
appears
young
for his age.
oj^co^cxxtS cc(^
Thii-//ii-det-n g fe-b 6 nya-dfe
g[
cooSii
He has a very youth-
cxjcooSa^gôScoSoooS...
Thu-te-a-ywe-tin-de
oSscracoos^cgooDDs
Min-a-'pe-o-hla-ba-la:
ful appearance.
Is your father very
a2;ed
(He
is
...
about seventy q^SaooSicoDnS^g
...
'Kun-hna-s5-lauk-s h
i-
bi
The old man
hale
very
is
still
and
aac^slc^sooDcqi^soî^soD
odcSo^gcosoocîi
A-'po:gyi:ha-kyan:gyan:
ma-ma-b5:shi-i/ie:dfe
strong.
Salutations, &o.
Are you well?

Are you quite well
now
od&^co^s
sjgoodSs goodSs
02^211
...
odo
Ma-ye-la:
G u-ka ung:gaung:m4ba-la:
41
Salutation, &o.
continued.
Burmese.
English.
Transliteration.
How is your family ?
oDD8aooDsaD[co3s
Tha:ma-ya:ma-ye-la:
(They) are
333soqsoD@ol|^
A:16n:ma-gya-ba-ye
oSg^cqjDrôcooi
Min-ni-pyauk -pa-la:
cnSoDDo1g
Thet-tha-ba-bi
oooScepolcS
B6-yaw:ga-lfe:
cSicîjiasoooS
L5:lo-'pya:dfe
pGoicpSsd^s @8g$
Hna-zi:chaung:zo:'pyitne-d^
all
Has your
well
younger
brother recovered
(He)
is
What
improving...
ailment
is it ?
(He) had fever after

a
fall.
(He)
suffe
is
ring
cold and
from
cooSn
cough.
It
a long time since

I have seen (you).
is
I saw (him) in good
oGcgqoobgDcgg
Ma-twe-ya-da-kya-hlabi
oDODgjDqDocgboocî
..
Ma-ma-cha-gyk-t
Sit
down
My
compliments
your parents.
Have you
e-
o^Sol
to
aSsScoi^Dgc^ ^cBso::^
cô5o|
breakfast-
time for
just in
dinner.
'Taing-ba
...
ed?
...
Not yet
(You) have arrived
What will (you)

take
ge-de
health.
i -
b a-mya:go-
hn6k-'set-laik-pa
ii
oô5odods8oco3s
Ma-net- sa-sa:pi:ba-la:
ooDsqGcxDgoqs
Ma-sa:ya-ifê:bu:
ôdcds^^j-SosgooSc^
]!?
GGpoSoDDcocSn
a - z a-s a: gyein-ne-ataw-b^: yauk-la-d^"
cododsoco
Ba-sa:ma-15:
gso%S8goooc56\
'Se:leik-thauk-pa
Have a
cigar
....
more
coo5ooo5q^GcoDo5oo3D! La-'pet-ye-thauk-ma-la:
oogDsoôl^gooDS
...
Tha-gya:yu-ba-6n:la:
I don't like
sweet.
my
oooSoooS
This tea
very
Will you take tea
Have some
sugar.
is
tea
strong.
It
g^^^
^4 "^
=q
is late (forenoon),
I must take leave
of you.
I'a-'pet-ye-cho-gyo-makyaik-'pu:
SodcS ooo5 g^^ cocS cq

cooS
Di-la-'pet-ye-te-kya-de
G^gScgguogDjcia^socS
Ne-myin-hla-bi-tliwa:
ya-6n:me
6
42
Salutation, &c.
English.
Go
concluded.
Burmese.
(as a polite reply
Transliteration.
Thwa:ba-6n:daw
ogDSola^sGooo
to foregoing).
P lease
send for a car-
riage.
(I)
for
(your) prosperity.
come again
qjSscxo
't a:
a -'iaw-kaing:
Chan: tha-ba-ze-lo-ne-
oIgoc^g^c^Si
daing: myit-ta-po-bade
go^dôIoocSii
G^DoSooolcoDsfjsQcS
DiNING-BOOM.
Set the table
Ya
laik-san:ba
oln
wish daily
(I) shall
Gfo:> oa g oI^ S s cô5o
..
Nauk-ta-'ka-la-6n:me
43
Dining -eoom
English,
concluded
Transliteration,
Burmese.
Pour (me) a cup
of
tea
cooSoooSq^cogoSoo^
La-'pet-ye-ta-'kwet-'t
laik-san:
côSoSsii
Bring me a boiled egg goSggoSooo^soqb
...
Kyet-u-by6k-ta-16n:yu-
Take
SgoSgojogDs
...
Di-kyet-u-yu-thwa:
ooosgoSoooSara
...
'Sa:gwet-b5-ma-16:
8o8co?(g3scScô5
...
Di-pa-gan-bya:le:laik
egg away
this
Where
the salt-
is
cellar ?
Change
this plate
...
Bring another plate
olgoa^gDsooqSooSoflb
Pa-gan-bya:
hat
'tat-yu-ge
Bring
fork and
oG[S).ooD8o;;[b
'Ka-yin:ne-da:yu-ge
So?8od|o^;cx3dooSo38,..
Di-pa-gan-16n:ha-ma-
knife
This cup
is
not clean
sin-bu:
Wash
it
This
table-cloth
properly
...
is
gcodSsgcodSsgooscôS
Kaung:gaung:'se:laik
SoosôSsgoSg
Di-sa-bw&:gin:nit-pi
...
soiled
Take out that bottle

Bring (me) a cigar
Where is
box
the match-
c^câsSsojoScQoS
Ho-pa-lin:'t6k-laik
G3osc8Sooc8Sa;|b
'Se:leik-ta-leik-yu-ge
^8q]ScxioSocx)
Ml:gyit-b5-ma-15:
SsqSoôSoSs
Mi:chit-laik-san:
Strike a
match
..
Bed- ROOM.
Where is the blanket?
godSodcSscS
Saung-be-ma-16:
This bedroom
S^Ss^soojioScgojs
Di-eik-' kan:ma-kyfe-hla
c84,5gjo5cô5o'Ss
'Pa-nat-chut-laik-san:
G@cx35qcoo5cô5
Chi-din-gon-go-'pfe-laik
is
not
bu:
very roomy
Take off (my shoes)

Put the footstool
aside
Hang up tjiis
coat...
Ssaf^c^^coDscôS
Di-in:gyi-go- 'sw^:'ta:
laik
Put
drawer
tsagdb^D og5scoDsco5
An-zwe: d5:ma-thwin:
it
in the
'ta:laik
out
towel
Take
clean
^joSj-DoqcSoolsaccScxjcS
Myet-hna-thok-pa-waa-thit-'tok
U
Bed-room con eluded.
(
English.
Hang
Open
it
Burmese.
out to dry
the door
Shut the door
Leave
Open
Keep
aô5cg5scQr>5
'T6k-hlan:laik
coolgcgSoôS
Ta-ga:'pwin-laik
c6o1s8oScô5
Ta-ga:peik-laik
a jar
...
ODooosoôS
Ha-'ta:laik
window
...
(yooSgcoloScgS
Pa-din:bauk-'pwin
CD^5oo58o5oODS
Ta-yok-kat-peik-'ta:
ooGooD6sc^6cg$8oô5...
'Pa-yaung:daing-'tun:
(it)
the
Transliteration.
the Venetians
shut
Light the candle
. .
laik
Light the lamps
Mi:ein-mya:go-'tun:laik
...
Trim the wick

Turn up the light...
Turn the light down
a
Mi:za-hnyat-laik
Mi:hmyin-laik
Mi:ne:n6:hmein-laik
little.
Where
GQo5scx)o5oro
Pvaun;:be-ma-le:
The chimney is
smoking
:;(yDSsoo8g^gcgo5G|,cooS
PYaung:ga-mi:go:'twet
ue-de
Extinguish the light
s58co5 or SsgoScôS
Mi: nein:
ney
the chim-
is
laik or mi:
hmok-laik
Put down the mos-
gScooDSqcôS
...
Chin-daung-cha-laik
quito curtain
am going to bed
Wake (me) early to(I)
aSScpoScoooQcS
...
4>o5cs^cilGO3G0D003|sra.
morrow.
Where do
Do you
Net-'pan-gH" saw:zaw:la
hno:hle
(you)sleep? cx3oSyD335oDcb
Are you a light

sleeper
Eik-ya-win-daw-me
...
Pe-ma-eik-tha-lfe:
oSso85coo5c^coDg
...
Min:eik-'sat-ke-la:
eSsGcoDoScocScocoDS
..
Min:hauk-tat-tha-la:
snore
Let (him) come
in...
oScODoGCOGO
Win-la-ba-le-zi
Boat.
Let us go by
boat...
Get the oar-boat

ready
Gcg^.CgD|(^
H]e-ue-thAva:gya-zo
soSccyc^gScôS
'Kat-]ile-go-pyin-laik
45
continued
Boat
English.
Where
boat
the paddle-
GC^SgoJCO oSgDtX)
Hlaw-hle-b5-ma-lo:
OcSoOo5(^ DSOÔjjSloCODS
'Kat-tet-mya:go-yu-ge
Have
(you) brought
the oars ?
Can
Transliteration.
Burmese.
is
(you)
ba-la:
the Gojc^ ô5cô5ooc8cocoDS
sail
boat?
Bring the steering
Hle-go
-ywet-taik-
tat-tha-la:
oooo5a^5>
Pe-det-yu-ge
paddle
Have you brought

rudder
Let us start
Get on the bow ...
Put it on the stern
Go up
Go down
O3o5olc300DDS
Tet- mSb-fa-tha-lk:
the river
ogoSgg
'Twet-kya-zo
SsGoTcôooS
C:baw-go-tet
OGoTyOODDSCôS
Pe-baw-ma-'ta:laik
Myit-ko-'san-thwa:
. .
Myit-ko-s6n-laik
the river...
Cross to the
Ho-bet-kan:go-ku:
other
bank
Stop at this landing
Di-'seik-ma-'saik
Row
Kyat-kyat-'kat
hard
Paddle
Enter
fast
this creek
...
There is a sandbank
ahead
Is the tide running
up or down ?
Get alongside the
bank
Is this boat steady
(It) is
boat
made
is
of
Myan-myan-hlaw
Sg^dSscôS
Di- chaung go- win
Gg^^DGOODSgSoOSJÔOoS
Sbe-ma-thaung- b y i n
this
GQODo5
GÔOCOOSII CqjG^
ODCOD8II
Di-ye-te fc-ne-^fe-la :kyane-Âa-la:
Di-hle-nein-ye-M
GG^C^CXlcS
Ye-yo-d6
SccgcoscoDScx)
Di-hle-ba-tha:le:
Pin-lfe-go-'twet-hnaing
tha-la:
sea?
it
not sink?
Can you
sv\rira ?
Kan:na:kat
Can you go out to

Will
ta-'ku-shi-dS
leaky
What wood
g^g^GogS
...
GC[og5o:||?CX)D8
Ye-ma-my6k-'pu:la:
...
GC|jsooo5o:coDS
Ye-ku:dat-tha-la:
46
B OAT concluded
English.
Unfurl
Burmese.
Have
|o5g|cô5
...
Ywet-'pyan-laik
midstream
g:;ioooScô2Scô5
...
Te-le-go-'pwin-taik
brought
ccgDoSajsols^ccDs
...
Kyauk-'su:pa-ye-la:
tlie sail
Sail along
yoti
an anchor
I
Transliteration,
...
have brought two,
j^SraoSololaoSaScjjDs...
Hna-let-pa-ba-de-'kin-
c^(^scod^Sooo3ds
by a:
Ho-kyo: ha-'kaing-ba-
sir
Is that rope strong
enough
When
...
ma-la:
shall
we
to the village
get
i3c^ oooSgcoo GcpoSoo
Ywa-go-b^-daw-yauk
con
pa-ma-lfe:
Ophce.
Bring a lead pencil
S)c6ajS>
...
'Kfe:dan-yii-ge
Sharpen
go5GoDD5g|^cô5
...
Di-hnget-taung-chun-
this quill...
laik
Where
my
is
holder
pen-
c1odgcod5c6ooc5qco
...
Nga-ka-laung-dan- b
fe-
ma-le:
Bring a pen also ... oDGODDSoo^sc^b

...
This pen is too blunt, oDGoo36o^scg?gcooSg)$
gi$oDsj33oDsa^&ii
change it for a sharp
pointed one
Ka-laung-lfe:yu-ge
Sharpen
Y6n:da:ga-le:thwe:laik
the
desk-
^soo^sooGcosGogscôS
Di-ka-laung-t6n:lun:de
Chun-gyun-ta-'ku-asa:
yu-ge
knife
rill these ink bottles
8o qooSs
<^
otc^
-^-"j5!i
Put ink
in both the
S@f^ Di-hmin-ba-lintmya-.o-ohmin-'pye-laik
oSo^s fh oqs ooqic^ oS
I[min-o:-hna-16n:
coîi
pots
no red ink ?
The black ink is bad
Is there
za-
16n:go-hmin-'te
oS?aô:;j2coDs
...
o6ô5o3Doô5oqs
...
Hmin-ni-ma-shi-buda:
mi n-n e t- h a - a-
net-'pu:
Bring a sheet of
ting paper
Wash
this
blot-
inkpot
clean
Take out the ruler
...
o6|oo^[[OD9]5a^S>
...
Hmin-hneik-set-ku-tachat-yu-ge
q63^so^ oS gssdS goos

cô5
Di-hmin-o:go-sin-aunff-
tjjgsooa^cxcôS
Myin:dan-'t6k-laik
...
'se:laik
4.7
Ofpicb
has taken
Transliteration.
Ba-lu-yu-thwa:Âa-lfe:
(it)
away ?
Go and search for
Put
continued.
Burmese.
English.
Who
Thwa:sha-gyi
(it)
near that
(it)
Ho-sa-6k-na:hma-'ta:
book
Take it away now..j
Put it down on the
laik
Yu-thwa:daw
Kyan:baw-hma-cha-'ta:
laik
floor
Copy
this letter
Di-sa-go-kii:laik
...
Give him a copy
of
ododoSdoogodSocJoO^gos
Sa-let-'kan-ta- z a
u n g-
thu-go-pe:laik
the letter
Did he apply
for
it ?
ajGcgDoSc OOOS S0DC03 s
Thu-shauk-taung: thala:
"Where
the appli-
is
cation
Shauk-hlwa-bfe-ma'l^:
QcgpcSi^DcocSocx)
Draft a reply
fÔD33(^5sGG1^80ô5
ileject this applica-
GC^Do5c5DOÔCÔô5
...
Di-shauk-hlwa-go
pfe
laik
tion
Who
Pyan-za-a-kyan:ye:laik
is
the
appli-
Shauk-thu-ba-lu-le:
Gc^Do5a;jooojci)
cant?
Did he ever apply

before
Would he
Thu-a-yin-gaCODS
be
suit-
hauk
'pu:Âa-la:
Thu-taw-ba-ma-la:
O^GOoScJOOODS
able?
Does he know the

work ?
Where
did he serve
previously ?
Why
did he leave
What pay
did (he)
Di-a-16k-ko-thuCODS
33oocSco oooSyaJogooSs
A-'tet-ka-be-m&-a-hmu'tan:Âa-lfe:
ooD(^Scôgo5oora
Ba-'pyit-lo-'twet-tha-15:
O0OO0GOD0o5|O0d&
La-ga-ba-lauk-y a
get?
Aa
le:
Post this letter
oocôoôô5cbgD
Put a stamp on it...

