CCST9016 Energy: Its Evolution and Environmental Impact

http://me.hku.hk/bse/CCST9016/

Energy efficient technologies (HOW)

Dr. Sam C. M. Hui

Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail: cmhui@hku.hk
http://web.hku.hk/~cmhui

Oct 2015

Contents
Energy Efficiency Strategies
Passive Design
Lighting Technologies
Air Conditioning Systems

Energy Efficiency Strategies

Possible benefits from energy efficiency:

Improved building design and operation

Better working environments
Life-cycle cost savings
Added market value of buildings
Reduced CO2 emissions and consumption of finite
fossil fuels
Reduced capital cost by better integration of
building fabric and systems

Design of the built environment

Shelter
Outdoor
Environment

Do you know
how to design
energy efficient
buildings?

Human
Environment

Energy demand and energy use by

the building and its building systems

Energy supply
to the building

Energy Efficiency Strategies

Aims:
Use of technologies and their innovative
integration in buildings to assist energy use
minimisation
Demand side energy issues and energy supply
options, especially renewable energy technologies

Hints for successful application:

Understand the technical properties & limitations
Balance between economics and other factors

Energy Efficiency Strategies

Design strategies:
Minimise thermal loads & energy requirements
e.g. by reducing heat gains from equipment

Optimise window design & fabric thermal storage

Integrate architectural & engineering design

Promote efficiency in building services systems

Use of heat recovery & free cooling methods
Energy efficient lighting design & control
High-efficiency mechanical & electrical systems

Adopt total energy approach (e.g. district cooling,

combined heat & power)

Passive Design
Passive design ()
Design the building and the spaces within it to
benefit from natural light, ventilation and even
temperatures
Ensure the fabric of the building and the spaces
within it respond effectively to local climate and
site conditions in order to maximise comfort for
the occupants

(Source: www.level.org.nz/passive-design/)

Passive Design
Key factors of passive design:

Climate and site analysis

Solar design and shading control
Correct orientation and use of windows
Use of thermal mass and insulation
Provision for ventilation (natural)

Further reading:
Passive Cooling in Tropical Climates
http://www.btsquarepeg.com/sustainable/energy/passiv
e-cooling-in-tropical-climates/

Dry-bulb temperature patterns in Hong Kong

What date/time is the hottest?

Relative humidity patterns in Hong Kong

What date/time is most humid?

Building designers
should consider all
these to achieve
better energy
efficiency.

(Source: Energy Efficiency in Buildings: CIBSE Guide F)

Heat transmission through building envelope

(reduce heat flow/gain => reduce cooling energy)
(reduce heat loss in winter => reduce heating energy)

Qwc
(wall
conduction)

Qgs
(glass solar)

Qgc
(glass
conduction)

Shading devices (external and internal) for sun control

(reduce direct sun light => reduce cooling energy & glare)

Louvers

Overhang

Drapes and
curtains

Awnings

Venetian
blinds

Shutters

Roller
shades

Advanced window and insulation technology

(reduce solar heat gain => reduce cooling energy)

Low-e (emissivity)
glazing

Gas filled panel (high

performance insulation)

Examples of passive cooling designs

(promote passive & natural cooling => reduce mechanical energy)

Thermal chimney

Natural ventilation

(See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_cooling and http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/)

Examples of passive cooling designs

Prevailing wind
Promote wind
effect by wing walls

Venting a thermal mass wall

Typical techniques for passive house

(See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house)

Examples of passive cooling designs (cooling by evaporation)

Passive cooling using a roof spraying system (Japan)

Examples of passive cooling designs

(outdoor fresh air cooled by the earth before entering the building)

Earth tube cooling (Japan)

Examples of green building design features/issues in Hong Kong

Rooftop
greening

Solar energy
systems

Sun shades

Building
setback
(Source: www.susdev.org.hk)

Urban
greenery

Building
separation

Lighting Technologies
Energy efficient lighting design strategies:

1. Promotion of natural daylighting

2. Use of energy efficient lamps and luminaires
3. Switching and control of artificial light
4. Combination of general and task lighting
5. Electric lighting integrated with daylight
6. Proper room surfaces and space design

Daylighting design and control

Energy efficient
fittings (e.g. compact
fluorescent lamps)

Lighting controls and

interactions with windows

Energy efficient lighting design strategies

Daylight contribution and lamps control

Daylighting Example:
CSAA Office Building,
Antioch, California
- photo controls automatically
turn lights on off and adjust
light louvers to maintain
designed lighting level
- also incorporates occupancy
sensors to provide light when
needed to occupied areas.

Which of the following window patterns will give

better daylighting in a room? (the total area of
window glazing is the same in each case)

A.

B.

Window

Window
Wall

Wall

C.

D.
Window
Wall

Wall Window

Light tube system

This can help to direct daylight into building interior

Light pipe system

Vertical
light
pipe

Horizontal
light pipe

Lighting Technologies
Typical lighting controls

Switches
Occupancy sensing
Scheduling (timeclocks)
Daylight dimming
Tuning
Preset dimming
Building management

Remember: switch off unnecessary lights!

Which ones are more energy efficient?

Various light sources for general lighting

(Source: Advanced Lighting Guidelines 2001)

Higher efficacy => better energy efficient

Historical and predicted efficacy of light sources

(Source: US Department of Energy)

Lighting Technologies
Video: Energy 101: Light Bulbs (4:47)
http://youtu.be/Pk60-D61h34
Our animated correspondent, Little Lee Patrick
Sullivan, kicks off our Energy 101 series with
an inside look -- literally -- at light bulb
technology. He goes inside an incandescent, a
compact fluorescent and an LED bulb to see what
makes them work, and their potential drawbacks.

