Emona A City of The Empire

Ulina tabla Rimska cesta / Street sign Rimska cesta,
kovina / metal, 43 x 70 cm, 19902012, MGML, 510:LJU;0055983
19 EUR
MESTO V IMPERIJU
A CITY OF THE EMPIRE
9 789616 509381
Kip Emonca (kopija, detajl) / The Emonan statue (copy, detail),

mavec / plaster of Paris, 54 x 150 x 35 cm, MGML, G0000006
43
Emona: mesto v imperiju Emona: A City of the Empire

Bernarda upanek
44
Mesto je hkrati artefakt in intitucija, je fizina oblika ter
A city is both an artefact and an institution; it is simultaneously a
set pravil in praks, kako iveti v njem. Kot tako je mesto
physical structure and a set of rules and directions on how to live in
ena najbolj izjemnih in trajnih lovekovih stvaritev. Na ob-
it. As such, a city is one of the most remarkable and lasting human
moju dananje Slovenije se je prvi pojavilo v asu rimske
creations. In the territory of present-day Slovenia, cities first ap-
ekspanzije, ob zaetku 1. tisoletja naega tetja.
peared during the time of Roman expansion, i.e. at the beginning of
Rimski imperij si lahko predstavljamo kot mreo mest,
the 1st millennium AD.
relativno samostojnih upravnih enot za svoja obmoja,
The Roman Empire may be seen as a network of cities, i.e. rela-
dobro povezanih s srediem imperija, Rimom (sl. 1). Vsaka
tively autonomous administrative units involving their territories, all
mestna skupnost je bila del civiliziranega in privilegirane-
of them closely connected with the centre of the Empire, the city of
ga rimskega sveta. Urbane oblike, ki so bile generirane v
Rome (Fig. 1). Each civic community was part of a civilised and privi-
Italiji in kasneje posvojene ter prilagojene v provincah,
leged Roman world. The urban forms initially generated in Italy and
Sl.1 : Emona na tabuli Peutingeriani; na desni Rim. Ta in drugi itinerariji kaejo gosto, s potnimi postajami opremljeno mreo cest med mesti in naselji.
Uinkovit komunikacijski sistem je omogoal hitro potovanje sporoil, ukazov in dobrin po ogromnem imperiju.
Fig. 1: Emona on the Tabula Peutingeriana; Rome is shown on the right. This itinerary along with others reveals a dense network of roads between cities
and towns with numerous post stations. This efficient communications system facilitated the prompt circulation of messages, orders and goods across the
vast Empire (Vir / Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/TabulaPeutingeriana.jpg, 25. 11. 2013).
so imele tevilne skupne poteze, eprav ne uniformne ali
later adopted and adjusted in the provinces had many character-
univerzalne. Rimska mesta so bila normativna oblika dru-
istics in common, but were nevertheless not uniform or universal.
bene, politine in administrativne organizacije v rimskem
Roman cities represented a normative form of social, political and
imperiju. Monumentalna, impresivna mesta, kot je bila v
administrative organisation of the Roman Empire. Monumental, im-
lokalnem merilu tudi Emona, so bila sredia moi in pri-
pressive cities like Emona albeit on a local scale were hubs of
vilegijev, sredia kulture in znanja, del imperialne ideo-
power and privilege, centres of culture and knowledge, components
logije, del podob nadvlade, moi, podob civilizacije, ki jih
of the imperial ideology making up an imagery of supremacy and
je imperij kazal podlonikom. V ogromnem imperiju, ki se
power, a concept of civilisation the Empire was displaying to its sub-
je raztezal od Britanije in panije do Egipta in Sirije, so bila
jects. Being capable of spreading a typically Roman lifestyle, cities
mesta tisti intrument, ki je skrbel za homogenost, saj so
were instrumental in providing homogeneity across the huge empire
omogoala iritev tipino rimskega naina ivljenja.
stretching from Britain and Spain to Egypt and Syria.
Rimsko mesto: urbanizem kot ideologija
Roman city: urbanism as an ideology
Rimsko mesto je bilo za sodobnike simbol ter hkrati defini-
Contemporaries regarded Roman cities as an emblem and a defini-
cija civilizacije: medtem ko barbari ive v vaseh, na posa-
tion of civilisation:1 whereas barbarians lived in villages, on isolated
meznih kmetijah ali kot transhumanni nomadi, civilizirani
farms or as transhumance nomads, civilised people dwelled in cities.
ljudje ivijo v mestih. Urbana identiteta rimskega mesta je
The urban identity of a Roman city sprang from its role and political
izhajala iz njegove vloge in politinega statusa glavnega
status as the dominant administrative centre of a civic community.
administrativnega centra mestne skupnosti, hkrati pa je
However, urban identity was also judged on the basis of the citys
bila presojana glede na videz mesta in e posebej glede na
appearance, and particularly its public buildings. The latter could,
Strab. 4. 1. 5; Tac. Agr. 21; Germ. 16.
Strab. 4. 1. 5; Tac. Agr. 21; Germ. 16.
45
74. Vejnik / Pruning hook, elezo / iron, 28,5 x 4,7 cm, rimski as / Roman period, Arhej, d. o. o., PN 1393 75. Sekira / Axe, elezo / iron, 20 x 6,5 x 6 cm,
rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0057232 76. Sekira / Axe, elezo / iron, 18 x 14,5 x 4,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0057619
(zbirka druine Potonik / Potonik family collection)
njegove javne zgradbe. Te so lahko imele, kot kae zna-
as can be inferred from the famous remarks by Pausanias, carry al-
ni Pavzanijev odlomek, skoraj toliko tee pri presoji o ur-
most as much weight in judgements of the urbanitas of the settle-
banitas nekega naselja kot sam politini status nekega
ment in question as its political status.2 Writing in the 2nd century AD,
naselja. Pavzanij, ki pie v 2. stoletju, namre okleva, ali
Pausanias doubts whether Panopeus in Phocis can really be called a
lahko Panopeju v Fokidi ree polis, mesto, saj mu manjkajo
polis, a city, as it lacks the essential elements: civic buildings, thea-
bistvene stvari: mestne javne zgradbe, gledalie, fonta-
tres, public fountains etc. In line with the Roman concept of cities,
ne itd. Rimska konceptualizacija mest je namre zahteva-
each city had to have a monumental centre with public buildings in
la, da mora mesto imeti monumentalno sredie z javnimi
order to perform its functions in political, religious and social life.
zgradbami, ki ga je nujno potrebovalo za opravljanje funkcij v politinem, religioznem in drubenem ivljenju.

