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Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the

LED Lighting Market


Reference Code: GDAE0138VPT

Table of Contents

Table of Contents.................................................................1
1.1 List of Tables .................................................................1
1.2 List of Figures ................................................................1
2 Summary .............................................................................1
3 Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the
LED Lighting Market ............................................................1
3.1 Overview .......................................................................1
3.2 Lamp Market, Global, Market Share by Lamp Type,
2011 2
3.3 Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lighting Efficacy,
1995-2010 .....................................................................2
3.4 Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lighting Cost,
2011 3
3.5 LED Market, Global, Revenues by Application, 2011 2020 4
3.6 About Light Emitting Diode Lamps ................................5
4 Appendix ..............................................................................6
4.1 Abbreviations.................................................................6
4.2 Bibliography...................................................................6
4.3 Methodology ..................................................................7
4.4 Contact Us.....................................................................7
4.5 Disclaimer......................................................................8

1.1

List of Tables

Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Table 7:

1.2

Lamp Market, Global, Market Share by Lamp Type,


%, 2011 ....................................................................2
Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lamp
Efficiency by Lamp Type, lm/W, 19952010 ............3
Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lighting Cost,
$/lm, 2011.................................................................3
LED Lamp Market, Global, Average Luminous
Efficacy and Cost of Lighting, 20052020 ................4
LED Market, Global, Revenues by Application, 2011
- 2020 .......................................................................4
LED Lamp Market,Global, Average Luminous
Efficacy and Cost of Lighting, 20052020 ................6
Abbreviations ............................................................6

List of Figures

Figure 1: Lamp Market, Global, Market Share by Lamp Type,


%, 2011 ....................................................................2
Figure 2: Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lamp
Efficiency by Lamp Type, lm/W, 19952010 ............2
Figure 3: LED Lamp Market, Global, Average Luminous
Efficacy and Cost of Lighting, 20052020 ................4
Figure 4: LED Market, Global, Revenues by Application,
20112020 ...............................................................4
Figure 5: LED Lamp Market, Global, Value Chain ...................6

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

Publication Date: September 2012

Summary

The Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp market is in the nascent


stages, and contributed around 0.7% to global lamp sales in
2011. Sales volume of LED lamps increased from 96 million in
2010 to 122 million in 2011 (Johnson, B, 2012). Energy savings
and high efficacy are major drivers for the increased sale of
LED lamps. An LED lamp consumes 3080% less electricity
than an incandescent lamp and has a luminous efficacy of 100
lumen per Watt (lm/W). The growth of the LED market is
restricted by factors such as high initial cost of the lamp and
lack of knowledge of the advantages of the technology.
Although LED lamps have high initial costs, the low energy
consumption decreases the cost per lumen. The average life
span of an LED lamp is around 50,000 hours, which will reduce
the cost of lighting. The overall cost (the cost of investment for
purchasing the lamp and the cost of usage) of lighting for an
LED lamp is the lowest when compared with other lighting
sources such as the Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL),
halogen and incandescent bulbs. The cost of lighting for a LED
was approximately $0.09/lumen (lm) in 2011 and it is expected
that the cost of lighting will further decrease to $0.05lm/W by
2020 as the luminous efficacy is expected to further increase
from 100lm/W to 120lm/W by 2020.

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED


Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting
Market

3.1

Overview

The Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp market is in the nascent


stages in terms of lamp sales. Global sales of LED lamps
amounted to around 122 million in 2011, increasing from
around 96 million in 2010 (The Climate Group, 2012). In 2011,
LED lamps contributed a little more than 0.5% to global lamp
sales. The factors inhibiting the growth of the LED lighting
market are the high cost of the lamp and lack of knowledge of
the advantages of the technology. For manufacturers, the high
cost of manufacturing increases the payback period of the
lamp. The payback period of LED lamps is eight to 10 years,
whereas for incandescent lamps it is only two to three years,
making medium-sized manufacturers unwilling to invest in LED
technology. In order to recover costs, companies sell LED
lighting at four times the cost of manufacture, which is
substantially higher for end-users, especially those in the
residential sector, who may focus more on price than quality.
However, the price is expected to continue to fall in the future,
which will create opportunities in the LED lighting market.

