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xvii. The normality condition gives information about the sign of the
plastic strain increment.
xviii. Kinematic hardening contradicts the bauchingers effect.
xix. During a plastic process neutral loading is a characteristic of a
perfectly plastic material.
xx. Normality condition remains the same irrespective of whether the
plasticity formulation is a strain driven or stress driven process.
xxi. For strain softening type of materials the bifurcation
encountered after peak requires regularization of strains for
satisfying stability criteria
2. a. Write the basic governing equations for one-dimensional classical
rate-independent Plasticity for a combined Isotropic/Kinematic
hardening case. (PG.32)
b. Write the Return-Mapping Algorithm for the above case PG.58
c. Derive the tangent modulus for this case. (PG.31,32)
3. Write the incremental stress-strain relations and derive the
expression for elasto-plastic constitutive matrix (ET) for a one
dimensional bar subjected to axial force at its free end.
4. A bar with two fixed ends is subjected to an axial force P at the point
with the left-end distance equal to a and the right- end distance equal
to b and a<b, as shown in the figure-1. The bar is made of an elasticperfectly plastic material with yield stress y. The axial force P is first
increased from zero until plastic flow occurs in the entire bar, and
then is unloaded to zero, followed by a reloading in the reverse
direction.
a. Determine the elastic and plastic limit loads Pe and Pp during the
loading.
b. Determine the residual stress and plastic strain in the bar when the
axial load P is unloaded to zero.
c. Determine the plastic limit load Pp during the reverse loading.
d. Sketch the P vs. u curve for the complete load-reversed load cycle
for the case b = 2a, where u is the axial displacement of the bar at
the load point.
Figure-1
5. Derive the expression of the scalar factor d for a general elasticperfectly plastic material using the associated flow rule, such that
= 0 +m , 0
E , < 0