Poleg civiliziranosti in prefinjenosti je mesto e posebej
Apart from being a symbol of sophistication and civilisation, the

city in particular stood for romanitas, i.e. Romanness. Thus, Tacitus
in his Germania conveys just how barbarous and alien Germans were
simboliziralo romanitas, rimskost: Tacit v Germaniji prikae
by describing how they did not live in cities.3 The ideology of Roman
barbarskost, tujost Germanov tako, da pove, da ne ivijo v
urbanism thus privileged one form of dwelling over any other. It was
mestih. Ideologija rimskega urbanizma je legitimirala le en
through the discourse of Roman urbanism that contemporaries
nain bivanja in zmanjevala vrednost drugih. S pomojo
judged the world: levels of civilisation were measured by how urban
diskurza rimskega urbanizma so sodobniki presojali svet: o
a people were. 4 The Roman concept of urbanism not only encom-
nivojih civilizacije so sodili glede nato, kako urbana je bila
passed dwelling, but also the correct way of inhabiting a city: politi-
neka skupina.4 Rimski koncept urbanizma namre ni po-
cal participation and responsibility, communal events in religion and
krival zgolj bivanja, ampak pravilen nain ivljenja v me-
public spectacles, and the wealth of the community being reflected
stu: politino udelebo in odgovornost, skupne religiozne
in public monuments and buildings.5
dogodke in javne spektakle, javne spomenike in zgradbe, v

katerih se kae bogastvo skupnosti.
Mesto (oziroma mestna skupnost) je bil tudi nain de-
A city (or a civic community) further represented the way the