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LED lamps are the most efficient lighting source in comparison


to other commonly used lighting sources such as incandescent
lamps and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs). LEDs have the
least average cost per unit light compared to other lamp types
such as incandescent lamps, CFLs and High Intensity
Discharge (HID) lamps. Even though LED lamps have a high
initial cost, high luminous efficacy and the long life span
decrease the cost of the unit amount of light produced over the
life span of the LED lamp product.
Lighting consumes approximately a fifth of the total power
consumption in the world. The use of efficient lighting systems
will help to decrease power consumption. Governments around
the world are taking measures to phase out inefficient lighting
and replace it with more efficient forms, thus giving a strong
boost to the LED lighting industry. The increasing price of
electricity is also aiding its development and market
penetration, and higher power consumption for commercial and
outdoor lighting will also save additional costs.

3.2

Lamp Market, Global, Market Share by


Lamp Type, 2011

In 2011, incandescent lamps were the most popular lamps in


the world, contributing more than 58% of the general lighting
market. CFL lamps followed incandescent lamps with a share of
around 35% in 2011. Fluorescent lamps, HID and LEDs
contribute a minor share to the general lighting market. With
many developed countries phasing out incandescent lamps in
the near future, the shares held by other lighting sources are
expected to increase rapidly during the phase out period.
Figure 1:

Table 1:
Lamp type

Global share

Incandescent

58.7%

CFL

35.1%

Fluorescent

4.1%

HID

1.4%

LED

0.7%

Source: GlobalData

3.3

Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of


Lighting Efficacy, 1995-2010

LED lamp technology has been developing rapidly over recent


years. These technological developments have resulted in
substantial increases in LED lamp efficacy. The efficacy of
traditional lamps such as incandescent lamps and halogens has
remained the same for the last two decades. The efficacy of
LED lamps increased from 1.1 lumen per watt (lm/W) in 1995 to
around 100lm/W in 2010 (The Climate Group, 2012). However,
the efficacy of other lamps did not change much during the
period. The increase in efficacy will result in LED lamps
becoming more economical in terms of life span compared to
other lamp types. Figure two illustrates the efficacy of LED,
incandescent, halogen and fluorescent lamps between 1995
and 2010.
Figure 2: Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lamp
Efficiency by Lamp Type, lm/W, 19952010

Lamp Market, Global, Market Share by Lamp


Type, %, 2011

100

HID
1.4%

80

Lumens / watt

Fluorescent
4.1%

Lamp Market, Global, Market Share by Lamp


Type, %, 2011

LED
0.7%

60

40

20

CFL
35.1%
Incandescent
58.8%

0
1995

2000
LED

Incandescent

2005
Halogen

2010
Fluorescent

Source: GlobalData; The Climate Group, 2012


Source: GlobalData

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

GDAE0138VPT /SEP 2012/ Page 2


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Table 2:

Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lamp


Efficiency by Lamp Type, lm/W, 19952010

Table 3:

Year

LED

Incandescent

Halogen

Fluorescent

1995

1.1

12.1

20.6

75.2

2000

5.2

12.2

20.8

75.2

Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of Lighting


Cost, $/lm, 2011
Incandescent
lamps

CFL

LED
lamps

Halogen
lamps

Wattage (W)

100

21

15

75

0.5

35

1,000

10,000

50,000

4,000

Average
luminous efficacy
(Lm/W)

15

70

100

20

Electricity charge
($ per unit kWh)

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

6,000

1,260

900

4,500

Energy cost over


60,000 hours ($)

600

126

90

450

Number of lamps
used over 60,000
hours

60

1.2

15

Lamp
replacement cost
over 60,000
hours ($)

30

24

42

90

Total cost of lamp


for lighting for
60,000 hours ($)

2,400

270

140

1,800

1.6

0.18

0.09

1.2

2005

15

12.3

21

75.4

Initial cost per


lamp ($)