Go and buy two re-
oosBSgoISsooScôS
ceipt stamps
na
^7?a-la:
^
...
GQoDooaSScol&SjtScjcgos
OC^GÎI
Dl-sa-go- sa-bo-daik-'t6hma-'te-laik
Ta-zeik-gaung:kat-laik
Pye-za-ta-zeik-gaung:
hna-'ku-thwa:w6-gyi
^8
Oppicb
continued
Burmese.
English.
Buy
six
postage
TraDsliteration.
lialf-anna
^SJ5dsoo?odc6q85gs)16s
stamps
GgooSsjoo^sooSîi
lc:\vc-ge
also
Has the mail
arriv-
Gq]ooDKgDgGGpc6coDocx3D
ed?
Go
Hna-pya:dan-s;i-b o - ta
zeik-gaung:cliauk-'ku
Chaw :za-mya:yauk-laba-la:
oDcô5c^:^Ds
...
Sa-bo-daik-ko-thwa:
Don't be away long
(^DBG^Goô
...
Kya-ma-ne-zi-ne
AVait for an answer
gÔDGODSc*
...
Pyan-za-saung-ne
When does the mail-
oDx)Gc5Doo'^Gcooago5
to the post office
steamer leave
Go and enquire
Go to the telegraph
Sa-bo-thin:baw:be-daw'twet-ma-le:
ocxiii
ogDSGosG^
...
Th\va:me:gyi
cgs^^s^c^c^Ds
...
Kyi:rian:y6n-go-tliwa:
office
Read
that telegram
c^gQs^^sodcôdoSoSs
Ho-kyi:nan:za-go-'pat
33GG|gL^So68(gao6sogDSo
A-ye: baing-min: yon:
san:
Has
Deputy
the
Commissioner
left
coD%
'sin:thwa:ba-la:
office?
When
(he)
is
ing back
com-
ooc5Goo?gcoDocb
...
Why are you so slow ?
ODD G[cgDS QGODDoS GODS
ODÔDCÎI
Go
the treasury
this note
to
Be-daw-pyan-l^-ma-le:
and cash
Ba-gyauug-da-lauk
le:
gan-ya-^/?a-le:
Ggogg|[c^G5cô5gDDgDs
cSîi
Di-uwge- s e t - k u - g 0ngwe-daik-hma-thwa:
le:ge
Put
this
money
into
Scgc^^Sc^c&gDca^côS
the bag
Count
it
Di-ngwe-go
k-
't e:
ma-'te-laik
before do-
oc^35gg|oô5.3^?
...
Ma-'te-giu-yi-laik-6n:
o3GooDo5cx)
...
Ba-lauk-le:
ing so
How much is it ?
How many bad ru...
pees are there
What
am
(I)
have no leisure
very busy
there
CODC^9)ScOCb
Ba-lo-gyin-^7a-le:
OD o5 33 0:^5 1^ D S OD c6
T5-a-16k-mya:de
033D8aj?.
Ma-a:bu:
le:
do you want
is
Ng we-a-ba-lauk-pa-^/(a
(I)
Who
Gg33coo5GcoD^ôlcoco
...
Ba-lu-16:
49
Oppice
English.
concluded,
Burmese.
Sign here
...
Transliteration.
SG^spoacooS^cSo^s
...
Di-no-ya-ma-let-hmat'to:
come and
Don't
botlier
me
to-day
Bring the office-box
SoG^kclnôoDQcpScgoS
>.
^8GcoggD9oâ;{5
...
Di-ga-ne-nga-go-la-maImaung-shet-ne
Y6n:tit-t'a-di-go-yn-ge
here
there no empty
box ?
Gather up these pa-
Is
ccogRDcôSy^cxjjscoDs...
Tit-ta-lut-ma-shi-bu:la:
ojg|[4jDscô8S8cô5
Dl-set -ku-
...
pers
my a -.g o
thein:laik
Bring an envelope...
od33o5coc8c5oC|}^
Let (him) come
ôSoôIcxjdogcogos^s
Net-'pan-ga-la-ba-le-zion:
33^^cq]GC!oooI oDg^côS
A-chein-kya-da w
to-
...
morrow
(I) shall reply in
due
ocS
course
Health and
I
am not very well...

call
a doctor
Take
this
cq\8 gx-dSsgcodSs obd
did the Assist-
ant Surgeon say
Did you get
to the
gsos socp oogoddc5 ogDs
Kya-n6k-kaung:gaung:
'Se:'sa-ya- 1 a
yauk
thwa:'kaw-ge
oD3ospo$o8câ;[ogDs...
Di-sa-'sa-ya--wun-'si-go-
yii-thwa:
aoGpo$ cogcoico ol g^d
'Sa-ya-wun-ga-le:ga-bapyaw:laik-tha-lfe:
co5cco
oj$Doo|so^G3po55i|[coDs
Lu-na-dan:go-yauk-'ke
ye-la:
hospital?
Show (me)
raa-ma-bu:
the Civil Surgeon
What
ga
Sickness.
GoTS>
letter to
sa-pyan-laik-mfe
cqs
Go and
Sa-eik-ta-eik-yii-ge
the pre-
caosoDgoSs
...
'Se:za-pya-zan:
scription
Where
is
the com-
goosgooSosodsoocôc^
pounder ?
Ask
You
Ih:
for a renewal of
this
Di-'se:
oSascoosaaQGi^cooSGcjio
Min-a -tha: a -y e-tfe-
is
the matter
ye
't
t-
ta.ung:ge
.
'pyaw-d6
oooS
What
myo
G308Gi^t|soo5GOODSs^
mixture
are very pale ..
'Se;'paw-tha-ma:bfe-ma-
ooD@5ood&
...
Ba-'pyit-tha-16:
7
50
Health and Sickness

English,
Burmese.
Are (you) taking any

medicine
Are (you)
now
all right
ventilated
this
quarter
healthy
intermittent
it
Take
sjGqiDo5ooD3s
...
Gu-pyauk-pa-la:
og^,
gooSgcoS oooSodd
Ga-ne-taw-da w - thet
tlia-de
oooSii
oSsSSood GcooSccccgoS
oo^ôoljiSs^Ss^s^coos...
Min-ein-ha-le-win-ledwet-kaung:ye-la:
Than-^/iari-shin:shin:
shi-ye-la:
30G^5^fDGcpolooSs|[raDs
Di-a-yat-ma-yaw:
ga
kin:ye-la:
I am suffering from
an attack of jungle fever
Is
'Se:sa:ne-tha-la:
Goo^SsS^coDgu
(it) in a sanitary
condition ?
Is
...
your house well
Is
goosodsgôoodds
a little better
to-day
Is
Transliteration.
am
concluded.
this febrifuge
g.->5q|Ds
cjjosg^cocS
33Qoo533cq]^cx)coDs
...
...
33(j|3go5Gôsc^Gcx)Do5
B[nget-'pya:'pya:ne-de
A-tet-a-kya-shi-^â-la:
Di-a-'pya:byat-'se:go-
thauk
your appetite im-
Is
paired
Try
or
33
oD?q|o5cooDDg
this tonic
oogSsqioSoooDDs
...
8 oaDsc^s goos c^ goodoS
(ggSoSs
do not
agree with (me)
These
(I)
pills
am troubled with
almost
asthma
SGaosoqs^.ocoô^s
...
'Ka-dwin:pyet-tha-la:
or a-sa:pyet-tha-la:
Di-a:do:ze:go-thaukkyi-zan:
Di-'se:-16n:ne-ma-te-bu:
goc^Ssc^:^ ciSgS^D 00
odoS
â-daing:lo-b5:yingyat-na-'ta-de
oddg^dS godg@d6s gco
Ba-gyaung-le-byaung:
every night
Why
don't (you) go
for a
somewhere
c^GaciSoDoliaog^sraii
le-hlwfe:a-yat-ta-ba:
cliange.
ma-thwa:15:
MlCELLANEOTJS PhEASES.
What
is
the market
paddy ?
run very
prices
The
this
year
high
He trades in paddy
price of
oolsccys oogcodoS go1o5
oocou
Sa-ba:ze:ba-lauk-pauktha-15:
Sj.SoooSG'qjSGooDSsoooS
Di-hnit-t5-ze:kaung:d5
ojoolsajsoooS
Thu-sa-b4:ku:d6
...
51
MiscELLAKBOus Phrasbs
English.
Continued.
Transliteration.
Burmesfi.
I
man
Is that
a tim-
ber-trader
(I)
do not
c^côodooSgsISscods
...
Ho-lti-ha-thit-gaung:
oaoooSocSo^s
...
A-tat-ma-thi-bii:
...
og@ococ5o:;^s
...
...
os^^Sojs
...
as-
GcoSsoGpôjjoocS
..,
Be-din-'sa-y4-ne-tu-d^
horo-
oSôcaoood^sôdds
...
Min-ma-za-da-sbi-ye-
te:
know
for
a certainty
am
(I)
not sure
cannot say
(I)
Looks
an
like
Ma-pyaw:dat-'pu:
.
Ma-'so-hnaing-bti:
trologer
Have you
scope
Wby
la:
Tbis fruit
ous
Tbis
(you)
don't
bave one
'
poison-
is
Ssa c8s cod goodoS
odcjS
...
cbeap
GloasBcSaocfcSoqs
Sj.6g2G|s^sGoloooS
...
Da-a-'seik-ma-bok-'pti:
...
Di-bnit-du:yin:!^î:
He
paw:
de
tbis year
(it)
Di-a-tbi:lia-tauk-tat-t5
oocS
Durians are
He bad
Ba-'pyit-lo-za-da-ma'pwe-Âa-16:
cast ?
not poison
is
cx3Dg8cÔ)DcoDôoc2)
cheap...
arrived
while
mangoes were abundant

are
Mangosteens
scarce and dear
water-
Bring that
cxjjgoIgoIsiscS
...
odg[o5o8 c6o^so:jGGpo5
Tb1i-paw:baw:ya-de
Tba-yet-tlii:blaing-d6n:
thu-yauk-t5
cooS
oSgcgoSoSs^^Dsooc^
...
Min:gut-tbi:sba:d5
c^^sooDssfiâjjb
...
Ho-mo:ga-in:gyi-yu-ge
proof coat
Does
it
rain daily
G?.cSsq8aDa>oDDs
...
Ne-daing:mo:ywa-Âala:
When
will they start
ploughing
How many
pairs of
oxen has
plough
'
be ?
Look out for a milch
ajg^ ccoSog^DS ooo5j.5

cggsôora
is
very
Be-daw-ga-15-sa-'tungya-ma-le:
Thu-ma-16-dun-nwa:
be-hna-shm:sbi-if/â^^'
.ôds^dsq
oogodoS ^looSs
Sg5coSco5ooo5
No-za:na-ma-ta-gaungsba-zan:ba
ol
co^
This pony
small
oogSgooooI oocôog^^
...
Di-myin:t^-nge-d5
52
Miscellaneous Phrases
Englisb,
Does he
continued.
Trausliteratiou.
Burmese.
trot well
gcos odoS gcodSs goddSs
(His) head
The
mean
is
ears are inclined
Le:bet-kaung:gaung:
thwa:ye-la:
ogDsli^coDg
go16s as cocS
...
Ga\ing:a-d5
ôscgD^^GoqjooocS
...
Na-gya\v:ne:nfe:yaw-de
4]o5o^sgco5gc5^|[
..,
Myet-16n:taw-da\v-shi-
to droop
The eyes
are fairly
good
ye
Does he shy
...
His quarters
good
are
He
is
also thick-set
Has he been raced
He
does he
Tin-gya-kaung-.de
ocjoocSco^sgcwoSsodgS
Du-de-le:kaung:de
[^Soj^sodcods
...
Pyaing-bd:^/ta-la:
(5gSs^,oa|jcz^s
...
Pyaing-myin:ne-ma-tuEe-a-th\va:myo:tat-tha-
trot,
|cosq^3ii gcososoSii cqt
Hnwc:
ambling,
Gq]DSsGooDo5ii33 0Doq|ii
le:
gallop
ccj^gii
you
will
(him) for
coGcoDo5^.GGp68ocx)
sell
...
Has he a high
Of what breed
dog?
action? coo5good6sg|otds
this
is
olooDGgstHsco
...
Let-kaung:ye-la:
Da-ba-'k\ve:myo:16:
GgscSojs^. 5^s osocôS

GgsoSoqiooDobii
'
c^ GgsoS odsc^ odo5 66
You can
dog-
Ggsoloo^D^cocoDt
Ho-'kwe: win
z a
go
...
'Kwe:wa-t]ia-na-slii-^/?a
la:
liave that
c^GgsooGcosoj^Gcoo
...
Ho-'kwe: ga-le yu-daw
cgsoGoooSscooS
...
'K\ve:za-kaung:de
pup
It
has good points...
A.re big
game abnud-
ant in this jungle
that-pyit-laik
cô5
(you)
fancier ?
'Kwe:ba-lu:ne-pa-go:-ame:laik- k we s a tkya-d-i-be
Kill that pariah dog
Are
Ba-lauk-ne-yaung:ma-
...
Pegu hound
Ian: do:, le: bet,
thon: gyaung: dauk,

a-tha-gya, don:
1^:
^He) is a cross betweeu ahull and

a
Thwe-dat-tha-la:
...
oooSsacgDs^scooBoDoi
Swinging walk,
What
...
bu:
What paces
know ?
canter,
look a
doesn't
racer
cogcocSoocoD;
cc&cqGcooB%aD(
GcoDgD33&@8Gc"| snoods
Di-taw: ma-a-me: gyi:

paw:ye-la:
63
Burmese.
English.
How many
beaters
are there ?
33>
Translitevation.
g^doSoood?
cooSjjiS
A-mfe: cliauk- tha-ma:

bfe-hna-yauk-slii-Âa-
gcdo5ccSii
men on
Let the
continued.
the
outskirts beat well
ooo5$dsto oj ^ds goodSs
Let-na ga
:
-lu-mya:
kaung: gaung: chauk
GooaSssqiDoScpGon
pe-zi
Are you not

yet
He
tired
oSsoGODccso:;j?coDg
...
Min: nia-maw:
tired
is
the: bu:
la:
and pant-
cxjGODccô5G^g
...
Thu-maw:
GcicoSogg
...
Ye-ngat-hla-bi
lo-haik-ne-bi
mg
am
(I)
feeling very
thirsty.
Let us
rest
and take
little
tiffin
(33^
a well
Is'nt there
somewhere near
This
is
a very shady
SsoIsos^ds^d Gq<^Sso^
Are there any jungle

fowl here
'Ka-na-na: pi: n^-15-z&,sa: gya-6n: zo

a-na: ma-yedwin: ma-shi-bu: la:
Di-a-ni:
ccjjsco^g
odSo5 ooo53o^5goodSs
oocS
tree
What
oaD^Ds|i o^,cocôd ods
8yDGooD(a9o5^|[coDS
...
1 h it-pin-te-a-yeikkaung: dh
i -
Di-ma-taw: gyet-shi-yela:
foot-print
is
alcoDcgspcS
...
Da-ba-chi-ya-lfe:
this?
To whom does
this
ScgcgoSc^cxioj^ScDora
Di-mye-gwet-ko-ba-lupaing-Âa-15:
piece of land beIons'?

ô
Can
(you) show (me)
its
boundaries
landholder a
cultivator?
Is the
Has he sublet
it ?
Gg^c?3o5ci]3Sc^
g^6| Mye-ne-na-meik-mya:
go-pya-hnaing-ye-la:
ooos
Ggj^SoDDoocSooaDscoDs
Mye-shin-ba-l^-^/jd-ma:
1^-
cgc^cMsoSgl sodsodoods
My e-go-ta-'sin
h n g a:
sa: fha-la,:
What
is
of this
What
is
the outturn
ScooSoo ool?
paddy field ?
(its) sowing
cgoSoocg)
capacity
Go and call the

groom
ca
gcodoS
i^sools odo5j^5cq5s
'twet-tha-le:
gc^
^d^
gSscS^scôgDscoTt"
Di-lfe-ga-sa-ba: ba-lauk-
Myo:
sa-ba: be-hna-tin:
kyi: ya-i^â-lfe:
...
Myin: dein:
'kaw-ge
go-thwa:
54
Miscellaneous Phrases continued.