Empire operated and was the basic administrative unit in its entire
territory which was either accepted by the inhabitants or simply im-
lovanja imperija, osnovna administrativna enota na nje-
posed upon them. Leaders of such a community managed the ter-
govem celotnem obmoju, ki so jo prebivalci spreje-
ritory belonging to the city (ager) and its people on behalf of Rome.
li ali pa jim je bila vsiljena. Vodje te enote so upravljali
Administration of the civic community had its centre in the city, in
mestu pripadajoe ozemlje (ager) in ljudi v imenu Rima.
which the local elites assembled, taking care of local matters, con-
Administracija mestne skupnosti je imela sredie v me-
necting with the central government in Rome and administering
stu, kjer se je lokalna elita zbirala, skrbela za lokalne
other settlements situated in the territory of the civic community
zadeve, se povezovala s centralno vlado v Rimu ter ad-
concerned.
ministrirala tudi ostala naselja na obmoju te mestne

skupnosti.
Ker je bilo rimsko mesto tako pomembno za organizacijo
Because the Roman city was instrumental in organising the

Empire, it is its administrative role that is most often emphasised.
The network of cities therefore mainly seems to have served admin-
imperija, se pogosto poudarja predvsem njegova admini-
istrative and fiscal purposes; however, this no longer applies from at
strativna vloga. Zato je videti, da je mrea mest predvsem
least the Augustan period on. With the emergence of the Principate,
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
Goodman 2007, str. 10ss.

Goodman 2007, str. 10.
Revell 2009, str. 76.
Goodman 2007, p. 10ff.

Goodman 2007, p. 10.
Revell 2009, p. 76.
Revell 2009, p. 76.
46
77. Sekira / Axe, elezo / iron, 20,5 x 13,7 x 4,8 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0057620 (zbirka druine Potonik / Potonik family
collection) 78. Sekira / Axe, elezo / iron, 17,5 x 16,3 x 4,2 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0057623 (zbirka druine Potonik / Potonik
family collection) 79. Sekira / Axe, elezo / iron, 18,2 x 3,9 x 3,9 cm, rimski as / Roman period, Arhej, d. o. o., PN 2904
sluila kot administrativno in fiskalno orodje, kar pa vsaj
urbanisation, imperial ideology and state/political architecture were
od avgustejskega asa naprej ne dri ve. Zaetek princi-
both legally and financially supported and promoted,6 with the city
pata je bil as, ko so bili urbanizacija, imperialna ideologija
becoming a systematic and specific element of Roman imperialism.7
in dravna oziroma politina arhitektura deleni mone

pravne in finanno podpore ter promocije,6 in od takrat na-
Building the colony of Emona: ritual and politics
prej je mesto predvsem sistematien in namenski element
The Roman system of colonisation maintained and promoted the
rimskega imperializma.7
power of the state. Through colonisation, the growing population and

the discharged solders obtained land. Moreover, colonies were used
Gradnja kolonije Emone: ritual in politika
as a tool for enforcing order and stability on the newly conquered
Rimski sistem kolonizacije je podpiral in iril mo drave.
territories. By controlling and politically subjugating these territories
Rastoe prebivalstvo in upokojeno vojatvo so s koloniza-
the colonists, who can be considered true agents of the Roman way
cijo dobili zemljo, hkrati pa so kolonije delovale kot eno od
of life, usually did not take long to make them an integral part of their
orodij za vzpostavljanje reda in stabilnosti na novo zase-
social and cultural world.
denih obmojih. Slednje so kolonisti, neposredni nosilci
The time of building the colony of Emona coincides with one of the
rimskega naina ivljenja, kontrolirali, jih politino pokorili
most exciting and historically significant moments in Romes politi-
in obiajno hitro vpeli v svoj drubeno-kulturni svet.
cal history. After Augustus had emerged victorious from many years
as gradnje kolonije Emone sovpada z enim najbolj raz-
of civil wars (in 31 BC), a period of stability dawned for Rome un-
burljivih in prelomnih obdobij politine zgodovine Rima. Po
der his rule. The rebellious Alpine tribes had been subjugated, the
Avgustovi zmagi v dolgoletnih dravljanskih vojnah (leta
Empires borders were consolidated and the provinces were peaceful.
31 pr. n. t.) je za Rim pod njegovim vodstvom napoil as
The necessary administrative reforms, religious changes and major
stabilnosti. Uporna alpska plemena so bila pokorjena,
architectural projects had been carried out across the Empire and in
meje imperija utrjene, province mirne. Vpeljani so bili nuj-
Rome itself. For the purpose of consolidating the new political sys-
ne administrativne reforme, verske spremembe ter veliki
tem, a new political-ideological programme was launched and con-
arhitekturni projekti po imperiju in v Rimu. Za konsolidacijo
tinuously enforced, promoting this period as a golden age of peace,
novega politinega sistema je bil vzpostavljen in kontinu-
prosperity and consolidation of the old Republican virtues, with
irano uveljavljan nov politino-ideoloki program, ki je to
Augustus himself standing as the only possible and divinely legiti-
obdobje promoviral kot zlato dobo miru, razcveta in uve-
mised ruler.8
ljavitve starih republikanskih vrlin, Avgusta samega pa kot