2010

100

12.7

21.3

76.4

Lifespan (hours)

Source: GlobalData; The Climate Group, 2012

3.4

Lamp Market, Global, Comparison of


Lighting Cost, 2011

Purchasing price is the most significant barrier obstructing the


deployment of efficient lighting. CFLs, High Intensity Discharge
(HID) lamps and LEDs are expensive compared to
incandescent lamps. An 100 W incandescent lamp costs
around $0.5, whereas the equivalent 21 W CFLs and 15 W
LEDs used for the same purpose and emitting an equivalent
amount of light cost approximately $4 and $35 respectively.
However, the overall cost of energy efficient lighting for a longer
usage period as compared to incandescent lamp is much lower,
since efficient lighting consumes 3080% less electricity than
incandescent lamps.
Table three compares 100 W incandescent lamp, 12 W CFL, 15
W LED and 75 W halogen lamps that emit of equivalent amount
of light. The lamps are compared in relation to a usage period
of 60,000 hours. The number of lamps required for 60,000
hours of lighting is highest for incandescent lamps, as these
lamps have a low average life span. For lighting the same
number of hours, only 1.2 LEDs are required, as the LEDs have
an average life span of around 50,000 hours. Higher average
life span decreases the investment on replacing lamps
enormously. With a high luminous efficacy of close to 100lm/W,
LED lamps consume a much lower amount of electricity
compared to incandescent lamps, which further decreases the
cost of lighting. The overall cost calculated on the basis of the
cost of investment of lamp and the cost of usage of lighting for
LED lamps is around $0.09/lm, compared to $0.18/lm, $1.2/lm
and $1.6/lm for CFL, halogen lamps and incandescent lamps
respectively.

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

Energy
consumed in
60,000 hours
(kWh)

Cost of unit light


($/lumen)
Source: GlobalData

Figure three compares the average luminous efficacy and the


cost of lighting for an LED lamp between 2005 and 2020. The
cost of lighting decreased from $0.338/lm in 2005 to $0.086/lm
in 2010, as luminous efficacy had increased during the period.
With luminous efficacy expected to further increase from
100lm/W to 120lm/W by 2020, the cost of lighting will decrease
further to 0.05lm/W by 2020.

GDAE0138VPT /SEP 2012/ Page 3


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Figure 3: LED Lamp Market, Global, Average Luminous


Efficacy and Cost of Lighting, 20052020
140

0.40

120

0.35

5% 1%
6%

0.30

100

7%

7% 1%

8%

21%
37%

0.25

80

0.20
60

10%

$/lm

lm/W

Figure 4: LED Market, Global, Revenues by Application,


20112020

9%
14%

0.15
40

12%

0.10

20

0.05

0.00

11%
13%

12%

12%

2005

2010

2015

Average Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)

14%

2020

Cost of Unit Light ($/lm)

Source: GlobalData; The Climate Group, 2012

General Lighting

Personal Lighting

Projectors

Signs and Displays

Automotives

Cell Phones

Other Displays

LCD TV and Monitors

Laptops and Netbooks

Source: GlobalData; Yole, 2012

Table 4:

LED Lamp Market, Global, Average Luminous


Efficacy and Cost of Lighting, 20052020

Wattage (W)
Initial cost per lamp ($)
Lifespan (hours)
Average luminous
efficacy (lm/W)
Electricity charge ($ per
unit kWh)
$/lumen

Note - The inner pie depicts the revenue share in 2011 and the outer pie depicts
the revenue share in 2020.