Evolution of light bulbs

Edison
lamp

Incandescent Compact
lamp
fluorescent
lamp

LED lamp

Lighting Technologies
Fluorescent lamp:
Advantages

Do you know what is T5 lamp?

High efficiency
Super efficacy at high frequency operation
Wide range of colour choices

Disadvantages
T12

Require ballast
Temperature sensitivity
T3

(See also: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lat5/pc1.asp)

T5

T8

Lighting Technologies
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
Advantages

CFL = energy
saving lamp

Compact size
High efficacy
High CRI
Long life
Dimmable (some)
High frequency operation
Excellent lumen maintenance

Disadvantages

Position sensitive
Thermal sensitivity
Require ballast
Higher initial cost (over incandescent)

Lighting Technologies
Light emitting diode (LED)
Produces light by electroluminescence at low
voltage p-n junction (e.g. indicator lights)
Development of white light & high output LEDs
enables wider use in lighting systems

Examples of LED lamp application

Lighting Technologies
Light emitting diode (LED)
Advantages

Disadvantages

Focused, directional light

Low power consumption
Need different optics design
Long lasting (long useful life)
May need heat sink (thermal
Durable (withstand impact & vibration)
management)
Cool (little heat produced)
Modular design & compact size
Controllability (colour balance & intensity)
Instant on, frequent switching
No annoying flicker
Low cost of manufacture
No ultraviolet & infrared radiation
Mercury free

LED candles

Lighting Technologies
Solid state lighting (SSL)
Emits light from semi-conductor (solid)
Good
potential
for future
lighting

Light emitting diode (LED)

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)
Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED)

Advantages:
Low power consumption
Reduced heat generation
Greater resistance to shock, vibration, and wear

Lighting Technologies
Video: OLED Light from small molecules
(9:29) (International Year of Light 2015)
http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/fields-ofresearch/2015-international-year-of-the-light.html
The Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics,
Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP in Dresden
develops innovative lighting and displays based on
organic light emitting diodes (OLED). Fluorescent
wallpaper, designer lamps, rollup screens are just a few
examples that are feasible with OLED technology.
(See also: GE OLEDs: The Future of Lighting (3:30) http://youtu.be/_Qyodldq_0I)

Have you
examined
the airconditioner
at your
home? It is
using most
of the
electricity.

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioner)

Example of HVAC (heating,

ventilating and air
conditioning) system -aiming to remove heat and
maintain human comfort

(Source: EnergyWitts newsletter, EMSD)

Air Conditioning Systems

Energy efficient air-conditioning systems
Key factors:

Thermal comfort criteria

Load calculation methods and design conditions
System characteristics
Equipment and plant operation (part-load)

Other factors
Heat recovery equipment
Energy management system
Thermal energy storage

Air Conditioning Systems

Energy efficient air-conditioning systems

System design & controls

Thermal comfort &

design conditions

Plant efficiency
& operation

Too hot

Too cold

Japanese Energy Strategy: Hawaiian Shirts

"Super Cool Biz" campaign (dress casual can reduce cooling needs)

(Source: The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com)

Free cooling methods in HVAC system*

Enthalpy
line

(a) Air-side free cooling/economiser cycle

- intake more outdoor air when
its enthalpy (energy content)
is lower than indoor air
- save energy in cooling systems by
using natural cool outdoor air

(*See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_cooling)

(b) Water-side free cooling or

free refrigeration
- chiller bypass when
the system water can be
cooled by ambient
- save energy in refrigeration
or chiller plant

Waste heat recovery e.g. double bundle heat recovery chiller

Strategy: use of heat recovery

Make use of waste heat

from condenser to
produce warm/hot water
or for heating the space.

- Waste heat = dumped heat that can

still be reused
- Waste heat recovery saves fuel
(*See also: http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/energyequipment/ee_ts_wasteheatrecovery.html)

District cooling system (DCS)

Strategy: total energy approach

Individual buildings

Centralised
refrigeration
plant

>> Do you know what are the advantages of DCS?

(*See also: http://www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk/en/building/district_cooling_sys/)
(Video: District Cooling System (5:58) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDY32Chx6Gg)

Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as cogeneration,

reduces energy use by 30%

Further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration

(Source: www.revival-eu.net)

A typical trigeneration system (cool + heat + electricity)

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration)

Air Conditioning Systems

Zero energy building (ZEB)
A building that produces as much energy on-site
as it consumes on an annual basis
Net zero energy building

Advantages of ZEB:
Reduce energy consumption and costs
Reduce carbon emissions
Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
(*See also: Zero Carbon Building in HK, http://zcb.hkcic.org)

Air Conditioning Systems

Video: Achieving Net-Zero-Energy Buildings
- ASHRAE (2:05)
http://youtu.be/pQFJr5E7_R0
By American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
1. Building envelope measures
2. HVAC, service water heating and lighting
measures
3. Renewable energy measures

Further Reading
Passive Design
www.level.org.nz/passive-design/

Passive Cooling in Tropical Climates

http://www.btsquarepeg.com/sustainable/energy/p
assive-cooling-in-tropical-climates/

Energy Efficient Lighting (Eartheasy.com)

http://eartheasy.com/live_energyeff_lighting.htm

HVAC Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC