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DC Machines
Introduction
DC machines are used in applications requiring a wide range
of speeds by means of various combinations of their field
windings
Types of DC machines:
Separately-excited
Shunt
Series
Compound
DC
Machines
Motoring
Generating
Mode
Mode
1. Construction of DC Machines
Construction of DC Machines
Copper commutator segment
and carbon brushes are used
for:
(i) for mechanical rectification
of induced armature emfs
(ii) for taking stationary armature
terminals from a moving member
Electrical Analogy
B f B peak sin( )
Mean air gap flux per pole: avg / pole Bavg A per
pole
Flux linkage a:
with 0= 0
ea
(t ) r t 0
Ea
0 ea ( t )dt
r Navg / pole
In general:
E a K g f r
nr
nr: shaft-speed in revolutions per minute (rpm)
60
f elec
P nr Pnr
2 60 120
avg / pole
Ea
P: number of poles
2
2 B peak r
P
P 2
N r avg / pole K g f r
2
A four-pole DC machine
dM fa
1 2 dL f 1 2 dLa
if
ia
i f ia
2
d
2 d
d
Te i f ia
dM fa
cos
M fa M
i i
Te M
f a
Alternatively, electromagnetic torque Te can be derived from power conversion equations
Pmech Pelec
Ea K g f m
Te m Ea I a
Te m K g f m I a
Te K g f I a
Te K g K f I f I a
where
f K f If
(a) separately-excited
(c) shunt
(b) series
(d) compound
Pmech
Pout
Pf & w
E a K g f m
Kg
E a Vt
p Ca
2 a
p : number of poles
Ca : total number of conductors in armature winding
a : number of parallel paths through armature winding
Pmech 0, Te 0 and m 0
E a Vt
Te and m are in the opposite direction
Pmech 0, Te 0 and m 0
Generating mode
Field excited by If (dc)
Rotor is rotated by a mechanical prime-mover at m.
As a result Ea and Ia are generated
3. Analysis of DC Generators
Separately-Excited DC Generator
also
Vt E a I a ra
where
E a K g f m
Vt I L R L
where
I L Ia
10
11
E a K g f m
where
f K f I f
Ea K d If m
where
Kd K g K f
K d i f m La Lf
di f
ra rf i f
dt
K d m I f ( s ) La Lf sI f ( s ) ra rf I f ( s ) La Lf I f0
So the time domain solution is given by
if ( t ) I f0
r r K dm
a f
La Lf
e
12
if ( t ) I f0
r r K dm
a f
La Lf
e
Ia= If + IL
Vt= Ea - ra Ia = rf If
Ea= ra Ia + rf If
Ea= (ra + rf) If + ra IL
Load line of electrical circuit
13
Series DC Generator
also
Vt E a I a ( ra rs )
where
E a K g f m
Vt I L R L
and
I L Ia I s
Compound DC Generators
(a) Short-shunt connected compound DC generator
also
Vt E a I a ra I s rs
where
E a K g f m
Vt I L R L
and
IL Is
and
Ia If Is
14
also
Vt E a I a ra rs
where
E a K g f m
Vt I L R L
and
I L Ia If
and
Ia Is
Types of Compounding
(i) Cumulatively-compounded DC generator (additive compounding)
Fd Ff Fs
field
mmf
shunt
field
mmf
series
field
mmf
for linear M.C. (or in the linear region of the magnetization curve, i.e. unsaturated magnetic circuits)
d f s
Fd Ff Fs
for linear M.C. (or in the linear region of the magnetization curve, i.e. unsaturated magnetic circuits)
d f s
Differentially-compounded generator is not used in practical, as it exhibits
poor voltage regulation
15
16
Examples
1.
1.5
2.5
Ea (V)
165
200
230
250
260
285
300
310
2.
17
Solution:
a)
b)
3.
18
Solution:
a)
b) (i)
b) (ii)
4. Analysis of DC Motors
DC motors are adjustable speed motors. A wide range of torquespeed characteristics (Te-m) is obtainable depending on the motor
types given below:
Series DC motor
Separately-excited DC motor
Shunt DC motor
Compound DC motor
19
DC Motors Overview
(a) Series DC Motors
20
21
DC Motors
(a) Series DC Motors
E a K g f m
Electromagnetic torque:
Te K g f I a
Vt E a I a ( ra rs )
Ia I s
f K f Is
Te K g f I a
f K f Is
Te K g K f I s I a
Ia I s
Te K d I a2
K g f K d I a
Ea
V I a ra rs
t
K g f
K g f
E a K g f m , Vt E a I a ( ra rs )
Vt I a ra rs
K d Ia
K g f K d I a
E a K d I a m Vt I a ra rs
Ia
Te
E a K g f m
Vt
K d m ra rs
K d Vt 2
K d m ra rs
Te K d I a2
22
Te
K d Vt 2
K d m ra rs 2
thus
Te
m2
overspeeding!
E a K g f m
Electromagnetic torque:
Te K g f I a
Vt E a I a ra
f K f If
23
Vt E a I a ra
Vt K g f m
Te ra
K g f
Vt
Te ra
m
K g f
K g f
ra
Vt
K g f
K g f
E a K g f m ,
Te
Te K g f I a
m 0 K l Te
Slope:
Kl
ra
K g f 2
Vt
K g f
very small!