2005

2010

2015

2020

15

15

15

15

10

0.8

0.4

50000

50000

50000

50000

20.6

100

110

120

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.338

0.086

0.055

0.05

Table 5:

LED application

Source: GlobalData; The Climate Group, 2012

3.5

LED Market, Global, Revenues by Application,


2011 - 2020

LED Market, Global, Revenues by


Application, 2011 - 2020

Share in 2011

Share in 2020

General lighting

21%

37%

Personal lighting

14%

12%

Projectors

14%

12%

Signs and displays

13%

11%

Automotives

12%

9%

Cell phones

10%

7%

Other displays

8%

6%

LCD TV and monitors

7%

5%

Laptops and netbooks

1%

1%

Source: GlobalData; Yole, 2012

LED revenues are generated mainly from general lighting. In


2011, LED sales in the general lighting sector accounted for
21% of total lighting revenues. The share of total LED lighting
revenue held by general lighting is expected to have increased
to 37% by 2020 (Yole, 2012). The high cost of LED lamps for
general lighting applications is one of the reasons that revenue
generation is high. General lighting is followed by other
applications such as personal lighting, use in projectors, sign
boards and use in electronic applications such as cell phones,
LCD monitors and laptops.

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

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3.6

About Light Emitting Diode Lamps

LEDs are a type of Solid State Lighting (SSL) that use


semiconductor technology. An LED light is a semiconductor
chip, which uses an LED driver to deliver steady power, thereby
improving electrical efficiency and performance. LED driver
electronics play an important role in helping manufacturers to
develop products with characteristics that can speed up the
mass acceptance of LED lighting.
LEDs deliver high output, low heat, very low energy
consumption and long life without any major environmental
downsides. LED lighting uses 80% less energy than traditional
lighting and reduces energy consumption by a further 40%
when used with energy management tools such as dimmers
and automatic on/off switches. The lamps also do not contain
any mercury or have slow warm-up times as is the case with
CFLs. Additionally, the lifetime of an average LED light is
around more than 15 years, compared to an incandescent bulb,
which has a lifetime of six months. Compared to CFL bulbs, an
LED is nearly three times more energy efficient and lasts six
times longer. LED lighting is also bright and abundantly varied
in terms of both colored and white light.

3.6.1

Types of Light Emitting Diode Lamps

LEDs can be classified by design, construction material and


emission levels, as follows:

Pinned LED: 5mm round-type pinned LEDs are the most


common, constructed from a metallic lead frame, onto
which the LED is placed. A body is then molded around the
lead frame forming the complete LED. There are many
variations, such as the diffused LED, which provides a wide
angle of light or the water-clear LED, which provides a
more directional beam. This type of LED is good for
general purposes, suitable for a wide range of applications,
easy to use and simple to assemble.
Surface-mounted LED: surface-mounted LEDs generally
have the smallest body into which a diode chip can be
mounted. They need to be fitted onto a Printed Circuit
Boards (PCBs), which can be rigid or flexible, and offer
wide view angles of light. They are ideal where space is a
premium factor.
Power LED: power LEDs or high light output LEDs are
mounted on some form of thermally-conductive material, as
this is needed to draw heat away from the LED die. Power
LEDs are the brightest kind manufactured and use large
die chips or multiple chips placed in a tight cluster to
achieve enhanced brightness. Applications include direct
illumination and use in sites which require very intense light
sources.

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

Chip on Board: the Chip on Board (CoB) model uses an


LED die bonded directly to a PCB or substrate and
eliminates the need for an LED body or lead frame onto
which the die must be soldered. Once bonded, the die is
covered in a clear protective resin, which sets and protects
the die from damage. CoBs are very low cost and are
suited to high volume applications. The structure allows for
the production of very small and intricate layouts.

3.6.2
3.6.2.1

Features of Light Emitting Diode Lamps


Efficiency

LEDs are the most efficient type of Energy Efficient Lighting


(EEL). The best modern white LEDs produce around 80
100lm/W when supplied at the rated current, whereas other
kinds of lighting used in modern LED products achieve only 20
45lm/W. Most of these white LEDs are slightly more efficient
when moderately underpowered and will usually be less
efficient when overpowered.
White LED light typically radiates 300lm/W. One efficient
prototype has 331lm/W radiation and only 91.7lm/W input,
equivalent to 27.7% efficiency in the conversion of electricity to
light. A further laboratory prototype of the white LED has
developed a 150lm/W model with a more desirable yellowish
shade of white (albeit more pure white than yellowish, with 4600
K color temperature) than the majority of white LEDs. This
prototype has an equivalent of 43% efficiency in the conversion
of electrical energy into light.
3.6.2.2