English.
Burmese.
Get the carriage
Transliteration.
la-'ta: pyin-laik
G[CODS[y8cô5
ready
Is tliere
room
stable
CODS
Has
the pony been

given his feed ?
Do not water him yet

Harness him now
Drive to
Myin:zaung: ma-ne-ya-
in the
...
post
the
shi-the:ye-la:
gSsC^330DG^s(SOCODS
Myin: go-a-sa-kywe:pi:
ba-la:
GqOCô5ô3^S
Ye-ma-taik-ne-6n:
OD^gaD^SOODSoScOOO
Ka-gyo: ta-za-sin-daw
odi^cSoSc^godSs
Sa-bo-daik-ko-maung:
office
Turn
Turn
to the right
to the left
Drive straight
on
Let-ya-bet-ko-hle
...
...
OD o5 b 00 06 c^ c 0^
Let-we: bet-ko-hle
...
oojôq^godSs
Te-de-maung:
Put out the saddle in

the sun
Bring the reins and
ocjs|sc^G^cggcô5
...
the mart-
is
The tail
0)o5(c^so68ccSc^DSol (X^
^5s C^DSC^
gQdS G33d5
Zet-kyo: wun: bat-mya:
Nin: mya: go-pyaungaung- talk -laik
gqsodoocSqcx)
Me: dwa-be-ma-le:
sci^5sgcSogD8(
Mi: ifAaing: pyat-thwa:
strap
(crup-
per) has snapped.
Put
go-ne-hlan:
ba-yu-ge
Burnish the stirrups
ingale
hni:
laik
girths also
Where
Kou:
the bridle on
B/emove the
bi
...
head-
335oo5oo^
6k-'ket-'te
olsq8c^g)c^cô5
Pa-chat-ko-chut-laik
stall
Do
not go to
merely for
(I) shall sue
court
(I)
shall
law
3lGCODo5ôg80COc5ô
this
him
...
in
prosecute
tet-ne
Thu-go-ta-ya: swe:
cxôO^sa^joqSooS or aj-
T h u -go-a-hmu-lok-m^
or thu-go-ya-za-wut-
hmu-sw6: me
What
^sjjoScxioSc^ CO
S\Ye:gyet-be-lo-le:
the complain-
COGpJOÔOCCjJCX)
Ta-ya-lo-ba-lu-le:
is
Who is
ant?
the charge
me
cxjcO^cocpsgoc^
o8Gp(>iOcSooocS
him
Da-lauk-ne-yon: ma-
55
continued.
Burmese.
English.
The accused has ab-
Transliteration.
coGpsSogoScgs^
...
Ta-ya-'kan-'twet-pye:
...
Thu-pyit-si: go-wa-yan:
sconded
Attach
his property
cxj.og^?côle|soo5
kat
Issue a warrant for
Thu- go
oqoCooscôlG[S8cxjcS
'pan: ho-wa-
yan: 'tok
his arrest
Issue a summons for

the attendance of
that witness
Is this
man a revenue
defaulter
^st^^cxjo cspoSsj^
oôooS
coocôogDôDg
ScxjcoDsag^cooS ogôdS
ho-thet-the-go-tha'n
han,-za-cha
Di-lu-ha-a-'kun- d a w-
qjoSogcSojcoDg
Yon: go-la-yauk- y a n
ma-'saung-pyet-kwetthu-la:
Show me the tax
re-
He has come to apply
A-'kun-daw^-pye-za
pya-zan:
33g|Gcx)S ogcS g&g qjSs
A-'kun-daw-lut-n e i n
for a remission of
coDgScajDoSc^
revenue
cocS
On what grounds
does he apply
What evidence
there
is
33Gg
che-pyu-shauk-tha-lfe:
cc5côon5GOD^coc2)
B6-lo-thet-the-shi-^ ^ a
...
16:
is
in-
will be brought
for perjury
Is not this dacoited
property
oDo5GOD5q]o5 oo^goodoS
Thet-the-'kan-gyet-malon-lauk-'pti:
oqs
sufficient
up
shauk-'po-thu-la-d5
Be-a-c h e t-mya-go- a
The evidence
(He)
ooi^sagr^Syjasc^
chan:tha-g win-
cxjood
Gcg]3o5cocd
-go
sag^cooScgoDc^goSg
ceipt
sago
Hmu-Âa-thet-the-'kanhmu-ne-a-swe: 'k a nya-lein-m6
og^so
Da-da-mya-taik-ya,-b a pyit-si:
ma-hok-'pu:
(ôodsodoSgosq^^'ô
e^cSSaoS
alcxjDsgcôSGpol
otôSo^scods
la:
Were
the
armed
dacoits
Da-mya-mya-m a
ooDsgcôsgooooSôSoloo
=>^'
'
et
net-pa-Âa-la
This opium-eater is c8|soDsooD^spologgS5 Di-bein: za: ha-'ko: jkcoo55cx;}@8cooS

ha-pyit-si:
let-'kana receiver of stolen
thu-'pyit-t6
property
cxjcxjs^scods
Thu-lu-zo: la:
...
Is he a bad eharacter?
56
English.
Hand
over to
liim
track law
the
aj.c^c^cSS odoh^ds coo5
the
headman
of this village
Gp!, gooac^ ^dscoÎi
S[Dcogi3ocjgsoDc(;{c&
ii:
Chi-ya-gan-u-pa-de- gona: le-ye-la:
CODS
TLu-go-pa- lei k-th

raya: let-at-laik
saSdôS
Do you know
is
Transliteration.
Burmese.
tbe police
^V ho
concluded.
...
Di-ywa-â-ywa-tha-gyi:
ba-lii-16:
PART
II
-LITERARY.
CHAPTER
I.
The Alphabet.
The
following are the letters in the Burmese alphabet
Vowels.
Short
Long
iV.5.
33D
and
g^ *
g u
^
.
c e 33 e:
333
6t
g[^5 aw (long) 3^
Long
'
..
.3
or ...y
G....3
Palatals
zt
The symbols
Short
(with the heavy accent)
ing, not a vowel.
Gutturals
^ or gi^d
_ aw:
^
33
but a modified form of

being a niggaliita or nasal breathing is, strictly speak-
33DS
33,
00
of the
is
vowels
are-
68
which has superseded o in

used in g^s * a
o. in ooicS {cassia floridci) and of
are not
bazaar, as well as the cerehral letters and the liquid g
used in words of purely Burmese origin. The pronunciation of
When a word
the classified consonants needs some explanation.
ception of 3 in
most
a peacock, of
gcolSsii
od
eases, of
jj
is
preceded hy another which ends with the
first letter of
the classes of classified consonants, that word retains
its
any of
normal
pronunciation, f
Examples.
( (go5ooos
(.
33)CX)Ds
ame
ko
thk
[abnormal.)
[normal.)
'ku
rj^Ss} shit
(c^ss{
{normal.)
kyet tha
gu
[abnormal.
(normal.)
r oooBoof^ tat thi
oSoD^
rs^Bq^B 6k
l^qiS
[abnormal).
'kin thi
chok
[normal.)
myo gyok
[abnormal.)
The following tables show the combination

vowels, and of consonants with consonants
:
Consonant with Vowel.

Consonant.
of consonants with
The combinations with

00
00
+
+
The forms
36
GO
33Dg
cooi ka:
good
may
oo 08
cxj
3^
3ô5
3^5
is
and coot are formed

kan
33
oDo5 ket c85 keik
When
69
ocj5
take consonantal finals
k6k
goo^S
kaung
combined with any consonant
it is
= aik.
= aing.
Consonant with Consonant.
Consonant.
as follows
pronounced
ai.
ciation to them, the
thography
is
60
understanding Burmese
in
difficulty
The words, whose
greatly enhanced.
spelling
is
sidered doubtful, are those having for their final consonants oo
An
intelligible differentiation can, however, be
mind
or-
con4.
o o.
made by bearing in
that the idea of contact or contiguity runs through all Bur-
mese verhs ending in 5 and S,* and that the

which this idea is not involved take the final
CHAPTER
rest of the verhs in

o5 or ?.
II.
Homonyms.
The borrowed alphabet
of
Aryan
origin
is
inadequate to repre-
sent phonetically the sounds of a tonal non- Aryan tongue and has
probably reduced the number of tones in the Burmese language.

This reduction mu.st have affected the
mon
homonyms which
are
com-
to the Indo-Chinese family.

ooSs =:
ooSs
coSs
0%%
o^s
A small unripe fruit.
= A scorpion.
= To be free.
= A flower.
= To be fatigued.
Phonetic Changes.
The literary form of the Burmese language is slightly different

from the colloquial. Certain words are not pronounced as they
are written, and there are laws which regulate such phonetic
changes.
("aj
ized
When
a final consonant
is
followed by a nasal
it is
by assimilation
=
G330pS(2a =
$S*3
=
335qo5
* o5
to
join.
OdSs
or
gBSooS
...
G330SSGO
....
^S^D
og6?
to stretch
...
out
(so as to
To
diêam.
To lOUO foV.
To
be aiigrkccd.
be in close contact).
nasal-
61
(b)
Somet-imes the inherent vowel u or u
c^G^ôS
as
G|
...A native
...A
Scoqps
...A queen.
oc^s
...A pagoda,
ajsc^
=: coc^
cjd^g
The
oG[ô5
cx^
Scqcps
g)
sha
...A
is
soldier.
ferry.
omitted and the letter
is
pronounced
ya.
38SGg\oSg= ^ScsôSs
...
...
An
33Gp^
(d)
(e)
The
The
official.
pa and o* ma are interchangeable
008 (pronounced oo8)...
sA;'W.
ooDsg
QODsg
dacoit.
initial
oB
...
consonants are aspirated
=
=
3ô5
...To draw.
=
=
|5
...
To
5S
...
Ink.
...
+ oo + c)is
Gcg|Do5 = GjjDoS
cg)(=cQ
pronounced
c^go5 =: ^go5
oac^Ss
33^Ss
before.
6e able.
jis/ia.
...
To
...
To conceal.
...
^<
petition.
all.
In words beginning with u or
for its final the initial
changed into u
ii the initial
vowel takes
consonant of the following syllable and u is
go8
SsGSDoS
gsGolSs
=
=
g^S
...A
g^S
cave.
B<2|3o5
...
The
gGcgoSs t
...
The head.
Mersui O
In the dialect of the people of Tavoy and
Tosee.
pony.
A
@5
@5
^Bs
igSi
*
prince.
^S
(g)
cr 01071
cncS
^c6
(/)
s3GpS[
letters co ba ot o
is
brain.
invariably changed into
gGCôSsil the final consonant of

t In the case of
0011
book.
king.
...A
o3i
aspirate in
elided
is
ooG^S
=
=
=
=
o:jC[6
(c)
is
the unaspirated form of
i. e.,
62
The
(h)
consonant
initial
gS
...
To
throio.
Qcq<^%
Gc^g?
...
To
he thorough,
of
an
cools
o?sco$(g3s
dropped
initial syllable is
= aoo5 =
= oddTs =
= ooo@D8 =:
0606
{j
sometimes softened
is
08
The inherent nasal
{i)
sooS
...
cools
...
oo>^(?s
...
Hair.
A door.
A plate.
Various phonetic values are assigned to ^.
^=
^=
^=
as Gi^ yi
^>^
as
as
...
q^pyiii
30^ se
...
To
allude
to.
A plank.
A weir.
Punctuation.
Three marks are used in
I
II
The
and
first
II
II
Burmese punctuation, namely,
corresponds to the English
comma,
the second to the
period at the end of a sentence, and the third to the period at the
end
of a paragraph.
mark
first
is
A paragraph may
In separating the constituent elements

the
mark
also begin with
11
"
The
falling out of use, the seccnd being substituted for
is still
it.
compound, however,
of a
used.
CHAPTER
III.
The Noun.
Nouns may be divided
and concrete, according to

into
or
simple
and
meauing,
compound,
according to their
their
form. Abstract nouns are formed by prefixing aa or affixing q|o5 or
gSs to a verb
to do,
into abstract
becomes sag or
(3Ss or
o:S(^33gj.533Gg30DgSo^
ô5 deed, action,
e.g.,
His dccd and word do not

correspond.
=^^=@Ss
oôgSsaa^js
ôôojoSu
d^"^^^'^^"
If there
were no such action,
there would be no results.
Such an action
is
improper.
63
The
prefix 3d does not always convey an abstract idea, as for
instance
33god833(^5
a watchman.
Nouns are simple, ascqa man, oSS a

may he formed
(a)
by uniting
nouns
t-wo
a village
[D
O0D3
a sword
= A villager.
+ aSS a house = A scabbard, e.g.,
-\-
oods
a son
g]^DapÎ^DooDgc^cô5coD@coîi=
oDDSsSSgoS^cqioDîi
(6)
by uniting a noun and a verb

a road
od6s
a debt
G^
the sun
Compound nouns
house.
-j-
to
(q
+
+
show
ods to eat
oS
to enter
coSsgooGcaDoSglgGjoîi
The villagers came out.

The scabbard slipped down.
= A guide.
= A debtor.
= Sunset, e.g.,
= (You) must
engage
guide.
(5y6j>S(oDgc:ôoG(x>Dooj
The
He
creditor
and the
debtor cannot come to
an agreement.
|5îi
GôS^ôcjGGpoSoDDooîi
(<?)
by uniting a verb and a noun

G^
to dwell
c^5 to sit
+
+
sSS a house
a place
'^
= A dwelling-house.
= A seat, e.g.,
c^cjc^G^cSSoqSôoDgcoîi
That cave has been
G^Do5cqigoq3Gpo5oo3îic8S
Hc Came
converted into a dwellinghouse.
by uniting a noun, a
an agent or doer
gSs a horse
late
and had
go without a
GpoG|[G$ooîi
(d)
arrived at sunset.
verb, and a
noun
or a
to
seat.
word signifying
8 to
ride
+ oq^ a soldier = A
cavalry
man
+ o8| ^0 watch + ^^ signifying an agent

= A potter, e.g.,
= (He) came opportunely
(gSs8saj5l jooj.833qo5odS
a pot
or doer
3^s
GGpoScoDODîi
cxjjc^GaoqSsao^Sgoa^scS^s
cjopSgSooîi
with 200 cavalrymen.
= He
is
sion.
a potter by profes-
64
Number.
The plural
gular.
and
cîi
4iDsi:
is
is
formed by adding
iôsii
or
many,
cii
generally used in connection with inanimate things,
in connection with persons or animate things.
bination of the two affixes as in

colloquial
to the sin-
form
of the language.
Singular.
c^^jdscîi
men
is
Tlie
com-
admissible in the
65
In the case of rational beings different words
may be
express the masculine and feminiae genders, or the
afl&x
used, to
may
be joined to the masculine form in order to denote the feminiae

gender.
Masculine.
66
nominative case
affix of the
godSgodSoo^codoo^h
Maung Maung
comes.
The
affix
may
he omitted
god6god6cooooîi
It denotes
of the Ablative Case.
OD is also one of the affixes
that an action issues from an agent and also indicates narration.
^D
is
aj(X)SDODf5ii
...
ojcocoDolccjiGoTcoîi
...
Se
He
speahs.
calls
"please come."
generally used in an explanatory sense, and should he dis-
tinguished from the Locative affix yon

cxjjgDogDSGôîi
cogD HOODS
II
As regards
him, he must go.
dcuotc contradistlnction.
(ôoD 811
{OD^DII
COD8II
(j^CODSII
As
c^
")
CODCÔû
>
Maung Maimg, he must

The Accusative Case.
regards
needs no explanation
c]cGosolii
The natural tone

always changed
to
Give
...
noun
of a
me.
(it) to
or pronoixn
which takes
Case.
may sometimes
the affix of the Genitive Case
with, and the noun or pronoun standing in that case
nounced with an abrupt tone

oSscogt^Dii
...
Hoy al property,
clog^sii
...
My property,
ajj.0D3;j5ii
...
Sis
affixes of the
be dispensed
is
always pro-
book.
The Dative
Of the
this affix is
an abrupt one.
The Genitive
(^
come.
Dative Case
Case.
332? is generally
used to express
the Pali dative.

ajo33DSG08olii
The natural tone

of the genitive case
...
noun
(it)
to him.
pronoun which takes the affixes

always changed to an abrupt one. But this
of a
is
Give
or
67
change as well as the other in the case of the accusative affix

is not generally indicated in the literary form of the language.
o signifies
motion towards a place
@^^c^DsoogSii
CO signifies
...
motion towards
33GG[S^5Q0335qoîi
si,
[Se) goes
person
...
c^
to
Prome.
Must be
delivered to the
Deputy
Commissioner.
The Ablative Case.

from a place, person
5 indicate motion
0011
G|$a:|$ôoooDooîi
...
^33G|5gogDSG[oîi
...
or object
(Se) comes from Rangoon.

Must go from here.
The Instrumentative Case.

j>S
or 8 denotes an instrument with which an action
formed
is
per-
CXDDS
(Se)
39D8gSii
ODOSOOÎI
kills ivith
a sword.
g(35 denote the cause of an effect
Maung Pyu
The tone
changed
pc
to
of a
noun
dies on account of him.
or pronoun which takes
gQdS
as its affix
is
an abrupt one in the colloquial form of the language

ocjJoG^dS
...
By
him.
The Locative Case.
"t
Strictly speaking, the affixes of the Locative Case are Prepositions
of place.
-ojS
j^S
-l
I'
in a house.
68
CHAPTER
IV.
The Pronoun.
Personal Pronouns.
The Burmese language
is
prolific iu
Personal Pronouns
they are generally dispensed with in polite speech and
but
official writ-
In writing or conversation they vary according to the social
ings.
or official status of the addressee.
Personal Pronouns of the First Person.

cl is
the primitive foi'm.
It
used by superiors to inferiors.
is
It frequently occurs in royal orders and religious works.
means a little slave. This form may be conThe modern tendency being to hide the origin
the word, Upper Burmans now write cq]^5 (masculine) and
og]|^5 or o^ll^
tracted into
of
cq)o
cq]^5ii
(feminine) for ogj|5 and ogjio respectively.
means the
og$Gco5
royal
and
oqcpsii
ogj^cooSt^s
* the
slave of a
means of
word used
Mgh
personage, not necessarily
the family of such slates.
in addressing a high personage
may
be
prefixed to o^jfccoS or cg?GooSi^sii

cgGco5c^3s in the singular is intermediate
og]^Gco5<^8ii 33og]^ J,
both in the masculine and feminine,
Arakan and some

meaning " self," is used
of the rural parts of
in
tion of clc we,
between ogj^cxS and
for "
Burma
" in both genders,
sometimes used both in
is
tlio
is
Proper.
cîi
in use
c^cSn
a contrac-
colloquial and
literary forms of the language.
Personal Pronouns of the Second Person.

odS is the general
inferiors
polite
* This
who
form
is
of
form in
use.
^5
used to children or to
is
are low in the social scale.