edinega monega in od bogov potrjenega vladarja.8
Augustus reorganisation of the provinces encouraged considerable urban development in the western part of the Empire, mani-
Avgustova reorganizacija provinc je spodbudila znaten
fested in both the existing cities being renovated and new colonies
urbani razvoj v zahodnem delu imperija, tako obnov obsto-
being planted; Augustus himself boasted to have founded as many
jeih mest kot novih kolonij; Avgust sam se je pohvalil, da
as 26 colonies in Italy.9 Colonies, i.e. settlements of Roman citizens,
jih je v Italiji ustanovil kar estindvajset. Kolonije, naselja
enjoyed a special legal status in relation to Rome and were sub-
rimskih dravljanov, so imele poseben pravni status v od-
ject to an administrative order designed precisely on the model of
nosu do Rima in upravno ureditev, zasnovano neposredno
the administrative order governing the capital. Colonies were built
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
Hussler 1999, str. 11.

Prim. Whittaker 1997; Hussler 1999; Revell 2009.
Prim. Zanker 1990.
Res Gestae, 28.
Hussler 1999, p. 11.

Cf. Whittaker 1997; Hussler 1999; Revell 2009.
Cf. Zanker 1990.
Res Gestae, 28.
47
80. Sekira-kramp / Pickaxe, elezo / iron, 46 x 11 x 5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0057633 (zbirka druine Potonik / Potonik family
collection) 81. Novec / Coin, srebro / silver, d 1,7 cm, 4746 pr. n. t. / 4746 BC, MGML, 510:LJU;0048847 82. Novec / Coin, bron / bronze, d 2,4 cm, 17
pr. n. t. / 17 BC, MGML, 510:LJU;0060377
na upravni ureditvi glavnega mesta. Bile so grajene po
according to a uniform model, using the ritual ploughing of the bor-
enotnem modelu, z ritualnim oranjem meja mestnega po-
ders of the citys pomerium, and had the standard topography and
merija, s standardno topografijo in infrastrukturo. Kolonije
infrastructure. Colonies had a privileged status not simply as a phys-
so imele privilegiran status, ne samo kot fizina oblika,
ical structure but mainly in terms of the way of life they facilitated
ampak predvsem v smislu naina ivljenja, ki so ga zagotavljale in promovirale. V vsem natetem so bile kolonije
podobne Urbs Roma, mestu Rimu, prestolnici imperija. Zato
so jih e sodobniki razumeli kot manje upodobitve veliastnosti rimskega ljudstva, kot je v 2. stoletju zapisal
Avel Gelij.10 Tak Rim v malem je bila tudi Emona.
and promoted. Regarding all of the above criteria, the colonies were
similar to Urbs Roma, the city of Rome, the capital of the Empire. That
is why they came to be seen by contemporaries as small-scale images and reflections of the grandeur of the Roman people, to quote
Aulus Gellius, writing in the 2nd century.10 One such small-scale
Rome
was Emona.
Ustanovitev in izgradnja Emone je bila del avgustejske-
The foundation and construction of Emona were part of the
ga diskurza o moi, enotnosti in trdnosti drave, diskurza,
Augustan discourse of power, unity and strength of the state, a dis-
ki se je razvil v kontekstu preoblikovanja identitete ogro-
course created in the context of transforming the identity of the vast
mnega, e nedavno razdeljenega in med sabo vojskujo-
Empire which had not long before been split into two parts that were
ega se imperija. Izgradnja kolonij v tem asu je bila del
at war with each other. Colonial foundation was then part of the tra-
tradicije, del zgodovine rimske drave, kjer so bili civilisti
dition inseparably connected with the history of the Roman state: the
ali veterani e stoletja, malone od zaetka Rima, naseljevani v zavzeta ali novoustanovljena mesta. Ustanavljanje
mest je bilo kljuen aspekt rimske zgodovine in tako tudi
rimske identitete.11
Rimska kolonija je bila ustanovljena zelo drugae kot
practice according to which civilians or veteran soldiers were settled