Light Output

LED light output varies according to the type of chip, the


encapsulation method, the efficiency of the individual wafer lots
and other variables. Luminous intensity is roughly proportional
to the amount of current supplied to the LED. The greater the
current, the higher the intensity. Generally, LEDs are designed
to operate at 20 milliamps (mA). However, operating current
must be reduced in relation to the amount of heat in the
application.
3.6.2.3

Dimming

Dimming LEDs is not as simple as with other efficient light


sources. The easiest method for dimming an LED array is to
decrease the forward current by using a variable resistor or
voltage regulator with a variable programmable output. A more
effective method is Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), which
works by rapidly turning the LED on and off. To produce an
increased dimming effect, the duration of the off period is
greater than the on period. Recent advances in microcontrollers
have created new opportunities for PWM LED dimming circuits.
The microcontroller program is customized and therefore
provides greater application flexibility.

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Table six provides a comparison of the features of different


types of lamps.
Table 6:

LED Lamp Market,Global, Average Luminous Efficacy and Cost of Lighting, 20052020

Features

Incandescent
lamps

Halogen lamps

CFL

HID lamps

LED lamps

Efficacy

1019lm/watt

1120lm/watt

4070lm/watt

Up to120lm/W

White: 80120lm/W; warm


white: 6580lm/W

Color Rendering
Index (CRI)

100

100

8090

1580

White: 6080; warm white: 90

Safety concerns

Very hot

Very hot; fire


hazards, risk of
explosion

Contains
mercury

Risk of explosion (MH


lamps); emission of UL rays
if jacket is cracked.

Very hot in operation

Dimmable

Yes, but much


lower efficacy

Yes, efficiency
decreases

Often not
dimmable

Yes

Yes, efficiency increases

Noise

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Switching lifetime

Poor

Poor

Good

Poor to good

Excellent

Colour tuneable

No

No

No

No

Yes

Source: GlobalData

3.6.3

LED Value Chain

The value chain for LED lighting consists of upstream,


midstream, and downstream.

Appendix

4.1

Abbreviations

Table 7:

In the initial, upstream stage, LED chips are manufactured and


packaged. In the midstream stage, the packaged LEDs are
mounted on PCBs, which integrate light modules with optics
and power management components. The downstream stage
creates the LED lighting fixture and the final system or solution.
Figure five depicts this chain.
Figure 5: LED Lamp Market, Global, Value Chain
UPSTREAM

Component
Production
(array, chip)

Packaged
LED

MIDSTREAM

LED packaged
on Printed
Circuits Boards

DOWNSTREAM

LED Lamps/
LED Modules

LED Luminaire

System/
Solutions

Acronyms

Expanded Form

CFL

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CoB

Chip on Board

CRI

Color Rendering Index

EEL

Energy Efficient Lighting

HID

high intensity discharge

kWh

kilowatt hour

LED

Light Emitting Diode

lm

Lumen

SSL

Solid State Lighting

Watt

Source: GlobalData

Source: GlobalData

4.2

Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

Abbreviations

Bibliography

Johnson, B (2012). Lamp drivers enable future residential


LED lighting. Hearst Electronic Products.
Available from:
http://www.fairchildsemi.com/collateral/technicalarticles/AEP2437_Eng_Elec_Prods.pdf

The Climate Group (2012). Lighting the Clean Revolution.


The Climate Group.
Available from:
http://thecleanrevolution.org/_assets/files/LED_report_web
1.pdf

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Yole (2012). LED Cost and Technology Trends: How to


enable massive adoption in general lighting. Yole
Development.
Available from:
http://semiconwest.org/sites/semiconwest.org/files/Eric%20
Virey_Yole.pdf

4.3

4.3.3

Methodology

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Improving Luminous Efficacy of LED Lamps to Propel the LED Lighting


Market

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