^Sii
g^
o5s or godSoSs is a
and acâSs are the feminine forms of
a degeneratecl form of q|oi
top, pinnacle.
A Buddha
(oqepg)
is
the highe.st
king (oaj^ScqGps) and queen

(osj^SSoCjGps) are the
of all sentient beings; a
personages
rtspeetively in a kingdom
female
oSo^Gpgll which is tlie
highest male and
;
shortened form of CXDoSoqGpSU (written oS(yos and pron.mnced oScjjDs) is UM/d to

an addressee, placed in a higher position I'.y the rui|uiremeuts of etiquette and conventionality.
69
In the colloquial form of the

with the plural ogoScîi (also pronounced ro^J, and
plural cc6cii (also pronounced osô), are used in
the first to denote familiarity with, and the second
and god6o6s
oSs
language
côSii
with
cocSii
its
both genders
respectively.
inferiority of, the addressee.
with
côSii
its
plural côScg or
used colloquially mostly
cô5,oii is
among women.
5[5
a novice, with the prefix god6 or
cîi
ity or otherwise of the speaker, is used
men.
(^f^S
(pronounced '^<^)
is
according to the senior-
by women in addressing
used colloquially
among men
without any distinction as to the age of the speakers.

5^8
or
godS'I
* a lord, master, owner,
by women
address
a is used only
to
men
as well as
by husbands
is
"cljiSii
used as a polite form of
gooS
to wives.
sidered to be inferior to <^W
is
among
themselves, while gS
is,
however,
now
con-
used as a literary form of
among monks.
address
contracted from qIodcod a giver, with
oocoDii
used by p6ngyis in addressing the
oocoDoii is
its
feminine form
laity.
In addressing superiors or equals oS(yDs=:oSciqqps (masculine),
and
(feminine), f are used.
5^5
5^So::^spsii
families,
(xi is
c^gSgcoSsdîSii côScooSssj^SgoSii os
335|5gcSoqGpsii are reserved for pongyis,
and
members
Personal Pronouns of the Third Person.

used either in the masculine or feminine. Eor
qSscg and ooSsc^
may be
tended to be conveyed.
of royal
high rank.
officials of
ocjc^
they,
when a deprecatory meaning is inThe enemy in the field is always spoken

used
88 is used in the Possessive Case Eor ccjcîi There

no Pronoun in Burmese to express the Neuter Pronoun it,
which is always indicated by the repetition of the noun with the
of as
ooSscgii
is
word
qSsii
prefixed to
it.
Pronouns op
Cotjiitest.
Burmans
address people of oflBcial or social standing by the name

of the trade or profession followed by them.
They seldom use
*
A Burmese
kiog would sign himself as
335[S4]DSll in the singular,
is
GCoS
higher than
always addressed as GCq|8<J)S5^Soqspjll
or
GOoS^SII
SSj^Sll
minister of high standing
is
70
but say sacqs^SoSs in addressing a Deputy

Commissioner, cosp in speaking to a teacher, doctor, or master
oSgDSii
or
sir,
5[Sii
In speaking to monks they describe themselves as ooo^
mechanic.
GooS or ooo^godSq your disviple.
man
able elderly
cxjcpsooooD tlie
It is polite to call a respect-
builder of a pagoda, gojidSsododd
the builder of a lajanng or monastery, oqScoooo the builder of a

zayat, cogoodSscocxjd the builder of a tazaung
sponding feminine forms
oqspssaaii
and to use the corre-
os|5330ii oDGaoDSssaon
Gaj]Ds33oii
Besides these, terms
in speaking to a respectable elderly lady.
signifying blood relationship are used to express intimacy, endear-
ment, or politeness; as oao^s grandfather; ssaôi grandmother

33QCO father
^ younger
33go mother
brother
^q
gQs grandchild, Sfc,
osSc^ elder brother
younger
sister
odds
ssSo elder sister
son; ods daughter
Sfc.
The Relative Pronoun.

The Relative Pronoun
expressed by godd and coîi which are,
is
strictly speaking, adjectival
odod5
GOOD
<
ê
and verbal
aj
He
...
affixes respectively, as,
who
teaches.
The Reelexive Pronoun.

c^cSc^S or simply o^c^ self,
c1>-:ôS
is
the sign of the Reflexive
myself
Pronoun
s^.c^cS himself.
The Interrogative Pronoun.

oocô^jii
oô^
wliO
oôd^
oocS or
The following pailicles are used

gative Pronouns as well as Verbs
which or what.
in connection with Interro-
GODD or ODGODDii
ODDS
or
^^s or
The use
thus
ojoDDSii
...
oD^^sii
CO
or
o^s
or oDo^s
is
used
negation, and the latter
In spoken, language.
...In written language.
oDC&ii
of ccds or ododdsn
the former
...In written language.
...
and
2n spoken language.
cb or oocoii
may
be differentiated
when the reply is a simple

when it is otherwise
:
affirmation or
71
)-
OD^33G(^DS8y$ODCOD8
...
cxio5ooco3cx)OT
...
tMs tvue?
Is
Where do you come from
The Demonstrative Pbonoun.

The Demonstrative Pronouns
oDîiîiqSs this,
and
are
o^ (Coll.
c^)ii
odSs that.
The Compound Relative Peonoun.
Compound
Relative Pronouns are formed by preiixing
o^
to a
Pronoun and adding 3^ not say, to the combination thus farmed

B^cxôs^
...
whosoever.
oôD^33Gpo3^
...
whatsoever.
The
Distribtitive Pronoun.
The Distributive Pronouns are

every, cô5iicôScii33o8s3oo8s each.
cf^Ss
The Indeeinitb Pronoun.

The
Pronouns are
Indefinite
dSoSSsH OoSsiI
some
330qgll
330^8^ H pOOÛ 333618sil ODOODII OOC^DS all;
33(93511 codsii
cô^GcDD
that sort
this,
;
such
oo61
;
o^c^goodii
what sort; co^^w
odojs other
o^cx^good
of
ssc^goodii 33cx)c^cgoo3ii oooSo^good
of
g^fc^cooD
coi^coQ^
GCJODoSlI cogsgsil OoJlSoTsil
33^
3d(^S whatever
of this sort
anything
odi^cogoddoSii cogoo3o5
03gs03GC3o5ll 33[gScCj^ ally OUC.
CHAPTER
V.
The Adjective.
The sign of the Adjective is co^ or gcodh as
Comparison denotes the gradation of increase
observed in the employment of the Adjective.
goddSs godo good.
or decrease to be
The degrees
of
comparison are expressed by
Comparative
better
Superlative
Sometimes
o:>o
aqs
surpassing or excelling,
extremity, as sogc^dSss^s best.
comparative degree, 33ooo5 over, above,

be used according as the standard of com-
to denote the
or 933?o5 below,
m&j
as, ood^'goodSsgood
72
parison
or greater in quantity or quality tlian the thing
is lesser
eompared with
aDo5qn5ooo5t^GO(ô^ shall be
more than
days
ten
ooc6g[o5g330o5go5]ogog[q^ shall he less than ten days.
The
suffix
pressed in
is
in English, as in yellowish or reddish,
isli
Burmese by the
particle oo oo Avhose vocalic
assimilated to that of the word to which

ol
^
&
The
particle
-|-
coco
+
+
+
coco =: |c8cB
o5ii
=
=
coco
coco
is
is
...
...
Reddish.
...
Whitish.
iobcb
...
SlacTiish.
same
latter is reduplicated as
component
attached
signification
When
different.
ex-
Yellowish.
|5|o:jcq
of the
coalescence with a word
word the
olcoDooD
it is
is
^5^^
o5
but
its
mode
of
prefixed to a
is
sweetish.
These two
particles are used in the colloquial form of the language only.
Quantitative Adjectives.
The Quantitatives Adjectives

33cqs
tohole, all;
many
are
ss^^snsa^^scoSii S^so^Jn feio, little; ssq^dsh
oa^ssooSii some.
Ntjmeeatives.
Numeral Adjectives one peculiarity is to

number expresses twenty or more the
Adjective is preceded by the noun, and the ])article 33 is inserted
before the numerative of the class to which the noun belongs.
In the use
be noticed.
of Cardinal
When
the
qco$s3Dolsj.Ssoc6
Sometimes the
is
particle sd
...
omitted and the word
is
placed after the numerative
Sometimes
Tioenty pongyis.
...
Tioenty men.
gSs
...
Twenty ponies.
goISs or
inimber,
cjgsGG[ JO or 5.80^5*
8sGS|
gg|
JO
{^'E^go'ISs
is
used to denote the aggregate
number
ojcolSg |.8cooS
c(jjgsGC|{j^Gol5s
...
JO
* ODO^S
...
Ten.
Twenty men.
Total number
of
men
20.
73
In expressing Ordinal Numbers, Pali words are generally used,

as
og
...
First.
qc8oo
...
Second.
ooc8oo
...
Third,
8fG.,8i-c.
Sometimes cgDoS may be used

^8s{G(gDo5
...
to express
an Ordinal Number
Second.
In connection with Numeral Adjectives the nature of what has

been conveniently termed numeratives
may
be explained.
These
numeratives are a peculiar feature of the Chinese and Indo-Chinese

languages.
connote
its
common
They express the nature of the object denoted and

The following numeratives are in
physical attributes.
use
GooDoSu in
head
cxjcgsooSs...
human beings
jGooDoS ... Two men.
8^so 9 Gcx)Do5
In speaking
...
is
Three women.
of rulers, pongyis,
or official rank, this particle
man.
speaking of
GooDoSoqjos
olsii
A rich
is
and persons
of high social
used
oSsoools
...A
G|co^soools
...
aospoools
...A teacher.
ruler.
A pongyi.
used in speaking of inaaimate objects which, have no other
numerative
oDs^clssj
s to ride.
3CJI1
...
Five
tables.
Vehicles and riding animals take this numerative

GôoDSjs
...
Two
gSscnSs
...
One pony.
carriages.
Buddhas, pagodas, images, and parahaihs (native books)
take tbis numerative
ajsps 9acj
...
Four Buddhas, pagodas, or images.
c{G|ô5jaj
...
Two parahaihs
Numeratives explain the physical attributes of the objects they

qualify
10
74
ioi
flat
ô5a6oD(yDg
one pice.
and thin; tjgcoqS one plank ; o^\[coqS one sheet
q^flrit
of p)cip)er.
o^s
round or cylindrical;
t^s^'H' five pots ; ^%c\icxi% five
]}ipes.
o5 elongated
coyoooSs a hoat-
sword ; côdoSs a spear.
cjoDScooSs
g^dSs long and

g30d8
oS
stiff; afGSoocqDSs
building;
^rê or
ft
any
gSSoogcodS
s^^'c^.
a house;
gojidSsoogoodS
tiling long, as thread, hair,
&c.
co^sdsoS five palmyra trees; cooS')oE: five hairs;

qi^ goS ê threads.
In the absence
of specific numeratives the
noun
used
itself is
as such
gjDo^sQD
[go^sg
...
Three
villages.
Three towns.
CHAPTER
VI.
The Verb.
The Verb
is
modified by mood, tense, and voice.
There are two moods

three tenses
the Indicative and the Imperative
and
the Present, the Past, and the Future.
THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.
Plural.
Singular.
cqj^SogDSco^
...
...
TFe go.
ooSogDjoo^.
I go.
You go.
cgs^Scgc^DggoD^
...
coScgogDsgoD^
...
You
cQDg^soo^
...
Se goes.
^^W^^
...They go.
Note. C^
is
the plural affix of the Pronoun, and
is
that of the Verb.
go.
75
The Past
oîi oSSaîi
tense
3311
is
G033II
expressed by
or
ii*
îif
o^sii
and the Future by
8Sll COgg.ll
The bare Verb without any affix is used to

ative Mood, as coSogDs you go ; or godo (Coll.
indicate the Impergodo)
maybe
affixed
to the Verb, as coSogDsccoo or ooSogDSGooon
The other moods
are expressed
by
affixes signifying
power,
permission, conditionality, &c.
The Potential Mood
is
expressed by |8 denoting power or
and the Conditional by cgjS if.

There is no difference between a Substantive and a Substantive
ability,
Infinitive.
Bathing
(or to bathe) is
good
...
GG|^s(gSsGoo3S8ooîi
Voice.
no Passive Voice in the Burmese

og^h however, express passivity and
language. The particles 5ii
may be construed as signs of the Passive Voice.
he absence of
this Voice is compensated by the peculiar way of forming Active
Verbs from Passive and vice versa. The Active form of a Verb
is expressed by the aspirated initial consonant; and this form
may be modified into a Passive one by dropping the aspirate
Strictly speaking, there
is
cîi
'J
thus,
to let fall (Active)
og to he fallen (Passive).
This rule
holds good throughout the whole range of the Burmese languao'e,
except in the single instance of ^cS to draw out, which retains the
q|
same form both in the Active and Passive. There are two other
words in which usage has permitted some deviation from the
general rule, in that the conjunct consonant ya
form
is
changed
into ra
cqooS
(g[)
the Active
cgooS
To frighten.
To crush or pulverise.
{oo) in
in the Passive.
To
be frightened.
To be crushed or pulverised.
* The Past tense is sometimes expressed by

signs of the " aorist " or-" historical teuse."
CX)^ and
(^ which
may
l,e
called the
speaking, 2) and cq% express the Pluperfect Tense and ^sf

These lenses, however, are not recognized by the Bvirmese
These two Verbs are pronounced by the Arakanese with the sound of Gl (ra).
t Or
strictly
Perfect tense.
the
76
Verbal Appixes.
(pronounced
s
cqj
|5ogDsgsoîi
3^s
the colloquial)
in
I shall go
again ; otherwise,
signifies
repetition
a/orm
of entreaty
it is
please come.
ooDolsii
Gp
ooS
Signify suitability or expediency.
'
GOOoSs
Cp
Should not be
oo5
ooo c^
killed.
GcooBs J
oq?n
j5(îi cocogSgii oq?cx!co^sii goii gocîi
(^11
oo^ are
all assertive
afl&xes denoting the conclusion of a sentence.

Gqjii
GC0911 gsGoooii Gcoii Gcooii
coS signify a
command
Gq)
GODO
BsGCXJO
o
jScô
You
_,
GCO
GODO
coS
go.
signifies prohibition or priority
j>S
oaps^S
Do
...
not go.
... J)o you go before.

or command couched in polite
an
entreaty
signify
ooBapt^B
08
oil)
guage
Gos
GO
is
<
sense
côSii
;
Give or please give.
the sign of causation, and

GoiGoii
bii
lan-
GODO
Give, or
or
GG|o
l6t
is
official
orders
(him) be given.
are used colloquially in an imperative
as
oDob
...
Come.
cqcS^cS
...
Take.
...
Go,
;ôsGco3 or GS|o
used in
77
ttjjoJii
an
act,
Gôaîi
ogii
signify the continuance of
abu cod
(Coll.)
'o^sii
and are the signs of the Progressive tense

r
OgDS
CCJjoS
Going.
3b
003
G[
signifies obligation
cx)
is
ogosqo^ must go.
always used in a negative sense

o3S5a)ogD2oDgS
...
{Se) goes without sleeping.
8 signifies that a fault or offence
o3oS8c^
1D
...
is
admitted or implied
(J) killed.
denotes commiseration,
oâjo3GoogGco^3(
...
That poor boy
is
@8 denotes ^â^ a /ac^ âs passed from a

to that of reality
state
of contingency
cgDsgSoo^
...
(2) did go.
coc6 or oojoSii signifies ^^/Jess, suitability
ro)5ii
dead.
oDsogoS
...
datable.
oDs^SocgoS
...
Tempting food.
godSî GpDGooSii
coo5god5 are gerundial affixes
as
r,
GCX)5ll
o5s@sô5(y^6Goo5ijj
gcogodSii
or
C53o5gOd5|1
After the king had died.

|5
oooS
can: c^ds^Scoû
(1) habit: odsodoSco^
(2)
...
(iZe)
Congo.
(Se)
eats.
natural propensity
(A) bird flies.
goSqjcocSoD^
(3) ndtural qûality
8GCODo5<X>o5cX)^
...
Arsenic
is
poisonous.
78
GOGODD or oIgogodd (also written gcsodS or gocdddSh to indicate
prolonged articulation) olcocoos and goxicd^sh are imprecative

affixes expressing a desire for an event to happen, and are used at
the end of oaths, introductions, prefaces, &c.
goooIgogodd or gcxioIgocxjds .., May (i) die
Vehbs op Courtsey.
The polite nature of the Burmese language admits of the use of
a variety of expressions to denote the same act done by persons
of different social or ofQcial rank, as
ODSOD^
...
To
eat.
^6oqG^5-^Gcx3Soo^GooSijji-oo^
...
qaD$s-o:j[^sGosGoo5i^-cx)^
...
Gcocx)^
...
To die
5|Sa:^cS-^cSgiDCGoo5i^-oD^...
G[oD$s-cjj*Gco5(^-OD^
...
A Mng eats.
A pongyi eats.
enjoys
king dies : (literally
the pleasures of the nat
country.)
2)d'iigi/i
dies
(literally flies
away.)
gc6gDorjGp8-o^gD|oa:j
...A
BtiddJia
GcoSi^-oDîi
cgDScx)^
...
king goes
golden
oDîi
qcx)^s-(Gco5i^-0D^
...
gcSgôqeps-GaoDODlJcxji^cog
GcoS^-oDîi
...
(enters nir-
Togo
5[6o:^si6-s,oo5Goo5g^^^Gco5(;j^-
aSSoo^
dies
Hâna.)
To
sleep
(moves
tlie
feet.)
A pdiui'ji goes.
,4
BiiddJia goes (on. a

sionary tour.)
mis-
...A Icliig sleeps.