in captured or newly established cities had been there from almost
the very beginnings of Rome. City foundation was a key aspect of
Roman history and thus also of Roman identity.11
A Roman colony was founded using a procedure significantly different from those applying to other types of Roman civic settlements.
druge vrste rimskih mestnih naselij. Bila je tono definira-
Its area was precisely defined with the pomerium, a border separat-
na s pomerijem (pomerium), mejo, ki je loevala tisto, kar
ing what the Romans regarded as home from a zone of possible perils
so Rimljani razumeli kot dom, od cone monih nevarnosti
and military action beyond the pomerium.12 The founding of Roman
ter vojakih aktivnosti izven pomerija.12 Ustanovitev rim-
colonies was directed from Rome. The Senate and people of Rome
skih kolonij je bila dirigirana iz Rima. Senat in rimsko ljud-
appointed a deductor to oversee the foundation. The deductor was
stvo sta imenovala deduktorja nove kolonije, ki je nadzo-
responsible for the initial planning of the urban centre, the appor-
roval ustanovitev. Deductor je bil odgovoren za zaetno

nartovanje urbanega centra, dodelitev zemljikih parcel
v mestnem upravnem obmoju ter izbiro prvega mestnega sveta (ordo decurionum). Upravljanje mesta je urejal
zbir zakonov oziroma statutov, sprejetih ob ustanovitvi
10
11
12
Noctes Atticae, 16.13.9.

Prim. Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, str. 37s.
Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, str. 65.
tionment by lot of land in the colonys territory and the selection of

the first local council (ordo decurionum). Foundations came with a
set of laws or statutes that prescribed the government of the new
city.13 These quite similar statutes contributed to a relatively uniform
model of Roman urbanism.
10
11
12
13
Noctes Atticae, 16.13.9.

Cf. Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, p. 37f.
Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, p. 65.
48
Carefully planned in line with the prevailing cosmological and sym-
mesta.13 Tudi ti dokaj podobni mestni statuti so prispevali

k relativno enotnemu vzorcu rimskega urbanizma.
Kolonija Emona je bila skrbno nartovana v skladu z
bolic principles, the colony of Emona had a geometrical structure of