E a K g f m
Electromagnetic torque:
Te K g f I a
Vt E a I a ra
f K f If
24
Vt E a I a ra
Vt K g f m
Te ra
K g f
Vt
Te ra
m
K g f
K g f
ra
Vt
K g f
K g f
E a K g f m ,
Te
Te K g f I a
m 0 K l Te
Slope:
Kl
Vt
K g f
ra
K g f 2
very small!
m 0 K l Te
Note that: In the shunt DC motors, if suddenly the field terminals are
disconnected from the power supply, while the motor was running,
overspeeding problem will occur
E a K g f m
so
f 0 m
overspeeding!
25
i.
m 0 K l Te
Te K g f I a
Vt
K g f
Vt 0 ,
Vt E a I a ra
Te
26
ii.
m 0 K l Te
Te K g f I a
f K f I f
Vt
K g f
Te
27
i.
Ea
K g f
rt
ii.
Te K g f I a
E a K g f m
Ea , m
Vt E a
ra ( rs || rd )
rs || rd rs
rd
Ea
K g f
I s ,
E a K g f m
f K f Is
I a ,
f ,
28
iii.
VTh
R2
Vt
R1 R2
RTh R1 || R2
Vt
E a , m
If the load increases, Te and Ia increases and Ea decreases, thus motor speed m drops down more.
Ex1:
a)
29
Soln:
a)
For Ia = 36 A
Ea VT I a ra 125 36 0.37 112 V
Thus
As Ea = Kg f m and f is constant
Ea 2
nr 2
1000
E a1
112 97.1 V
nr 1
1150
Ea1 m1 nr 1
Ea 2 m 2 nr 2
Pconv 2 3.14k
32.3 A
Ea 2
97.1
30
Ex2: A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm DC shunt motor with compensating windings has
an armature resistance (including the brushes, compensating windings, and
interpoles) of 0.06 . Its field circuit has a total resistance Radj + RF of 50 ,
which produces a no-load speed of 1200 rpm. The shunt field winding has
1200 turns per pole.
a) Find the motor speed when its input current is 100 A.
b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200 A.
c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300 A.
d) Plot the motor torque-speed characteristic.
Solution:
VT
250
100
95 A
RF
50
EA2
244.3
n1
1200 1173rpm
E A1
250
31
b) Similar computations for the input current of 200 A lead to n2 = 1144 rpm.
c) Similar computations for the input current of 300 A lead to n2 = 1115 rpm.
d) At no load, the torque is zero.
For the input current of 100 A: ind
For the input current of 200 A: ind
For the input current of 300 A: ind
190N - m
2 1173 / 60
2383 195
388N - m
2 1144 / 60
2323 295
587 N - m
2 1115 / 60
EA I A
The torque-speed
characteristic of the motor is:
Ex3: A 100 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm DC shunt motor with an armature resistance of
0.03 and a field resistance of 41.67 . The motor has compensating
windings, so armature reactance can be ignored. Mechanical and core losses
may be ignored also. The motor is driving a load with a line current of 126 A
and an initial speed of 1103 rpm. Assuming that the armature current is constant
and the magnetization curve is
a) What is the motor speed if the field
resistance is increased to 50 ?
b) Calculate the motor speed as a function
of the field resistance, assuming a
constant-current load.
c) Assuming that the motor next is
connected as a separately excited and
is initially running with VA = 250 V,
IA = 120 A and at n = 1103 rpm while
supplying a constant-torque load,
estimate the motor speed if VA is
reduced to 200 V.
32
Soln:
shunt
a) For the given initial line current of 126 A, the initial armature current will be
I A1 I L1 I F 1 126
250
120 A
41.67
Therefore, the initial generated voltage for the shunt motor will be
E A1 VT I A1 RA 250 120 0.03 246.4V
After the field resistance is increased to 50 , the new field current will be
IF 2
250
5 A
50
E A1 K11 1n1
Since the armature current is assumed constant, EA1 = EA2 and, therefore
n2
1n1
2
The values of EA on the magnetization curve are directly proportional to the flux.
Therefore, the ratio of internal generated voltages equals to the ratio of the fluxes within
the machine. From the magnetization curve, at IF = 5A, EA1 = 250V, and at IF = 6A,
EA1 = 268V. Thus:
n2
250
2
EA2
33
separately excited
E A1 VT 1 I A1 RA
Since
E A 2 K22 2 n2
E A1 K11 1n1
n2
VT 2 I A2 RA
200 120 0.03
1103 879rpm
n1
250 120 0.03
VT 1 I A1 RA
Ex4: A 250-V series dc motor with compensating windings. and a total series
resistance ra + rs of 0.08 . The series field consists of 25 turns per pole.
with the magnetization curve (at 1200 rpm) shown below.
a) Find the speed and induced torque of
this motor for when its armature current
is 50 A.
b) Calculate the efficiency of the motor
34
Soln:
a)
To analyze the behavior of a series motor with saturation. pick points along the
operating curve and find the torque and speed for each point. Notice that the
magnetization curve is given in units of magnetomotive force (ampere-turns) versus
Ea for a speed of 1200 r/min. so calculated Ea values must be compared to the
equivalent values at 1200 r /min to deternine the actual motor speed.
For Ia = 50 A
Ea
246
nr 0
1200 3690 rpm
Ea 0
80
To find the induced torque supplied by the motor at that speed, recall that
Pconv = Ea Ia = Tem. Therefore,
Te
b)
Ea I a
246 50
31.8 Nm
2 3690 / 60
Efficiency is given by the ratio of the output and input power values. Thus,
%
246 50
Pout
T
E I
100 e m 100 a a 100
100 98.4%
250 50
Pin
Vt I t
Vt I t
35