... Apxjngyi sleeps.
When the three classes of personages, namely, the king or anv
member of his family, the monk and the Buddlia are spoken of,
the honorific affix qco%<^ must be invariably used.
5[6QrjG[8-orGcoBGoT-oo^
g^cx)$s-c8$god5i^-co^
CHAPTEll
VII.
The Adverb.
Sometimes an Adjective or a Verb
may be changed into an Adverb by reduplication
3
is
the Adverbial
affix.
* ^^.iw -enerally wiiltbi.
[q|
tu
return.
Adjectiv
79
80
Those of place are

ogSii
|ii
ooS at, in, on;
^311
33%i\\
sa^Ds about,
near
3o*"5
or
among, out of
ogS
before; g^doS behind; sacooSn fxsGuT over,

above; g33do5 below; aaogSsn cgS among, loitUn ; ooSoo^
coGogôoS along
around ;
g[
aagDSii
o5g3g
33@S or 330 without
betioeen, betwixt
into
obc
sacg?
beyond
cScod
amidst ;
oocooS
across.
CHAPTER
IX.
The Conjunction.
Copulative
Disjunctive
nor
and ; ocdooo not only
j-Sii^
:
but
also.
qSsgSn @S besides; gSoo eithe)
yoaolsii
or, neither
côojcS or.
Adversative:
GooSoo^siic^GooSoogSgii
::opo2Sii
od8ooo3s * but, al'
though,
lUatire
Telic
cggS^n c^g^dS therefore.
liSsaîi co^Shod^ssc^Ssii g(c^dSiigoddgQd8ii gôdds *
CHAPTEU
The
Because.
X.
Interjection.
Interjections express sudden emotions which

in expressions differing according as
tlie
may
feeling
is
find utterance
one of admir-
ation, delight, pity, dislike, astonishment, or desire.

0DCO38
Indeed!
ssooSg^s
done
Oh!
Oh mother!
aac^coDsn sacooSii @S3iGOoSg
gsoogoos
Oh father
Alas!
Well
oodiîi
Good
g denotes a sudden feeling of delight

^SsoDDg ... Oh happiness!
Interjections are used more frequently in the colloquial than in
the literary form of the Burmese language.

*
Are archaic forma.
81
CHAPTER
XI.
Syntax.
In a Burmese sentence the subject is followed by the object,
and the predicate is placed last. For the sake of emphasis, the
object
may
precede the subject.
cyoo^cgcô5coîi or cgc^c&ooo5oo^
...
Nga Me
heats
Nga
Fyu.
may
Either of these sentences
be expanded by adding an at-
tribute or adjunct to each of the nouns and to the verb, thus
GooD5sGcoDc6cx>gSscxD^g3ô5oo^
the
Adverbial
...
Me
The good Nga
Nga Fyu severely.

clauses may be further added
beats
bad
GCX)3SsG00DC&a>â^gGCX)DC^0^ CoS8COoSog5o^SG|>O^QSs
Cl^C^3^(S0g)Sll
oolgoôSooîi
After having said
beats the bad
Nga Pyu
so,
the good
severely, while
Nga Me
seated in the
middle of the road.
The following
rales of
Syntax may be deduced from the above
arrangement of words
(i)
The adverbial
clause of time
is
placed at the head of a
sentence,
(ii)
The subject
or object (as stated above) precedes the
predicate,
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The nominal or verbal adjunct immediately precedes

the noun or verb to which it relates,
The adverb precedes the verb or another adverb,
The verb or predicate comes last.
Additional examples
oôo^saolgi
Ever
j.Sgoodo5
c^c(j
that
man
two
(^DgSgD
^gogSoGîi
long
apart this town in
'
not
Those two
,
men
G$Do5oOG%OD3^ GCOdSsS^^
Subsequent ask only
OjjocBSsgSs
bim
was only on
riding
GCOdS
Cq)
pony
my
^5g^G08Cô5oDÎI
presence give.
two
day come
It
live.
never reside long apart in this town.
a subsequent day that, at his request,
ponies were given
him
in
my
two riding
presence.
11
APPENDIX
The grammatical
I.
principles explained in the foregoing chapters
by the analyses of passages taken from some

(Jatakas) which are widely read by the Burmese peo-
will be best illustrated

of the o=3c5
ple.
I.
G5|8Cg|GCo(8GOOD333lllODGpCtDo8g^^li [g0g3c8oSsODgSoSs00O3o5ll
C^tOjTIll
O0DSGCo533@33DS33G^33GpO^GOSGO0S(jj^ll 0^;8SGg[oSs(^33g33IÔ^85918
OOD QlylsOO^Cîl qSs^J (g8&OD5<^C5)Sll o8s^l(^ 33^^GpoSo^ ^^GCo5
(jJGODD
GQD6i:q|SoO?SIIOoSoO^(y^50go5^ j>5oOo5Gp3SG[5G^GCOGOOOIlclog^4J|i33'^8<^
cl(^^33GgSGODDCg|o8sG)^|sC^ ^sg^SG^ScXJ Q38|GCo5^cgSlloSs0038CO^g
ggDII
as8^,Gco5gc5c^g8c8S goSîi (y^yoDGcxjDoSoo^sogoSGCOGOoSiisaoâac^Ssiioosj

^D[3ScDOl^gGpc8<^3S)COoSil ODSJGO03GCODS(^D8|llG^GpO0588G[6^llG^G0Li33m6@6
GC03CX)&d8ooScjcâ^GcoD5aja^8GD3Sajjo5 G^GCocû
ii(ajj^3o5
aocSGOoSî
Old, ancient.
1.
Ggs
2.
cg^Gcoggn cg^
To pass
ccogs
sign of the past tense.
(Cp. Pali: 33cgGoo).

3.
Goooii
4.
3so\
Sign of the Adjective.
ODD CO
Time
5.
oDGpcoDcS
6.
^ =
ill
8.
(gcgaoB
9.
oSs
11.
12.
The
past.
Baranasi, Benares.
capital of a kingdom.
Sio'n of the
oD^
Op.
II
In times
10.
used also as the sign of the Adverb.
Isia.i
Locative Case.
Brahmadat
(Pali: Brahmadatta.)
= A ruler, king.
Sign of the Nominative Case.
To make
oDODoSii
oooD^sii
This form
which
Cp. Pali
o6g" to rule.
is
is
obsolete.
the same as
cS"
the conclusion of a sentence,
G[^ oddgg^cSh
It is the
an
equivalent of
assertive affix denoting
84
King Brahmadat ruled the kingdom of

c^ = Demonstrative Pronoun that.
Benares.
13.
14.
33ol =:
15.
CODS
16.
GooSii
Time.
See
= A child,
4.
son.
An honorific afl&x used
royal,
in speaking of
Buddhas, saints,
and other personages of high rank.
oddsgcoB
=A
king's son.
3s(8
17.
ao
33
the nominal particle, by prefixing which, an
is
adjective
is
changed into a noun.
+ @8 (good) = Big,
+ goodSs (good) good.
Op. 33goodSs
great, eldest.
sa
Sign of the Dative Case.
18.
33Di:i
19.
33G^=literally means the " house -front ; " an heir-appa-
20.
33Gp ^=
21.
cîi
22.
Gos
23.
Goo5(j{i;
erown prince,
rent,
An
stib-king.
appointment.
Sign of the Accusative Case.
To
give.
An
honorific afiix always affixed to verbs denoting
the action of those described in 16.

24.
^11
An
abbreviation of
a connective particle corre-
q,^\
sponding to the Copulative Conjunction kc? in English.

Sometimes it has an illative force.
At
that time, (he) conferred
on his
appointment of heir-apparent
tlie
eldest son.
See 13.
25.
cîi
26.
^Sg^:i See 19.
27.
oSs
See
9.
aSScgj
and
aSs are to
word meaning an heir-apparent.
be construed as one
q6s implies the exer-
cise of delegated sovereign authority.
Sign of the Genitive Case.
28.
(^ji
29.
33@t33G^
33g
33G|ii
Hcre
lar to that descrbed in 17,
33 excrclses a function simii.e.,
fixed to a verb, that verb

cx)^ or GôD^
means
following.
30.
o^s8S
Enjoyment,
is
to surround
by its being prechanged into a noun. @

to say,
s3@33G|
means a
retinue,
85
31.
qSsoDD
Happiness
o^sSSqSsooo means, in the present
story, the prosperity derived
32.
^.gl3 is
made up
and
ed,
yls
of
from one's
two vevhal
to increase.
roots
(y^
position.
to be scatter-
an
QIgTs means, therefore;
increase of a pervading nature.

33.
ooîi
34.
0^11
verbal sign denoting the present or the past tense.
35.
See 21.
oSsgs
The king.
36.
@6
37.
GooSîi
38.
cgjSii
To
See 9 and
(Pali: ocoDGpO)D).
17.
see, notice, observe.
See
23.
The gerundial
sign,
having an adverbial force
should be distinguished from
ogiSii
it
a sign of condition-
ality.
When
the king observed the increasing influence and prosperity
enjoyed by the heir-apparent.

c6s$?gii literally o8
40.
c^ji
41.
cra^cpoS
42.
dîi
See
21.
43.
^8S|5
44.
GQoSijîi
45.
See 28.
danger (Pali: aa^cpco).
to be apprehensive of.
See
GooDGg^S
23.
a Telic Conjunction denoting a cause.
He became
46.
an umbrella, Sf%% = a throne; S%Sf%%

= kingship. A white umbrella is here referred to. It
is one of the regalia of Burmese royalty.
39.
qSooDs
anxious about the security of his kingship.
î8 (to
love) -f odds (a child, son)
Note that besides 3^ there

The bare form
Case.
is
no
if it is
if it is
Thou, you.
035
48.
ooîi
49.
gîi See 6.
50.
9"
51.
See
10.
Sign of the Ablative Case.

ooo5
To go out of, leave, depart from,
in the singular,
in the plural,
to express this Case.
47.
Beloved son
special sign of the Vocative
of the noun,
or with the plural sign, c^n
is
used
86
52.
|ii
53.
j.8coo5
54.
Gp
See
24.
=A
noun
To be
pleased.
place; here used in the sense of a E,elative Pro-
^5ooo5Gp33G^5
j>8cco5oDgS33G[5ii Gp
has the force of
indefiniteness.
55.
33G|5
56.
11
57.
G^
58.
= A place.
See
7.
To
GcoGODo
remain.
live, reside,
GOD
command.
force of an order or
My
beloved son
Either of these particles has the
GODoii
do you leave the kingdom and reside at any
place with which you

59.
60.
c\
First Personal
See
cglii
form
61.
cg$ also
2.
may
be pleased.
Pronoun I.
means to die,
of existence to another
i.e.,
to pass
from one
to pass
away.
This particle has the same force as cgSn coôodco or
911
when
oD^saol
but
it is
more intensive than
either of
these.
62.
33^ J
Pamily, race.
63.
^\ See 28.
64.
ggo
65.
chi
See
59.
See
28.
Property.
66.
(^ji
67.
33Gg
68.
@S
69.
GODDii
70.
^c8s^,v?
= Patrimony, inheritance.
= The verb to be
;
See
is.
3.
Ggi
means
gold.
See 39.
Cp. ^pocScocB dur-
ing the reign of a king.

71.
72.
cîi
See
%(g^
21,
To govern,
c8S@?sii
73.
G^Sii
rule.
The
root g?3
occurs also in
and conveys the idea of permanency.
This particle denotes that an action
is
to be per-
formed in the absence of the speaker.
When
patrimony
am
dead, take possession of the kingship,
(left to
you) by
me and your
ancestors.
which
is
the
87
74.
cq denotes the conclusion of a direct narration,
commas
responds to the last set of inverted
75.
338|
76.
GooSa
77.
78.
cgiSii
79.
oSsoDDs
order
See 16
To
A royal
cor-
in English.
order or rescript.
338|goo5ôo^
exist.
and
(a king) speaks.
See 38.
=A
Note the absence
See 9 and 15.
prince.
of
the Genitive sign in oSsoodsh the son of a king.

80.
The Copulative Conjunction and. This word

used after the second of the two persons mentioned
oD^s
is
especially in judicial writings.

81.
338|god5ii
82.
(gc5
See 75 and 76.

This word
excellent.
is
always used
to qualify
an
sn8|Goo5ii
See 21.
83.
0^11
84.
gsc85gô5
the head; o85 the top; gô5 to carry on the
To bear a royal mandate on the head means to

obey it. The modern form of the expression is gso85
head.
00 o53o6\o5c^:i
"When (the king) spoke

mandate on his head.
See
the prince bearing the royal
24.
85.
1!
86.
gggii
See 49 and
87.
coGcxiDoS
ative
thus,
50.
00 is equivalent to ooS
one
goodoS
always used when human beings
88.
oo^s
89.
ogcSii
See 51.
90.
GODGooSii
is
the numer-
are spoken
of.
alone, solitary.
The gerundial sign used
in
an Adverbial
sense.
Departed from the kingdom alone.

91.
33og33C^5sii
ogoD^
See 29 for the force of the particle
To arrange,
to put in order;
saii
c^Ssoo^
measure.
33o5'33c^5sii in
92.
ootj^D
93.
@S
The
due course.
river
= A river.
Jamna
Pali; sa^c^Ggîiaaamgoî
(Pali.)
to
88
94.
oD(^gp=rAn ocean, sea, river
Burmese form
Tlie
of the
Pali
oDt^gu
Sanskrit
oot^gii
word is derived directly from
the Sanskrit.
95.
Sign of the Plural number.

See 28.
cîi
96.
<^ji
97.
33cocS= middle.
or ooS
98.
oDii
99.
sjii
is
The sign of the Locative Case
omitted after
|ii
ogSii ^dh
sacocSii
See 87.
numerative used when no specific attribute
is
indi-
cated.
See
100.
Gcoou
101.
gcod6(^ds- gcodS motmtain or hill
3.
^:)S space
between
ogccpoSJ' (after reaching)
gcx)d6(^di a valley.
is
omit-
ted after goddS^dsii

102.
11
See
7.
G^Gp a place
103.
G$sp2o55s
104.
8g^8=To prepare, make, form, construct.
105.
od&Ss a dwelling.
See 24.
II
In due course, (he arrived) at a valley surrounded by the Jamna and other rivers, and having prepared a dwelling-place.
cjGOD=A hermit, anchorite, rishi. Pali: moSii Sanskrit:
106.
qcîi
107.
33og5
= Appearance,
condition, estate.
Sign of the Instrumentative Case.
108.
6ii
109.
GooD=A
110.
co8o8s=:
111.
cd6cj
forest; here used in
A fruit
c^
co8 a tree
means a swelling
an adjectival sense.
o8s
odSi^
fruit.
denotes the tuberous roots
of certain herbs.
112.
cî"
See 95-
118.
cîi
See
114.
gsodSc^^To carry; procure.
21.
let in
which
gsodS
is
goodSo^
is
a phonetic coup-
an obsolete member.
ever, in the sense of to bring
is
still
howused in Arakan,
gsodS
Tavoy, and Mergui.

115.
a^sG30DS=to eat; to subsist,
116.
cqjoSii
dî to
Sign of the Progressive Tense.
use; goddS to carry.
89
See 57.
117.
G"
118.
Goo(îi (i
and
ccoci are assertive affixes
denoting the con-
clusion of a sentence as well as the past tense.
Eemained there as a hermit, procuring

and subsisting on them.
forest fruit
and herbs
{Translation of the above passage.)
In times
At
King Brahmadat
past,
kingdom
ruled the
of Benares.
the time, (he) conferred the appointment of heir-apparent on
When
his eldest son.
the king observed the increasing influence
and prosperity enjoyed by the
heir -apparent, he
about the security of his kingship, and said
"
became anxious
My
beloved son
do you leave the kingdom and reside wherever you please
when
is
but,
have passed away, take possession of the kingship, which

the patrimony (left to you) by me and your ancestors." When
I
the king had spoken thus, the prince, in obedience to the royal
from the kingdom alone. In due course, (he

a valley surrounded by the Jamna and other rivers
behest, departed
arrived) at
and having prepared a dwelling-place remained there as a, hermit,

procuring forest fruit and herbs and subsisting on them.
II.
dôcoDscîi
o3oc8G38oSsco8s@DscgSii gJoSgooDSGcooc^DsgcSc^t^ j.oqscgSs
(g5s^SgîqGC(^c^(oqio5ii coccc^q5ssj|SscôSii GoTcsnggc^GocôSglcîi
^c
(SOOD^^SfSSlI cqgj^C^5G33D8G0îl OCODOo5gCo5ô53COOSI1 330g|c)q|s^GODO
GCOdo5|DJGOOQ^81I clcSÔjJOcSSsil 0:joS6gyclolGlG;j]OÔOCX)DSa^330C|{^GOO(illO:j
GpSGCODSg OCX)DC3)ÔDq6sCX)îI ^SQo5o|aODo5c^^S OOODSG(yDGCX33^8GgGCoSi^

G(X)D33oloil33c8GO0533GCq]3o5ll[3o0GCOGCODO2Dg(gSs(gSl|^CJ0c8oScODGa3DQGoSo
ySsra:^" coo5(^^s|G[6gSs5>6(^^gDii Gccjj3SsGco5sgii o5soos^gp$iqgsodS

CCX)o5(G00Sl^G O0(^ll
(OO0DO)^CO)Dc5gCo5QsO^[)
1.
o^=that.
2.
oco3s=a word
3.
0^11
4.
;ôc8g98
5.
Gcs=A
See
See
;
I, 13.
also used in the plural
number.
I, 21.
= Sivalidevi.
ruler, king.
See
I, 79.
12
90
6.
= A daughter;
co8s
See
also written csiioSscas a Princess.
1,79.
7.
@Dg=To
8.
cgiSii
See
hear.
I, 38.
Princess Sivalidevi heard those words.
When
9.
^11
Demonstrative Pronoun
10.
oSsii
11.
ODDS
See
See
this.
I, 85.
I, 5.
oDôDDgii
coDSii
i^coDSii
are
co^p
contradistmctive
all
affixes.
12.
GCX)DO)DS=:GODDo5cq|DSII
13.
go5=Superior, excellent.
14.
cû
15.
i See
16.
5.cqgog6?gSs
a UiaU.
See
82.
I,
Sign of the Nominative Plural.

118.
I,
(the
^.oqs
heart)
(sign of the Verbal substantive)
6gii
put inside)
(to
ogSs
character, dis-
position.
17.
5.5= Sign of the Instrumentative
18.
%^\
^6
(gG (to
filled)
({
(to
loith.
be in pair, complete)
endowed with, possessed
plete with,
re-
of.
Affix denoting the admission of, or the acquiescence in,
19.
Goii
20.
411
See
I,
21.
ojii
See
I, 74.
a statement.
118.
This affix also denotes the
of a person as in this case.
"This king
is
22.
(^=To
23.
ccjjoSii
endowed with the
intend
See
I,
Bearing
oooo= Again.
25.
c^=that.
26.
oSsqjSs= An
27.
0^11
29.
30.
to bear in
self-
communing
gJcBii)
disposition of excellent
men."
mind.
116.
(this) in
24.
28.
(Pali
See
I,
mind.
13.
attendant on a royal personage
Sign of the Accusative Case.
See
a page.
I, 21.
o5=Even, very, same. côSscgSsoSu that very page.

GoT=To call. The object of the verb is understood.
cqgs GqiiiGcoDiiggu are signs of order or command
this instance signifies repetition.
s in
31.
See
aji.
91
I, 24.
Go=:To send, commission, depute.

an action whose object is projected as it
were, from the actor.
Cp. odgos côSooîi to send a
32.
33.
oô5u Signifies
84.
(qii
letter.
When
an
as
35.
See
(^ji
used as a verb means
means
affix
to return
^cGooD
and when used
118.
I,
The same attendant was again sent (with the

agam.
36.
to repeat.
this
o like
order) " call
godd adjectival sign
him
like this,
such.
37.
*^s=:Means, way, manner.
38.
g8 See
89.
oDs= three
Ar\
roc
t
)
41.
c^6G33DS=:till (Preposition).
42.
Goii
40.
108.
1,
i.-
(cgS=time
See II,
See
three times.
43.
11
o=Sign
45.
coD=To come.
cooSgodS.) same
When
is
a sacred number.
32.
44.
46.
Three
I, 24.
of negation or prohibition.
as ôoSn godgod5ii
he did not come, though sent
See
Op. Pali
odii
I, 90.
for, in this
manner,
for the
third time.
See II, 36.
47.
î:
48.
oSs,!
49.
ooDsii
50.
sscgl
See II,
See
5.
II, 11.
3311
a particle
og^ to pass,, exceed, surpass
very,
exceedingly.
51.
a^s Glory, power.

See
I, 77.
52.
^11
53.
GC30DII
54.
GcoDo^^sii
55.
Goii
56.
oD^sii
See
See
II, 3.
See II, 12.
II, 19.
This particle
of a sentence.
is
assertive
It differs
from
and denotes the conclusion

(iiiGco^"
^<^, or
gcocx^^c^h
92
in that the idea of a sudden emotion, wish, or acquies-
cence
involved in
is
57.
cl
I.
58.
cS
sg to draw.
59.
^11
60.
cq\\
See
particle here has
The
I, 24.
it.
may
Third Personal rronoun;
an
illative force.
be used either in the
Masculine or Peminine gender.

61.
See
oil
II, 44.
62.
c8Ss
63.
a;{ii
See
64.
o8Ss
65.
To
incline.
II, 60.
To take
When.
possession
See
tinction also
Cp. c8s^5so8Ssg$sii
of.
It has the
I, 61.
force
of
contradis-
and may he construed as the adversative
conjunction hut.
66.
cl
67.
"1
68.
-G[ii
= I.
= To go with,
means
Literally
drawn towards.
to be
to
obtain
sign of obligation, compul-
sion.
69.
Euphonic
Gqjii
particle
having the same force as goh
See
II, 19.
70.
oîi
Sign of the Euture Tense.
71.
coodds
72.
aîi
See 11,
330^
73.
Indeed.
33
21.
(nominal particle)
-j-
cx^j
(to take)
belief, view,
opinion.
See
74.
^11
75.
Goacîi
I, 77.
See
I,
118.
(The princess) was of opinion (and said to herself)
king
is
indeed possessed of great glory.
him, he would not be drawn

shall
76.
have to go
-with
c^cpjGcoDSs
but
if
When
" This
I (tried to)
draw
he takes possession of me, I
(him)."
o^sps
a Buddha; gcosSs an embryo
dhisatta.
Cp. oSsgcodSs =^
A pretender.
A claimant to a throne.
oSsocjjD
=z
4.8cxj|D
= An heir to a throne.
a Bo-
93
77.
ooDDOiôo
78.
oSsii
Mahajanaka.
See II,
See
79.
00^11
80.
j^8c^
<î
5.
I, 10.
minister)
oo5
(from Pali
assembly.
As the word
control,
? or sawg a noble,
is
Pali:
Sanskrit: o^cgSii
o|oodi
derived directly from the Sanskrit
etymological form should be
its
oôoSii
See II, 14.
82.
cîi
83.
^-S
84.
oooDSu
85.
gQd
86.
to
a hybrid denoting a minister.
= An
o|cDo5
gs^googS
(as in gsoDîi j^sodî or
supervise)
81.
Copulative Conjunction with.
See
II, 2.
= To speak, converse.
GcoD = To speak in a formal manner as in delivering a discourse, sermon, or lecture.
See
I, 24.
To be
87.
88.
(SG
89.
GooS/jîi
90.
GooDii
See
I, 3.
91.
S3sl
See
I, 4.
"
See
II
tired of or cloyed with.
I, 23.
was only when the embryo Buddha, King Mahajanaka, had

tired of conversing with the ministers and the assembly (of
It
people).
Wish,
92.
03 c^
93.
GooSii
94.
33GC(5i3o5
See
I, 16.
According to
agency.
That
95.
desire, free-will.
Cp.
he, according to his
gcoGco
= natural.
own
Pali
calic element in goo
96.
GODDii
97.
ogDsgSs
See
I, 3.
apt
stantive)
98.
gSn
Ggi
own
Gold.
uninfluenced by any external

one's
own will or accord.
will.
ooo^n
is
Sanskrit
an instance
goDîi
The vo-
of gunation.
Ss (sign of the Verbal subgait, manner of walking.

(to go)
;S'eeI, 108.
and, with his

99.
sdgcxjjdoSoddoodii of
natural gait.
See II, 70.
94.
100.
=a
The word is pronounced cq and

but in order
is apparently of purely Burmese origin
this
form
has been
to impart to it a classic appearance
Cp. 33c^ top, from QC9q;ii
adopted by the Burmans.
cave.
Pali
c^codh
a gourd, from
cjs
104.
= Entrance.
= To, towards
o6 = To enter.
COD = To come.
105.
GooDii
106.
Gc^=
107.
oSs
101.
102.
103.
sscoDtjn
Preposition of direction.
See
Adjectival sign.
108.
= A lion. Pali
= A king. See II,
cô = Like, as.
109.
oo^(og^ =: Pirm, steadfast.
110.
iG|8
111.
gSsii
112.
j>5ii
113.
4^3
Sanskrit
oScxdii
Sinha.
5.
Brave, courageous.
Sign of the Verbal substantive.

Sign of the Instrumentative Case.
== 4
g3ii
replete or
+^
be even)
(to
endowed with
pos-
of.
Go^DSsGooSgs
affix)
b i^ pair, complete)
(^0
(adverbial sign)
sessed
114.
I, 3.
r=
s
gccjjdSs
oriental palace,
(to
rccline)
gcoS
(honorific
an
which occupies the foremost and most
(first,
foremost)
the audience-hall in
prominent position.
Sign of the Ablative Case
115.
911
116.
o5soo8s
117.
118.
Gp
119.
from.
= A princess.
= To be, to exist, to be present. See II, 52.

= A place. See I, 54.
^^sogoodS =
(a palace) + o (main, chief, central)
Sf^t
gsodS (a building, apartment)
apartment
the
main
-f
or central
of a palace.
See II, 103.
120.
cii
121.
oooSg
ooo5 (to go up, ascend)
ascend.
122.
GcoSîi
123.
ocDciii
See II, 89.
See
I,
118.
+ g
(to lift
up)
to
Like a lion-king entering
tlie
95
entrance of
its
golden cave, he was
possessed of firmness and courage in going from the audiencehall to the central apartment of the palace,
where the Princess
was.
{Translation of above passage).
When
Princess Sivalidevi heard those words, she surmised that
the king, was endowed with the disposition of an excellent man,
and again sent the same attendant for him. When he did not
come, though sent for three times in this manner, the Princess
said to herself " This king is, indeed, a prince of great might and
power. When I tried to draw him, he would not be drawn but
:
if
he takes possession of me, I shall have to submit to him."
It
was only when the embryo Buddha, King Mahajanaka, had tired
of conversing with the ministers and the assembly (of people) that
he, of his own free will, and with the firmness and courage of a
lion-king entering
went
was.
its
to the central
golden cave,
left the audience-hall
and
apartment of the palace, where the Princess
APPENDIX
II.
PETITIONS.
Petition
(i).
33GG|SGCo5^Soa3DO$5[SG(X)So6SOgc5GOo53300$Ds5ogD|lS
coGpso
c(y|ii
0qGpSC^|GCoBcOSpg3cQ$ODll0g)?GCX>5l^S33GoTc^SGp0-COo5c{59-9O0-33G[ll
^c5^6o|g0ODo5oSs ^SGCoSoO g|GOSGCX5D 8G[6g[o5o^ OOGOODOOJÎI oSs
G(gcb|
tII1
o^j^SccoSoSs^t ^SGooSôSaoajjoGpii qSsOODOqolGCODG^DSlI G33Do5ol
33q|o5^DS33G[ll33(ySgq]8O0DC|533O0$D3O05GGpo5dlcO^0:{GpSII
l|Ogj$GODS(^SCOo5ooSG02^GCOD |D20O^|l
Oil
j;>6oo5o^G[Gcx)D |3s(g5dloDîi
CO^gll
C^SCÔOIISSO^SGg
98
^so^GcpSsoDSoD^ ooGpgc^^S g^DigSoo^ côo8
GODOG(^DSllgJDO;j(^SGgj^ll0ô5cD^GODD330^SjSooSa;[OloOÎI
J
n^saj^G^DSs
II
ogj|Gco5oo5aôDâjjîi cocpso^cwcxj^so
oS^qjoSjiSii
G^DoaS^Sdlii oo8ôo58^^|.Sii ODSjq]GOSGooDGcoDS 30600^11 gSscx)|cgolGOOD

G^DSliq]8C03G^$33D3?iDSDoSGGpo5oloO^CCqi8(JiSGCo55[ScX)3So^pSll
= Burma.
= A pronnce.
gôD
|6c
= The Chief Commissioner; 33gg^s

= affairs (political) gtoSii an honorific affix QS = to possess,
oood = Pali maha = great o = a burto be empowered
oSs = an administrator, a ruler,
=
possessor
a
den 5^5
a king; gs = great; o^ScooSoSsgi =; a Commissioner.,
33gg[sgodS^Socodo$5)Sgco5oSs(^s
;
(^(god5 =:
33oo^D85ii
The Supreme Court.
oo^Ds5? =
Pity, compassion
hence
sacxa^DsS
pray-
ing for clemency.

(^3 or aac^D
ooGpsc^
a paper, petition.
a plaintiff, complainant
oocps
justice, oQ
= to de-
mand.
13
98
= A defendant cocpg = justice 5 = to suffer, to receive.

= Feminine of cooepS) (Pali ekaraja) = an empress.
=z Feminine of
= a queen.
cDqDjS
co3^
oc^'^^Sa
cg^
cxjsiS
= A slave.
(<^) =
og^GcoS^s
33GoTcg5
c^So
GpQjooc^
33G|
used in addressing high personages.
My.
On.
The Penal Code.
= A section (of the Code).

= Under, according to.
Name
cgobii
of a
town
^ = A town,
^cîi
A territorial
Q5
= An honorific a&x
=z Name of a man.
c^cpj
fg?
Having
o$GCD3o5oSs
in the
=A
=
district.
jurisdiction.
Assistant Commissioner
ôS^So^GooDoSoSs 1=
^s
Thayetmyo
division.
to support, to assist, oSs
CO
o$ := a burden, gosdoS
an administrator.
Subdivisional Officer.
Court.
From.
= Given, passed g = down, go = to give.

GOOD = 00^ = The relative pronoun which.
Sg^SôS = A decision, judgment,
c^ = To (sign of the accusative case).
ooGODDocxj = To disagree, to disapprove, to be dissatisfied with
oDGooo = Wish, will, o = a negative prefix,
= to be equal
q]G08
cxj
to.
The causative as.

oSsoj^sii
The headquarters
^11
|d5
saojjo
of the
Minbu
district or division.
In.
To
appeal.
= When an adverb of place used

qSsooD = Happiness, redress.
= To obtain.
Gp
as
an adverb
(^
ol
11
An
affix of
ccoG(raD
courtesy or of polite request.
Because.
of time.
99
633DoS
61
Below.
To be mentioned, written, included.
309jo5
= Point.
cj]3Sii
Plural
affix.
Here stands
9 = Prom.
ql = In order to.
oS = To enter.
GGpoS = To arriye.
oooS = The hand.
oagSii
for QSacoSu punishment.
= In.
Gcg = To meet, to find.
^ = To exist.
= A bullock.
otS
.D8
Names
cG^siic^sii
cîi
Plural
of
men.
affix.
A preposition of direction.
33o^s = Price, value.
0011
eg
Gg 98
Silver.
40 rupees.
= With.
= To buy= To obtain.
ooScx^ = To buy.
= To obtain (here by purchase).
8 = To steal.
GcpSi = To sell.
CDS = To eat.
GGpSsoDg = To sell (and enjoy the proceeds of the sale).
08 = To know.
g^Docj^gs = Village headman
a^ = village, oj = 03 = man,
= great.
Ggi = Before.
o^c5oo?GooD = Adequate.
Denotes the termination of an oratio obliqua.
m<^ =
co^8 = Also.
J.S
oc5
a;}
Gi
crjii
100
= Say.
= A verbal affix implying
cgDd^
8
inadvertence, misadventure, or the
admission of a fault or crime.
^g
oDJ}
Merely.
Now.
GOODSaoS
gSioo^
eg
imprisonment.
Severe,
Very.
Gaj]scj>iSGODS5i5
oDoS
Prison punishment
JSenef actor.
Lord.
Translation of Petition
(i).
To
The Chief Commissioner or Burma.