the conventional urbs quadrata. The orthogonal city grid was based
uveljavljenimi kozmolokimi in simbolinimi naeli, imela
on the celestial order, taking the four cardinal directions into ac-
je geometrino strukturo v obliki klasine urbs quadra-
count. The decumani (east-west streets) in the thus planned Roman
ta. Pravokotna mestna mrea je temeljila na nebesnem
cities were to be aligned with the Suns axis, whereas the cardini
redu, glede na tiri glavne strani neba. Dekumani (ceste
(north-south streets) with the North Stars axis. A Roman city was
VZ) nartno grajenih rimskih mest naj bi bili v liniji z osjo
therefore also an imago mundi, an image of the world on a small-
sonca, kardini (ceste SJ) pa z osjo Severnice. Tako je bilo
scale, a reflection of the cosmic order that was the ultimate symbol
mesto poleg ostalega tudi imago mundi, podoba sveta v
of stability of the Roman Empire. The shape of the newly constructed
malem, odsev kozminega reda, ki je bil ultimativni simbol
Emona was very much like a military camp. As regards the colonies of
stabilnosti rimskega imperija. Poleg tega je bila oblika
that time, this feature is not an exception, which might be attrib
Sl. 2: Zgodba o ustanovitvi mesta je bila pogosto prikazana z upodobitvijo oranja prve brazde. Kamnit relief s prikazom obreda ustanovitve kolonije Akvileje (Oglej).
Fig. 2: The story of founding a city was often rendered by representations of ploughing the sulcus primigenius, i.e. the first furrow. A stone relief representing the
ritual of founding the colony of Aquileia (Museo Archeologico Nazionale Aquileia).
novozgrajene kolonije Emone zelo podobna vojakemu ta-
utable to the fact that up until the 1st century BC all citizens were in
boru. To pri kolonijah tega asa ni izjema, morda je v zve-
effect also soldiers.14 Such a shape of Emona must no doubt have
zi z dejstvom, da so bili do 1. stoletja pred naim tetjem
entailed a significant symbolic and ideological dimension: the image
vsi dravljani naeloma tudi vojaki.14 Vsekakor pa je ime-
of a city, of a colony with the appertaining land (cf. infra) exemplified
la taka oblika Emone pomembno simbolino in ideoloko
the process of rearranging the world a constituent part of which was
dimenzijo: podoba mesta kolonije s pripadajoim pode-
integration into the Empire.

Prior to the construction of any city, the augur studied the flight
eljem (prim. spodaj) je bila primer preurejanja sveta, ki je

spremljalo vkljuitev v imperij.
Pred gradnjo mesta je sveenik avgur opazoval let ptic
of birds, interpreting the will of the gods as regards the appropriate

time for construction etc. The new colony of Emona was constructed
in iz njega interpretiral boanske znake o primernem asu
following a ritual which as legend has it also accompanied the
gradnje in podobno. Nova kolonija Emona je bila zgraje-
construction of Rome: the first furrow (sulcus primigenius) was cut
na z ritualom, s katerim je bil po tradiciji zgrajen tudi Rim:
with a plough yoked to two white oxen (according to Ovid, Romulus
dva bela vola (po Ovidu je Romul zapregel belega bika in
used a plough pulled by a white bull and a white cow15) in a rectangu-
kravo ), vpreena v plug, sta zaorala prvo brazdo (sulcus
lar line, i.e. the borders of the future city. At the places where gates
primigenius) v pravokotni liniji, mejo bodoega mesta. Na
were intended, the plough was lifted and carried across the space.
15
By observing these ceremonies, each new colony became part of the

13
14
15

Prim. Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, str. 149.
Fasti, 4, 825.
14
15
Cf. Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, p. 149.

