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SURVEY,SAMPLINGTECHNIQUESANDDECISIONMAKINGETLANDEIL.
FACTORSINFLUENCINGEILANDETL
PestMonitoring
MonitoringphytophagousinsectsandtheirnaturalenemiesisafundamentaltoolinIPM
fortakingmanagementdecision.
Monitoringestimationofchangesininsectdistributionandabundance.
informationaboutinsects,lifehistory
influenceofbioticandabioticfactorsonpestpopulation
PestSurveillance
Refers to the constant watch on the population dynamics of pests, its incidence and
damageoneachcropatfixedintervalstoforewarnthefarmerstotakeuptimelycropprotection
measures.
Threebasiccomponentsofpestsurveillance
Determinationof
a.thelevelofincidenceofthepestspecies
b.thelosscausedbytheincidence
c.theeconomicbenefits,thecontrolwillprovide
PestForecasting
Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak based on information obtained from pest
surveillance.
Uses
Predictingpestoutbreakwhichneedscontrolmeasure.
Suitablestageatwhichcontrolmeasuregivesmaximumprotection.
Twotypesofpestforecasting
a.ShorttermforecastingBasedon1or2seasons.
b.LongtermforecastingBasedoneffectofweatherparametersonpest.
ObjectivesofPestSurveillance
toknowexistingandnewpestspecies.
toassesspestpopulationanddamageatdifferentgrowthstageofcrop.
tostudytheinfluenceofweatherparametersonpest.
tostudychangingpeststatus(Minortomajor).
toassessnaturalenemiesandtheirinfluenceonpests.
effectofnewcroppingpatternandvarietiesonpest.
Survey
Conductedtostudytheabundanceofapestspecies.
TwotypesofsurveyRovingsurveyandfixedplotsurvey
Rovingsurvey
Assessmentofpestpopulation/damagefromrandomlyselectedspotsrepresentinglarger
area
Largeareasurveyedinshortperiod
Providesinformationonpestleveloverlargearea
Fixedplotsurvey
Assessmentofpestpopulation/damagefromafixedplotselectedinafield.Thedataon
pest population/damage recorded periodic from sowing to till harvest. e.g. 1 sq.m. plots
randomlyselectedfrom5spotsinoneacreofcropareaincaseofrice.Fromeachplot10plant
selectedatrandom.Totaltillersandtillersaffectedbystemborerinthese10plantscounted.
Total leaves and number affected by leaf folder observed. Damage expressed as per cent
damagedtillersorleaves.PopulationofBPHfromalltillersin10plantsobservedandexpressed
asnumber/tiller.
QualitativesurveyUsefulfordetectionofpest.
QuantitativesurveyUsefulforenumerationofpest.
SamplingTechniques
Absolutesampling
Relativesampling
Tocountallthepestsoccurringinaplot
Tomeasurepestintermsofsomevalueswhichcanbecomparedover
timeandspacee.g.Lighttrapcatch,Pheromonetrap
Methodsofsampling
a.Insitucounts
Visualobservationonnumberofinsectsonplantcanopy
b.Knockdown
(eitherentireplotorrandomlyselectedplot)
Collecting insectsfromanareabyremovingfromcrop
c.Netting
d.Norcotisedcollection
e.Trapping
and(Suddentrap)counting(Jarring)
Useofsweepnetforhoppers,odonates,grasshopper
Quickmovinginsectsanaesthesisedandcounted
LighttrapPhototropicinsects
PheromonetrapSpeciesspecific
StickytrapSuckinginsects
BaittrapSorghumshootflyFishmealtrap
f.Cropsamples
StageofSampling
Plantpartsremovedandpestcountede.g.Bollworms
Usuallymostinjuriousstagecounted.
SometimeseggmassescountedPracticalconsiderations.
HoppersNymphsandadultcounted.
SampleSize
Differswithnatureofpestandcrop
Largersamplesizegivesaccurateresults
DecisionMaking
Populationordamageassessedfromthecrop
ComparedwithETLandEIL
When pest level crosses ETL, control measure has to be taken to prevent pest from
reducingEIL.
EconomicInjuryLevel
Definedasthelowestpopulationdensitythatwillcauseeconomicdamage(Sternetal.,
1959).
Alsodefinedasacriticaldensitywherethelosscausedbythepestequalsthecostof
controlmeasure.
EILcanbecalculatedusingfollowingformula,
EIL
C
VxIxDxK
(or)
C
VIDK
where,
EIL=Economicinjurylevelininsects/production(or)insects/ha
C=Costofmanagementactivityperunitofproduction(Rs./ha)
V=Marketvalueperunitofyieldorproduct(Rs./tonne)
I=Cropinjuryperinsect(Percentdefoliation/insect)
D=Damageoryieldlossperunitofinjury(Tonneloss/%defoliation)
K=Proportionatereductionininjuryfrompesticideuse
WorkedexamplesofEIL
CalculateEILintermsofpestpopulation/hawithfollowingfigures
C=Managementcostperunitarea=Rs.3,000/perha
V=MarketvalueinRs./unitproduct=Rs.1,000/tonne
I=Cropinjury/pestdensity=1%defoliation/100insects
D=Losscausedbyunitinjury=0.05tonneloss/1%defoliation
K=Proportionatereductionininjurybypesticideapplication=0.8(80%control)
EIL
=
EIL
=
C
VxIxDxK
(or)
C
VIDK
3000
1000x0.01x0.05x0.8
EIL=7500insects/ha
Economicthresholdlevel(ETL)orActionthreshold
ETLisdefinedasthepestdensityatwhichcontrolmeasuresshouldbeappliedtoprevent
anincreasingpestpopulationfromreachingEconomicInjuryLevel(EIL).
ETL represents pest density lower than EIL to allow time for initiation of control
measure.
FactorsInfluencingETLandEIL
a.Marketvalueofcrop
Primaryfactors
b.Managementcosts
c.Degreeofinjuryperinsect
Secondaryfactors
d.Cropsusceptibilitytoinjury
a.Marketvalueofcrop
Whencropvalueincreases,EILdecreasesandviceversa
b.Managementofinjuryperinsect
Whenmanagementcostsincrease,EILalsoincreases
c.Degreeofinjuryperinsect
Insects damaging leaves or reproductive parts have different EIL (Lower EIL for
reproductivepartdamages).
If insects are vectors of disease EIL is very low even 1 or 2 insects if found
managementtobetaken.
IfinsectsfoundonfruitsMarketabilityreducedEILverylow.
e.Cropsusceptibilitytoinjury
Ifcropcantoleratetheinjuryandgivegoodyield.EILcanbefixedatahighervalue.
Whencropisolder,itcanwithstandhighpestpopulationEILcanbehigh.
Tertiaryfactors
Weather,soilfactors,bioticfactorsandhumansocialenvironment
ThesetertiaryfactorscausechangeinsecondaryfactorstherebyaffecttheETLandEIL.
Questions
1WhatistheexpansionofIPM/IRM?
2.ExpandEILandEIL
3.Definepestsurveillanceandpestforecasting
4.Whysurveyofapestisconducted?
5.Whatarethetwotypesofsurvey
6.Listoutthemethodsofsampling
7.Whatarethetypesofsampling?
8.Matchthefollowing
FishmealtrapPositivelyphototrophicinsects
LighttrapMaleinsects
StickytrapOdonates
NetsweepingSuckinginsects
PheromonetrapSorghumshootfly