The humble
Being
tion 411
dissatisfied Tvith the
petition of
Nga Pyan.
judgment passed on him under
sec-
by the Subdivisional Magistrate,
of the Indian Penal Code,
Myedfe, he preferred an appeal in the Court of the Commissioner

of
Minbu, but
failed to obtain
any
redress.
Petitioner, therefore,
approaches the Chief Commissioner for clemency.
The bullock found in petitioner's possession was purchased by

him from Nga Po and Nga Mo for Rs. 40. Not knowing that it
was stolen property he bought the animal in the presence of the
village headman giving an adequate price for it.
The complainant could not say that, petitioner purchased the
animal with the knowledge that it was stolen property. Petitioner
submits that for merely buying it unwittingly the present sentence
of
imprisonment passed on him
is
very severe.
Petitioner, where-
fore, prays for clemency.
(Signed)
Nga
Pyan.
101
Petition
(2).
GgD5g@g^c6^SoGOODo5GOo56s^8GOD5coglDo5c2Dll
OOgSs}ll iÔOOOGpi^|,olo5
coGpsa
co^sgodS
gll
cgoSsgl^
OqÔ^SGg J908
qSiii
C^G^C^JÎl
oqcpsogj^GODScjoSSj^G^cxj^cxj^co^SoqcS^^saaSi^SGooB
60I cx>â:jGpsii
on
ii33ooo5330ôlooGpgo cc^sgodSodîi o jgSqu^cx^^cooo^g 2
Og8llOgj?GOQ5o6llc8llOgSsoSg||G008CXj5(^DSCÎIGg
cqjGGpoScxD^saoliiog
ao8
GosGqii Gg
clso^8sa^$4jDS|>5 qj[oo"lsm3Sc^Gg
joo8^6 330oo5oq?c^s cq^cg
908
'l"^s%
OOoSo^g Oo5aj^gsG$3o5ll^|sG[oS
a5j.|lô|GQD5sii
qSsG^DoS clsGJqDoS
joo8 G^gooSoooSo^g^Gpii qSsCXJ^C^SGgODS
;5o8ol(i j>SG|5Gg
j?o8 côocolSsoo^s
GCOdSsS^00^3331iI GOSGq)&^ll OCJ^GGpSg g(59o6 ODSJ[533GOO
33Sj)0
ôqSii
q^SsÔOoS
yoSGqgc^sSoôlGf^DSsu
Jll
llCjSsG43o5G|o5o033GOD5(^3(gSll 023gGGpo5GODDSsG[5sGpllOG080Gq]c8S
G^jdS 8gô1oO^J>S|I OOS^ OJÔKJll ola^CO CqjGGpCTSgil
C33[^533CO^g O^DgGGpoS
G0035sqgepliq5gOq$0^gGg(^DgCÔGOSOGg^3^gjll33CX)gÔGgDdôlG(^D6fll
c^(c^Solîi 330oo533sô1cc^sgod6cîi
ooSGoToBcaog gcdSijjoI^n a^ôSgGg
J9o8(jjDgC^G|ôlG33D5ll 3o8^9cO^ OOoSoCO^DSGOoSlôlo^ 33g(^dSs^^S338g|S
GooS 6oloogSoqep8ii
gbdSc^sojoSii
GgDSsgll
3d8(^SgO0Bo
102
po$
33GooS
(33@S
GcosSsG^Ss
c88G5^d8
j.6
odQS
103
= To undertake.
= Considerable.
= Lapse of time.
= To demand.
= To shun, avoid.
= goodg^dS = As.
33(cg533ooî= Stringently.
g33dS
= Wilfully, forcibly,
= To resist.
= Therefore.
= To summon.
= To examine.
= In order to.
33%
saooSj
sjs)
c@8ol
sx)6goT
oSgsos
00^11
oDoSo
oo^DS
Order.
Transliteration of "decree."
= To help, to assist.
= To pity.
(2);
IN THE COUET OP THE SUBDIVISIONAL OEEIOER,
MYAUNGMYA.
Civil R^bgtjlab No. 9 op 1896.
Nga Po Tok, trader, Bassein

Nga Po Maung, trader, Myaungmya
. . .
Plaintiff.
...
Defendant.
Suit for the recovery of Es. 2,800, being the amount dae for the value of goods sold.
The humble
Respectptjllt showeth
petition of
Nga Po
T6kj trader, Bassein.
That on the 7th waxing of Nayon 1256, B.E., the abovementioned Nga Po Maung bought of petitioner oil, betel-nut, and
1.
bundles of tobacco to the value of Rs. 1,000, but paid Ss. 700 only
on the day appointed for payment. Subsequently he further purchased Rs. 2,000 worth of dried-fish, smoked-fish, and wheat, and
when
petitioner
demanded payment
of this
sum and
the balance
104
300 preyioTisly remaining, or a total of E-s. 2,300 in all, he

duly executed a promissory note undertaking to pay the amount
on demand.
of Es.
2.
After the lapse of a considerable time, payment was demand-
when the said Nga Po Maung avoided meeting the demand,

and on making a stringent demand last Wazo, he stubbornly reed,
fused to pay the money.

Petitioner, wherefore,
humbly prays
summoned and examined, and

2,300 may be passed in petitioner's
be
that
Nga Po Maung may
that a decree for the said Es.

favour.
Maung Po
(Signed)
Petition
T6k.
(3).
g50D^ScGCo5c^3:j5^s8G[SG00S^GC0DOC0DO^5jSGCo5QSs@S
COoS(XjSpS^5GODSô5GCq|3o6aDD3Q^|l
r
GCgJDoScXiJ
GQdB'TicS
^g50^SoDODo333G^c:^68G^ll
...jOCDoS
CjSsil
{_co<Xj
qSsii
0:jGpSC5J^GCo5 GOdScXDoSoI a;j-9-GCODo5cÔOII 3aC04,Dg)GCQl3o5c2DGQSC03g
aoo5o2SsolooîiGcqig(;^SG(x>55^5coo8Q6g(go5[^ta:êpsii
='J33îl'S,^^Ssii t^ggo^Sii ooJ^SgÔG^ ocjoDDSa;;i=gg goToSodqoSooii

90011 33CSCS Gg 903
J.S
GqsGg
11
Jf^Gg
908
c-o's
C^ )C^GgD6? J.61I COGpSC^ ^^Gp
GolSga^jSoSs^SGOoSogSoosps^Gpii qSscoGpsd|^qo533qii ooli ôoc^ gosgo8gjS

qjo6o:5oloDîi O9]gsG^3o502]?GC05c^SCOII
33o8c833ggG|6q]c6cq) Oolsi^DEC^
GOS335GpllCDGp?C^COOaôll'qS'03Gpgcôa^C0^33Cô5i!|g3;^So88C^
jgSc^5c^8
rg^GcoSc^s GcgDoScoDSSpii q5?cocpg gc;^ j>8yDu8ii ôq^ ODao^g
sjoSc^m
^ôcqcgjSii ogoG|8qc6,o (g[SgG0G|Ofii (â^SoSgoo 338?,GQSgG^Do5ii 9 03

GCO0cS\^0<^\\ (3q533Co8co|"ll qSg33^ci^33^Coijgo:j5coepSa^g^Gpil GOgGO]8
gôlcx:^!! 8Gi8[gGDo5 cg$G00Sc^gaD0o|S)ll Go5oDg8[33GqS^8o6s^GOD5

O2833a;]G00S5Gpil (3^8088 l8qo533C^SgGOgG0338|qG08GODDG(o}DSll
^S^DCgOD^gSol^ll 33518
C038@S
OCJ^^pSCX)!!
33m|
G33Da5^5Q8g 33^C^ ?g|l'^St^DSC^
GCODSsOjg^glGCoSi^ggajjSli 00GpgC^yÔD^QpL,olGlG33DS CSCôSGp33g)8c038

5o'lll33X)^DSGCoS3GC51Do5qg3GGlSODDSCOo5og68olc0^llGoqig(fS5^SoOo8QSs(So5
Sll
(^SOqGpSlI
105
(3).
To
The Chief Commissioner of Burma.

The humble petition of Maung Pet, Ma Thet, and
Nga San Hla, of Kamathi-ashe kioin village,
Martaban (Amherst
Respectftjllt showeth
district).
That in 1255 B.E., Goolam Mahomed, a native
of India, resid-
ing in Kadaing village, Martaban, sued petitioners for the re-
covery of 300 baskets of paddy, valued at

E,s. 5,
E.s.
405, and a debt of
or a total of Rs, 410, in the Court of the
The Myook accordingly ordered the delivery

and, in compliance therewith,
Myook, Paung.
of the
300 baskets,
petitioners repeatedly offered to
The plaintiff, however, refused

and petitioners twice represented his conduct to
the Township Officer. The Township Officer thereupon passed
deliver the paddy in instalments.

to take delivery,
orders to the effect that,
if
the plaintiff failed to take delivery of
the paddy by the 7th waxing of
Nayon
same year, the

decree should be deemed to have become null and void. About
four months after this, on the arrival of a new Township Officer,
the plaintiff sued petitioners de novo and obtained a similar
of the
Being thus aggrieved petitioners preferred an appeal in

the Court of the Deputy Commissioner, Moulmein, but the
Deputy Commissioner confirmed the Township Officer's judgment.
decree.
Petitioners, wherefore, pray that the proceedings of the lower
Courts
shown
may
to
be called for and perused, and that justice
may
be
them.
Petition
(4).
33O^GD^gH5o|^800oSoqop8g?G0o5ll0GgSqil33g^G00ScOo5
GODG^DÎolcS
gll
GC
33^0g5ll
||oSc^5sO$5^8G005o5s@S^grDII OOgSÎI GOD3^D5Jô1c6

9
14
J.Sq]
106
5CoSo8s^Sqyc8GODD338|j>8ll G33Do5^So5s338|8G[Sqoll
?.C^3Cô"l^llGO0DSgCXj)
^Ôc5i5)o5QS3o5g|ÎI 33OD^3SQO060O05d1ODîl GGqjSlJSGOoS J^SoooSoSsgoS

j^gocjopsii
(g6?C^GOOD33qjo5ll
Oil
llgJsa^JOgSlI
33gSsQ8 C^8sg[ÔD^ 33^SG[^ y|oD^
33C:^8glICn|bGODD
j,5gco3o5oOoîi oj5Gqj>8o^8ii c^^goo5<^s coo5^ cxjSc^Sii sag^coSs good8q
GOODG(gOD4)DSOo85JDS^ÎI CO^} j>830o5cOo5aq5c^5GCX)D OoScj]DSGolo5GCpo5glg8s

gilC|Ss33oS(^D8j.ScOCgll SsgoSOjJC^C^ GSaDoS^jSC^DSOOgGO ^c8o85sG02(g8s00^1l 33
gGC05 9 |olc8
gCIG0C,i5o
5.S1I
4,^SgOG3330^S
Jll
C^Sq
90
33G|
OCôS 0$D
OD^3302o5ll^S$DOG|oloD^ll
jii
ii33oooS^GO Gosc^cr5oD^co8g8olcgi6ii oô5o(^8oo8ajs^ OcS5[D8
ôScBSsgSsc^ cogSsogOTii ^8o coglGcoS
cgcgGGaDS
a^8JjSG'33DSocq5cô5G(g3Ssg8l
G33Do5^S38l(^ 03(^03 SJGODDôSsgS
CôlcNqjoSll
G@d8sCX)^ 33Gqs0a;{gcO^3302O?ll OoSqioSoDSoloOÎI
(^(^D8C^G<X)D5sa^g^
G00S(,^(SC5lSll
oo5sgô5cxjjcîi
ogegoS
gjracg
G33Do5i^S33Q
3384ei8q)o54jDgcôcSq)o^gSaoSGOD5i^
olQgSoSG(D8sil^^S33CO^DSGCo5gcS5oloD^llGOq|S(jJ)S5^SoOsSoSjgo5gscqGp8ll
(4).
IN THE COURT OF THE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER,

RANGOON.
Revenue Appeal No. 9 op
Nga
So, cultivator of
Sinbut village,
1896.
Appellant.
Subject .-Praying that the orders of the Commissioner of Sagaing, in Bevenue Appeal
No. 3 of 1896, may either be cancelled or modified.
Appellant most humbly prays that the proceedings in his case

may be called for and perused, and that the orders of the Commissioner of Sagaing passed on the 20th of January 1896, as well as
those of the lower Court, may either be cancelled or modified.
Geounds op Appeai/.
The kaing * land in dispute is State land. He has been
cultivating it and paying revenue thereon for the last five years
and up to the year 1256 B.E., and holds receipts for the same.
1.
* Alluvial land
on which vegetables are generally cultivated.
107
was only when the pea and bean crops he has sown this year,
had grown and matured, that the lower Courts withdrew and
It
allotted the land with the standing crops to others.
trary to the provisions of section 25 of the (Upper
and Revenue) Regulation No.

the rules thereunder.
He
is,
Ill,
and
of
Rule
This
is
con-
Burma Land
30, section (v) of
therefore, aggrieved.
was considered proper to allot the land to others, he

He
should have been ejected before he had sown his crops.
2.
If it
represented to the lower Courts that a regular revenue -payer like
him
But no notice was

The orders passed by them should,
did not deserve being put to such a
taken of his representation.
loss.
therefore, be cancelled.
Appellant, wherefore, prays that the proceedings of the lower
Courts
may
be called for and perused, and that their orders
either be cancelled or modified.
(Signed)
Mating
So.
may
APPENDIX
III.
Extracts from the " Selections from the Kecords of the
Hlutdaw."
(a)
qc8oDo|sii29c6iii;ô5j>D|olcS 9011
OOGpGpO)Oc5^4]DSCôSQa088G[SoDÔIOc8c33Sp^C^
GODSo8^8GOqg003ll
IICOGpSpO)Oc8^(jjDSC^ oSg30s8g[cGOOÎI GpOCj^SJ.6 OCJGCOdSs
OgOII
QgcoS^
ODÎI5flOo533Gp^C^33$o5lia3Gp8^|>Sd^5o0^33Sp^C^^DoSGOs8Sj5GO<^^nQgD?8
^5s:)SOD^gD^(^3sg8ll33gDSgDî^DSyDllô5;ooep8000DS(^D8Cô8GOs8G[8o^ll 33^
OO^Sg^GOOdSc^ OODGGpo5G(yD3^GCglDo5o038 CX)gSc^DS0^C0^8 O0o5oOGOG[ll GOoS

o8S8GOOÎI
llGpO)OoS5^jS3^SoD^335p^C^g3lia^sgo58q5G[|ggD$8^5sg3SOO^
gD$(^Ds(ySin3(gDsg3^(ôs^Dii cpO)Oo5^c^8^5a^sQo5oîi
GpaooB^gScc^saoSSsii
GC^3o5 0038^3^ OO^C^ CO o56^ll33^J|^58O08C^gDSG33D8o0sd88oSGOSGOQÎI

qcSxiU
iiC^cSgOoSi:
^8GODSl^3SOg8llgGcglDo5|Jo0^33ôQsoQo5330g8sil330
C^:^q80ÎI CXDSpSGpthOcS o6gX)s8g[8oD^ JJSaoSsaSp^C^ 33 0gD833GGpCÎI ou
33G033C2cSo8|IGOdSc8$8GOOîI
ODo8cX)a
IIGpO^SjiS
0:jG00D8s(yG005i^^ ODGp8GpO)Oo5^C^D8C^ oSgS0s8g|Sod^
33O2S8ll33ÔD^C0OGO80D^3g)Gg33CX)^33cS5oOo5^COo5oOa^SCOo5Ga0064)D8C^
33038330^0811003808^8000^11
oojû
iiooGpsqpO)OcSî;jl3Sc
a^sgcSSqS aoSaêioo^
j^socS 33Gp^c53ii
335Ô3^C052^Gg 8?OCqi3c5 33do^33c85g8scg)|3SCOo5^03o5ogg30g^2t^380^