Fasti, 4,825.
49
83. Novec / Coin, bron / bronze, d 1,4 cm, 9 pr. n. t. / 9 BC, MGML, 510:LJU;0060376 84. Oljenka / Oil lamp, keramika / ceramic, 9,5 x 7,4 x 3,1 cm, konec
1. stol. pr. n. t., zaetek 1. stol. n. t. / late 1st c. BC, early 1st c. AD , MGML, 510:LJU;0060262 85. Mozaik / Mosaic, kamen / stone, 75 x 73 cm, 3. stol. n. t.
ali kasneje / 3rd c. AD or later, MGML, 510:LJU;0035255
prostoru, kjer so bila nartovana mestna vrata, so plug
Roman world through the authority of tradition, i.e. the legend of the
dvignili in prenesli. S tem ritualom je bila vsaka nova ko-
founding of Rome. The rituals required to found a city reinforced the
lonija v rimski svet vpeta z avtoriteto tradicije, zgodbo o
Roman ideology of urbanism through the idea of divine sanction for
nastanku Rima. Ritual, potreben za vzpostavitev mesta, je
the town, thereby strengthening the sanctity of the city as an insti-
potrjeval rimsko ideologijo urbanizma skozi idejo boanske
tution and reifying it as an independent entity.16
avtorizacije konkretnega mesta, utrjeval je svetost mesta
Constructing Emona was a major building, engineering and organi-
kot institucije in ga povzdigoval kot neodvisno entiteto.16
sational undertaking requiring command over the necessary resourc-
Zgraditi Emono je bil velik gradbeni, inenirski in or-
es and manpower. Plesniar suggests17 that over 10,000 m3 gravel
ganizacijski podvig, ki je zahteval mo oziroma nadzor
and clay had to be dug up just to erect the around 1,950 m long
nad viri in ljudmi, potrebnimi za gradnjo. Plesniarjeva
walls and over 30,000 m3 of stones and at least 6,000 m3 of mortar
navaja, da so samo za izgradnjo obzidja z obsegom okoli
had to be used in construction. Thus, any built city also served as
1950 m: morali odkopati ve kot 10.000 m3 proda in gline.
proof of the Roman engineering capability as well as the power and
Uporabiti in vgraditi so morali nad 30.000 m3 kamenja in
mobilisation of resources.
17
vsaj 6000 m3 malte. Zgrajeno mesto je bilo tudi dokaz rimske inenirske sposobnosti ter moi in mobilizacije virov.
Po rimski zasedbi emonskega prostora je bilo ozemlje
Following the Roman conquest of the area of Emona, the territory previously inhabited by the indigenous population was annexed
to the Empire. The colony of Emona received its territory, the ager.
staroselcev prikljueno imperiju. Kolonija Emona je do-
Emonas administrative area extended from Atrans (Trojane) along
bila mestu pripadajoe obmoje, mestni ager. Emonsko
the Karawanks to the north. In the east, the border probably ran close
upravno obmoje se je raztezalo od Atransa (Trojane) po
to Vinja Gora, and in the south along the Kolpa River.18 In the west,
Karavankah proti severu. Na vzhodu je meja potekala nekje
Emonas territory bordered on the territory of Aquileia near the small
okoli Vinje Gore, na jugu verjetno po reki Kolpi.18 Na zaho-
village of Bevke located in the Ljubljana Moors.19 As a rule, the best
du je emonsko ozemlje pri vasici Bevke na Ljubljanskem
lots in this newly defined landscape were distributed to the colonists
barju mejilo na akvilejsko.19 Veino najboljih parcel v tej
of Emona, i.e. the newcomers holding citizenship rights, with the
na novo definirani pokrajini so dobili emonski kolonisti,
previous inhabitants being pushed out to poorer and less interest-
priseljenci z dravljanskimi pravicami, staroselci so bili
ing lands.
odrinjeni na slaba in nezanimiva obmoja.

O dinamiki odnosa med priseljenimi Rimljani in starosel-
The dynamics of the relationship between the immigrant Romans

and the indigenous non-Romans in the area of Emona over time are
skimi Nerimljani v emonskem prostoru skozi as ne vemo
relatively unclear. With few exceptions, the position of the indig-
dovolj. Staroselci so v zaetku, razen redkih izjem, imeli
enous population was much worse than that of the colonists. In the
precej slabi poloaj od novih naseljencev. Tudi bivali v
beginning, they were probably not allowed to reside in the city, with
mestu verjetno v zaetku niso dobili, ali pa le redki posa-
the possible exception of a few individuals who could be of service
mezniki, ki so Rimu koristili pri umirjanju poloaja v nape-
to the Romans in easing the tensions during the tumultuous years
tih letih izgradnje kolonije, po panonsko-dalmatinskem
of constructing the colony in the wake of the Pannonian-Dalmatian
uporu. Stara naselbina pod Grajskim griem, na obmoju
Revolt. The old settlement at the foot of the Castle Hill, covering the
dananjega Gornjega in Starega trga, v kateri so clo 1.
area of what are today Gornji trg and Stari trg, in which the earlier
16
17
18
19
16
17
18
19

Plesniar Gec 1999, str. 43.
ael 1968, str. 567.
ael Kos 2002.
Revell 2009, p. 46.

