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PESTMONITORINGPESTSURVEILLANCEANDFORECASTINGOBJECTIVES,

SURVEY,SAMPLINGTECHNIQUESANDDECISIONMAKINGETLANDEIL.
FACTORSINFLUENCINGEILANDETL
PestMonitoring
MonitoringphytophagousinsectsandtheirnaturalenemiesisafundamentaltoolinIPM
fortakingmanagementdecision.
Monitoringestimationofchangesininsectdistributionandabundance.
informationaboutinsects,lifehistory
influenceofbioticandabioticfactorsonpestpopulation
PestSurveillance
Refers to the constant watch on the population dynamics of pests, its incidence and
damageoneachcropatfixedintervalstoforewarnthefarmerstotakeuptimelycropprotection
measures.
Threebasiccomponentsofpestsurveillance
Determinationof
a.thelevelofincidenceofthepestspecies
b.thelosscausedbytheincidence
c.theeconomicbenefits,thecontrolwillprovide
PestForecasting
Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak based on information obtained from pest
surveillance.
Uses

Predictingpestoutbreakwhichneedscontrolmeasure.

Suitablestageatwhichcontrolmeasuregivesmaximumprotection.

Twotypesofpestforecasting
a.ShorttermforecastingBasedon1or2seasons.
b.LongtermforecastingBasedoneffectofweatherparametersonpest.
ObjectivesofPestSurveillance

toknowexistingandnewpestspecies.

toassesspestpopulationanddamageatdifferentgrowthstageofcrop.

tostudytheinfluenceofweatherparametersonpest.

tostudychangingpeststatus(Minortomajor).

toassessnaturalenemiesandtheirinfluenceonpests.

effectofnewcroppingpatternandvarietiesonpest.

Survey
Conductedtostudytheabundanceofapestspecies.
TwotypesofsurveyRovingsurveyandfixedplotsurvey
Rovingsurvey

Assessmentofpestpopulation/damagefromrandomlyselectedspotsrepresentinglarger
area

Largeareasurveyedinshortperiod

Providesinformationonpestleveloverlargearea

Fixedplotsurvey
Assessmentofpestpopulation/damagefromafixedplotselectedinafield.Thedataon
pest population/damage recorded periodic from sowing to till harvest. e.g. 1 sq.m. plots
randomlyselectedfrom5spotsinoneacreofcropareaincaseofrice.Fromeachplot10plant
selectedatrandom.Totaltillersandtillersaffectedbystemborerinthese10plantscounted.
Total leaves and number affected by leaf folder observed. Damage expressed as per cent
damagedtillersorleaves.PopulationofBPHfromalltillersin10plantsobservedandexpressed
asnumber/tiller.

QualitativesurveyUsefulfordetectionofpest.

QuantitativesurveyUsefulforenumerationofpest.

SamplingTechniques
Absolutesampling
Relativesampling

Tocountallthepestsoccurringinaplot
Tomeasurepestintermsofsomevalueswhichcanbecomparedover
timeandspacee.g.Lighttrapcatch,Pheromonetrap

Methodsofsampling
a.Insitucounts

Visualobservationonnumberofinsectsonplantcanopy

b.Knockdown

(eitherentireplotorrandomlyselectedplot)
Collecting insectsfromanareabyremovingfromcrop

c.Netting
d.Norcotisedcollection
e.Trapping

and(Suddentrap)counting(Jarring)
Useofsweepnetforhoppers,odonates,grasshopper
Quickmovinginsectsanaesthesisedandcounted
LighttrapPhototropicinsects
PheromonetrapSpeciesspecific
StickytrapSuckinginsects
BaittrapSorghumshootflyFishmealtrap

f.Cropsamples
StageofSampling

Plantpartsremovedandpestcountede.g.Bollworms

Usuallymostinjuriousstagecounted.

SometimeseggmassescountedPracticalconsiderations.

HoppersNymphsandadultcounted.

SampleSize

Differswithnatureofpestandcrop

Largersamplesizegivesaccurateresults

DecisionMaking

Populationordamageassessedfromthecrop

ComparedwithETLandEIL

When pest level crosses ETL, control measure has to be taken to prevent pest from
reducingEIL.

EconomicInjuryLevel

Definedasthelowestpopulationdensitythatwillcauseeconomicdamage(Sternetal.,
1959).

Alsodefinedasacriticaldensitywherethelosscausedbythepestequalsthecostof
controlmeasure.

EILcanbecalculatedusingfollowingformula,

EIL

C
VxIxDxK

(or)

C
VIDK

where,
EIL=Economicinjurylevelininsects/production(or)insects/ha
C=Costofmanagementactivityperunitofproduction(Rs./ha)
V=Marketvalueperunitofyieldorproduct(Rs./tonne)
I=Cropinjuryperinsect(Percentdefoliation/insect)
D=Damageoryieldlossperunitofinjury(Tonneloss/%defoliation)
K=Proportionatereductionininjuryfrompesticideuse
WorkedexamplesofEIL
CalculateEILintermsofpestpopulation/hawithfollowingfigures
C=Managementcostperunitarea=Rs.3,000/perha
V=MarketvalueinRs./unitproduct=Rs.1,000/tonne
I=Cropinjury/pestdensity=1%defoliation/100insects
D=Losscausedbyunitinjury=0.05tonneloss/1%defoliation
K=Proportionatereductionininjurybypesticideapplication=0.8(80%control)
EIL
=

EIL
=

C
VxIxDxK

(or)

C
VIDK

3000
1000x0.01x0.05x0.8

EIL=7500insects/ha
Economicthresholdlevel(ETL)orActionthreshold

ETLisdefinedasthepestdensityatwhichcontrolmeasuresshouldbeappliedtoprevent
anincreasingpestpopulationfromreachingEconomicInjuryLevel(EIL).

ETL represents pest density lower than EIL to allow time for initiation of control
measure.

FactorsInfluencingETLandEIL
a.Marketvalueofcrop

Primaryfactors

b.Managementcosts
c.Degreeofinjuryperinsect

Secondaryfactors

d.Cropsusceptibilitytoinjury
a.Marketvalueofcrop
Whencropvalueincreases,EILdecreasesandviceversa

b.Managementofinjuryperinsect
Whenmanagementcostsincrease,EILalsoincreases
c.Degreeofinjuryperinsect

Insects damaging leaves or reproductive parts have different EIL (Lower EIL for
reproductivepartdamages).

If insects are vectors of disease EIL is very low even 1 or 2 insects if found
managementtobetaken.

IfinsectsfoundonfruitsMarketabilityreducedEILverylow.

e.Cropsusceptibilitytoinjury

Ifcropcantoleratetheinjuryandgivegoodyield.EILcanbefixedatahighervalue.

Whencropisolder,itcanwithstandhighpestpopulationEILcanbehigh.

Tertiaryfactors

Weather,soilfactors,bioticfactorsandhumansocialenvironment

ThesetertiaryfactorscausechangeinsecondaryfactorstherebyaffecttheETLandEIL.

Questions
1WhatistheexpansionofIPM/IRM?
2.ExpandEILandEIL
3.Definepestsurveillanceandpestforecasting
4.Whysurveyofapestisconducted?
5.Whatarethetwotypesofsurvey
6.Listoutthemethodsofsampling
7.Whatarethetypesofsampling?
8.Matchthefollowing
FishmealtrapPositivelyphototrophicinsects
LighttrapMaleinsects
StickytrapOdonates
NetsweepingSuckinginsects
PheromonetrapSorghumshootfly

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