33GGpS8330o533Gq|S33gls0^llG038d8^8GOOÎl
ogoH
GOSl^:i
iicôSgcoS ^sgcoS
(;^3g(^8ii
(y^cxjfc^ 03epscpQ)Oo5^tj|3sc^ raGogjsoS
3D8|GO0Sgo5^S S003SO3^ 338|GajSG^C^gSll Ggl^GODDSg
CXJ'SojC^^Dll
sSSspgD^^Sj^sGOoSocSGCoScôoii COGp8gCOo5cgS8Cq)8^3SCOÔ;|^C^G^SqoSll o5
385cOo55cG08335cOGcg3o5Gg3^GS036gô5GOOÎI
COQII
I13384gOd5g|C^J>S|I
o5s85cOC^go5Gâj G^GSX)3Scy31l ODOOoSsSÔO^
C^CDII3D^Gg33^Ga338g[o5GOi^|G[6gg8g$^03o55@Sgil CQOOo5Ga;^SGg3Ss33GD
333^330033833 gô5a|^llG03So88GOOÎI
oomoit
iioDCps cpo)OoS^(^38c:^
aoSsôSsojGG^sgoB gG0TG|C0^ 03GG[80qSc8
53llô'8833Gajj3oSc(g8GgG003689G[| ÔD^(^32C^ll g3|8^SsgDSOODSOO^
gOGs
110
(a)
CHAPTER
II, 7,
page 40.
Mules for the guidance of Ministers and other
Officials acting as
Judges.
No Judge
1.
appointed for
tlie
administration of
criminal justice shall take cognizance
of,
or deal with,
civil
or
any case
not belonging to the department under his control.
While a case
2.
Judge
3.
from
is
pending in the Hlutdaw or Yondaws, the
shall not visit or send
The Judge
shall not,
litigants, in the
men
to the
houses of the parties.
during his incumbency, receive bribes
shape of gold,
silver, cloth, or
other property
animate or inanimate.
The Judge shall have no business transactions with litigants

{lit. buy and sell, lend and borrow gold, silver, precious stones,
cloth, horses, cattle, and other property animate and inanimate).
4.
Besides the duly licensed advocates, only such law-agents

shall be allowed to practise in the Courts as are conversant with
5.
the Dhammathats, and are selected and appointed by the

departments.
Heads
of
The licensed advocates and law-agents shall not, when engaged by one party, act for the other party.
The Judge shall see that the clerks and peons receive no
7.
more than the fees prescribed in the table of costs. (Chap. II, 5.)
6.
(b)
ocqggD$sii(oo) o ycSiiiô5j.D|,olo5 gjii
5?i^'=l|s332S03G^D050Do5ll(yS0gG0l6sil8Ô?8llC0^8llGgsC$
g^DGgsCcSs@SC^^^8o3GO0SgCoc^D||
on
iioqepsrg^GcxjS q^^^^g^^qssoS sogôcSoocSw @SogGol5sii8|o?siico?8ii
Ggsoo^goGgscoSsgs
ccooSn cgcoGc^sn ca^SGOii
coodgîi
cqSog^SGaGolSsol
111
G(SOD|^Daj|^SC^GoTll CX;{GOODS8(^GCB(ÔD^GOq]S(j^SCOgDGO05[^c8câC003o5n
G(S[3C^Sô5c^Gg3Sls 900 GCqiSj>SG616|>GpS80D?ll aoSSGiOODS02J?COD5^SC

OaGoTogSllGgoSls
0008 GO^S^^
gGOOsSsODSOÎl GCqS g^DJiSQa^SajjCOJ^loOII
CXjJ
d^^Sso^s^5oo5iio5oG|5^6G33D6(ycq5ii 33Sgo;j}g$oocoô5o clyoSsGôgoS

03D811GCqiS^Dqio5^3S^S^Do5o^Sll 330^SGCo5oqo5GCqj0ôlG030G^jSll 338|gOoB
gOGS^DSC^
Cq||[?C<g|ll
C^S^C^C^
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112
(b)
CHAPTER
Petition of
TVfaJ,
1,
Nga Myat Yo, Nga So
Chit Tun, Kyedangyis
Kanzi, and
Kyegan
page 92.
Nga Ta
Pe,
* of the
Yb, and
Nga
Pyinzigaung, Seinban,
villages, respectively, of the
Shwe-
pyiyanaung,t Anauklet township,

E,ESPECTPTJLLY SHOWliXH
That Nga Nyan Baw, the Kyegan Ywathugyi,* has abused his
position, and, in violation of his oath of allegiance to His IMajesty,
has mortgaged his thugyiship for a sum of Pts. 300 odd, levied over
Es. 1,000 in excess of the laAvful demands
who
the mortgagee,
is
an
outsider, has
and that Xga. Than,

oppressed
Petitioners, therefore, pray that the said Nga-
Than may be
the people.
Nyan Baw and Nga
legally proceeded against.
Order recorded by the Moda Wundauk.

Institute
an enquiry.
(Sd.)
KiNWUN MiNGYI.
Taunggwin Mingyi.
Hlttdaw
The 7th
loanl'tifj
Wagaunrj 1345.
>
(25th August 1883.)
Deposition of Theikdi Ponnaka, the Shwepyiyanaung Myinwûn, dated 9th Avaning
Tazaungni6n 1245 (25th Novem-
ber 1883).
With
directed
reference to the above petition, I sent for the Thugyi as
by the Hlutdaw.
I find that he has absconded.
Nga
Than, the mortgagee, who has taken the Thugyi's place, is not approved by the people. They are insubordinate to him and do not
perform their duties satisfactorily. The thathameda and other

matters connected with Kyega,n village ^vill, therefore, be placed
The village
the appointment one Nga Thaw, who is re-
in the hands of the Kyedan^^yi and Ywathugyis.

elders
*
recommend
The Kyedangyi
is
for
the
headman
of a village.
important Tillage or a group. of villages.

f Name of a cavalry regiment.
The Ywathugyi
is
the
headman
of
an
113
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(c)
CHAPTER
Petition of
and
V,
3,
ahmudan Nga Yan
his sister-in-law
Mi
page 153.
Lin, of the Yweletya regiment,
Ket.
States on oath that Nga Shwe Bein, of the said regiment, and
hushand of Mi Ket, served with the Monfe column under Nga Set,
While so serving the ea;-Myo6k seized

Nga Shwe Bein's property and murdered him. Petitioners, whereea-'-Myook oE Tantahin.
fore,
pray that the said e.i-Myook
Nga
Set
may
he legally pro-
ceeded against in the Hlutdaw.
Examination of accused, dated 11th waning

(20th June 1883).
1st
Wazo 1245
DO not know whether the man, Nga Shwe Bein, mentioned in

the petition of Nga Yan Lin and Mi Ket was a Yweletya ahmudan or not. When I was ordered to serve with the Mone column,
I
I bought
Mm
116
under a bond and

Arrived there, Nga Yan,
for Rs. 70 as a personal slave
him away with me to Mone.

a Natsuletwfe ahmudan, who Avas in charge of the transport bullocks, complained to me that Nga Shwe Bein had stolen some of
the animals.
Nga Shwe Bein was accordingly sent for and extook
He
amined.
them.
admitted the complaint and added that he had sold
Over 10 bullocks were
and a few had already been
stolen
recovered, when, while demanding *
mainder,
Nga Shwe Bein
the
recovery
unfortunately succumbed.
of
the
re-
I did not
take any property belonging to him.
Okdbr eecobded by the Nyatjngwun

In order
to ascertain
whether the deceased
Wtjndal'e:.
Nga Shwe Bein met
e^-Myo6k while he was forcibly

demanding the recovery of the bullocks stolen from the hands
of Nga Yan, the Natsuletwe ahmudan, let Nga Yan and the
Thenat Saye, who was with the Mone column, be summoned and
examined, and resubmit with their depositions.
his death at the hands of the
(Sd.)
KiNWUN MiNGTI.
Taunggwin Mingyi.
Taingda Mingyi.
Hlutdaw
-N
Dated 4ih waning 1st Wazo 1345.

C23rd June 1883.)
>
Deposition of Nemyothurakyawthu, Natsuletwe Thenat Saye,

dated 12th waning 1st
Wazo 1245
(1st
July 1883).
Bo, who was commanded to march against

Sawbwa,
ordered that each amhudan should be
the ex-îonh
supplied with three baskets of rice, and that each thwethauk
should have a bullock to carry the rice. The c.i--Myo6k of Tantabin, who was the Tatbo, supplied the bullocks and gave them in
charge of Nga Yan. When the e^^-Myook's man Nga Bein sold
some of the animals, Nga Yan came and made a report to me
first, and, because Nga Bein was not an ahmudan, I directed Nga
The Shwehlan
Accompanied
of course with blows.
117
Yan
to go and complain to the ex-Mjook, his master.

I heard
from the ahmudans afterwards that when Nga Yan made his complaint, the
ex-Mjo6k punished
Deposition of
I
WAS
Nga Yan,
his
man
Natsuletwfe
ahmudan (same
date).
entrusted by the Tatbo, Thenat Saye, Tathmu, and thwe-
thauks, with the keeping of 10 bullocks.
and sold by
Nga Bein and
Eight of these were taken
I reported the matter to the Thenat
I was directed to complain to
Saye.
with death.
Nga
Bein's master
and I did
so.
Bond executed by Nga Bein and Mi Ket, produced by the

eo^-Myook of Tantabin.
On
the 3rd waxing day of Tliadingyut 1244 (14th September
1882),
Mi Ket came and offered to become

Tantabin Myook and his wife for Us. 70, as they
Nga Bein and
the slaves of the
his wife
pay two debts of Es. 35 each, which they owed to Me

Unit, wife of the Theinni Sitkfe. The Tantabin Myook and his
wife accordingly paid Es. 70 and kept Nga Bein and his wife Mi
wanted
Ket
to
as their personal slaves.
Witnesses
Writer
(Sd.)
Mating Saw.
(Sd.)
Nga Shwe
Nga Po
Thin.
At. )
Judgment recorded by the Bind alb Wtjndatjk.

In
this case,
it is
clear that the deceased died of the injuries he
received at the hands of the ex-M.jobk,
who had
occasion to punish
on duty with the Eoyal troops. Mi Ket, one of

the complainants, states that her husband, the deceased, served with
the troops of his own accord and that he was not the ea?-Myo6k's
his slave while
slave.
But the bond produced by the e^-Myo6k
documentary evidence against her.
We, however,
is
sufficient
consider that
The exMyook shall forego the sum of Es. 70 mentioned in the said bond
which shall be cancelled, and he shall pay to the complainant,
no master has the right
to cause the death of a slave.
118
Mi
sum of
husband, Nga Bein.
Ket, the
Rs. 160 as compensation * for the death of her
(Sd.)
KiNWUN MiNGTI.
Taunggwin Mingyi.
Taingba Mingyi.
Hlutdaw
~j
Bated 9th waning Wazo 1246.
fl6th Julij 1884.J
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'''
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(d)
CHAPTER
VII, 15, page 179.
From
the Malunlemyo Wun, dated 1st waning Tazaungm6n

1246 (19th Octoher 1884), presented by Myogan Nga
Po Tu.
In compliance with the
by Government, I
beg to report that I have issued orders to the myothugyis, ywathugyis, and taikbmus within my wunship, direetinL,"- them to preserve the peace
vA'ithin
instructions issued
their respecti^'e jurisdictions, to establish
patrols night and day along the trade routes, to prevent bribery
and corruption, and generally to see to the welfare and prosperity

My clerks and myself conform to the first 9 paraof the people.
graphs of the instructions, and do not receive any illegal gratifi-
from the people. We do not harbour bad characters and

have not appointed any thugyi other than those duly appointed
by Government. The clerks are not jiermitted to issue summons
at will. These documents are formally drawn up in open Court
cation
and
served.
Court-fees are
of paragraphs 16, 17,
120
demanded according
to the provisions
committed to jail
and 18.
always with the previous sanction of the Kayaing Wun. Under
paragraphs 10 to 25, the thugyis and taikhmus are always directed to execute their bonds at the Myoyon and copies of these are
always submitted. By virtue of His Majesty's power and glory,
there
is
Prisoners are
peace and prosperity throughout
price of paddy
is
my
jurisdiction.
The
Rs. 110 per hundred baskets, rice Rs. 250 per
hundred baskets, fegya beans Es. 130 per hundred baskets, oil
Rs. 70 per hundred viss, cutch Rs. 30 per hundred viss, crude cotton Rs. 10 per hundred viss, prepared cotton Rs. 50 per hundred
wheat Rs. 160 per hundi'ed baskets, pegyi beans Rs. 150 per
hundred baskets, sessamuta Rs. 280 per hundred baskets, gram
Rs. 130 per hundred baskets, jaggery Rs. 17 per hundred viss,
pounded ngapi (fish-paste) Rs. 13 per hundred viss, salt Rs. 6 per
viss,
hundred
viss,
hundred
viss.
is
and dried murrel or snakehead (fish) Rs. 60 per

A list of irrigation works within my jurisdiction
being prepared and will be submitted when ready.

(e)
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(e)
CHAPTER
Erom
VII,
the Sagaing Kayaing
21,
page ISi.
Wun, Maingkaing Myoza,
dated
10th waxing Thadingyut 1216 (29th September 1884),
submitted by Royal Messenger,
In order
to properly assess
went personally
to
and
Nga Kaing.
collect the thathameda-tax, I
Konbet village, Ye-u township, Tabayin
district,
and, to avoid causing hardship, issued orders directing the people
pay in the tax in two instalments. The people, however, preferred to pay it in full at once, and I acceded to their request.
I
have accordingly been collecting the tax, and, to ensure the safe
arrival of remittances, have appointad a guard consisting of 30
armed men at the mango-grove, a mile south of my camp, another
of the same strength at Wettogyaw, a mile to the west of it, and
to
number of men at Natyegan-sakan

The collections in camp are guarded by a body
a third consisting of the same

a mile north of
of
it.
P6ndawdo ahmudans, and
night and day.
40 armed men
Besides these,
to act as guards
sentries are placed at each
my
and
sentries.
over a lakh of rupees and shall remit

the
month
of
Thadingyut (October).
I have
now
G. B. C. P.
O. No.
them
collected
all collections in full
within
There are no cases of da-
The people enjoy peace, the

and the agricultural operations are extensive.
coity within the Tabayin district.

rainfall is good,
guard
subordinates have with
3018, B. S., 29-9-982,000.
16
PARAGON
GALLERY
jm
{"The Ofitntal Boehslon]

of Amtrica"
||14I)
CAST
5tli
NEW YORK
mfm
SmCETl
23, H. V.
'^'
^^
ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK
OF THE
BURMESE LANGUAGE
BY
TAW SEIN
(iOVEBNMENT T]lANSLAT(jn
KO,
A.;D
M.R.V.S., f.a.i.,
f.s.a.,
HONOKAUY AKCHAJOLOGICAJ^
OFFICE!,,
BURMA.
RANGOON:
PRINTKD BY THE SUPKRI JTENUENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA.
n^
1898.
U-
-a
I
Price, Rs.
2-8-0.
>&H.

Elementary Hand Book of The Burmese Language

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PL5933

GOVEENMENT TKANSLATOR AND HONOKAIl AHCHJJOLOQK'AI,

"IS Burmese lana

3 1924 022 058 931

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

the United States on the use of the

M.E.A.S., f.a.i., f.s.a.,

GOVEENMENT TEANSLATOB AND HONOEAKY AECHaJOLOGlCAIi

This book is divided into two parts

deals with the colloquial form of the

guage, and the second with the literary form.

tended for hard- worked

mercantile and other professions, to

knowledge of Burmese may be essential

and busy men engaged in

reason that an attempt

make the compilation

however, no royal road to

must be faced and

desired to acquire any kind ot knowledge

and an acquaintance with the Burmese language does not

compilation of this work

due to a suggestion made

John, Burmese Lecturer, Oxford University, who

represented to the Local Government the need of a practical colloquial course in

Indian Civil Service

candidates undergoing their probationary training in

original scope has, however, been extended to

meet the gro-wing requirements

Nyein, Extra Assistant Commissioner,

Government Translator during

absence on leave or deputation, for the valuable assistance

Persons, relationships, &e.

Members of the body ...

Professions, Trades, &c.

Seasons, weather, &e.

Weights and measures

Army and Navy

Health and sickness

Extracts from J4takas

Extracts from the " Selections from the Records of the

generally admitted that the

competent teachers, the

be encountered and overcome

appears to be considerably enhanced.

Burmese has yet

try his best to study

and vernacular languages

brought about, one

The Burmese language can be made

which has been suc-

from a philological stand- point.

and Burmese literature

and very few

Philology means, of course, the

science which traces the origin and development of a language,

language as contradistinguished from an Aryan language, and

long career of development

an organism, grows, and dur-

of these accretions are thoroughly assimilated

part and parcel of the organic growth, while others

will illustrate this remark.