Plesniar Gec 1999, p. 43.
ael 1968, p. 567.
ael Kos 2002.
50
86. Deli stenske poslikave / Parts of a wall painting, omet / plaster, 1. stol. n. t. / 1st c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0055069 87. Deli tlaka / Parts of a floor,
kamen, opeka, malta / stone, brick, mortar, 1. stol. n. t. / 1st c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0055070
stoletje pr. n. t. iveli staroselci, verjetno pa v zadnjih
inhabitants continued to live throughout the 1st century BC (in the
desetletjih tudi posamezniki z rimskim dravljanstvom, ki
last decades, they were probably joined by some individuals holding
so trgovali in iskali rudna leia v tem prostoru, je e clo
Roman citizenship who were involved in trading and searching for ore
1. stoletje n. t. ivela kot emonsko predmestje.20 Kaken
deposits), continued to exist as a suburb of Emona throughout the
je bil odnos staroselcev do Rimljanov, kaken je bil nji-
1st century AD.20 How did the indigenous population view the Romans,
hov odnos do rimske nadvlade, kulture in naina ivlje-
their supremacy, culture and way of life? In any case, one of the sig-
nja? Vsekakor je bilo eden pomembnih dejavnikov razlinih
nificant factors generating various reactions and identity changes
odzivov in identitetnih sprememb akterjev prav mesto in
on the part of the protagonists was the city and the way of life in the
nain ivljenja v njem distinktivno rimski nain ivljenja,
city a distinctively Roman way of life both facilitated and dictated
ki ga je mesto omogoalo in hkrati narekovalo.
by the city.
Monumentalne podobe moi: imperij v Emoni
Monumental images of power: the Empire in Emona
V vsakem historinem kontekstu oblika mesta predstavlja
In any historical context, the shape of a city represents a visual com-
sistem vizualne komunikacije, zaradi katere mesto vpliva
munications system through which the city influences its inhabit-
na svoje prebivalce, njihovo obnaanje in miljenje. Vpliv
ants, their behaviour and thinking. As the presence of such a de-
tee tudi na podzavestni ravni, zaradi stalne prisotnosti
liberately designed urban environment is lasting, it also exerts an
tako oblikovanega mestnega prostora. Mesto in posame-
influence at the subconscious level. Accordingly, the city and the
znik sta v stalni interakciji: posameznik se giblje v mestu,
individual are continuously interacting: by moving within the city and
deluje v njem, v vsakodnevnem ivljenju ga spreminja in
by being engaged in it, the individual in his everyday life changes
obnavlja tudi v simbolinem smislu.
and reproduces it symbolically.
Rimsko mesto je bilo pazljivo koreografirano okolje, v
The Roman city was a carefully choreographed environment, with
katerem so bile urbane oblike projekcije kulturno-poli-
urban forms serving as projections of the cultural-political and ideo-
tinih in ideolokih idej Rima. Prav v obdobju nastanka
logical ideas of Rome. It was precisely at the time of the creation of
Emone, v asu cesarja Avgusta, je bila rimska imperial-
Emona, i.e. during the reign of Emperor Augustus, that Roman impe-
na ideologija temeljito vcepljena v vsakodnevno ivljenje
rial ideology was instilled in the everyday life of Roman cities. All in-
rimskih mest. Vsi integralni deli mesta (forum, gledalie,
tegral parts of the city (forum, theatre, amphitheatre, porticoes) were
amfiteater, portiki) so bili polni politinih prispodob, ki so
stuffed with political imagery which was like advertising, ubiquitous,
bile kot oglaevanje, povsod navzoe, neizbene in su-
inescapable and subliminally absorbed.21 The monumental public
blimno absorbirane. Monumentalni javni prostori, kipi in
spaces, statues and architectural ornaments were essential to life
arhitekturni okrasi so bili temeljnega pomena za mestno
in the city and its urban identity as a totality of images pertaining to
ivljenje in urbano identiteto kot totalnost podob v njem,
it and perceived by an individual. During the time of Augustus, these
ki jih je posameznik izkusil. V asu Avgusta so te podobe
images were employed to directly promote what was termed res
neposredno promovirale tisto, kar so imenovali res publica
publica restituta, the Republic restored, which was actually a mon-
restituta, obnovljeno republiko, dejansko pa monarhijo.22
archy.22 That is why the monumental public architecture of the early
Zato je monumentalna javna arhitektura v asu zgodnje-
Principate has to be considered a vital aspect for the integration of
ga principata delovala kot kljuen dejavnik integracije
the Empire. Conveying strong iconographic and symbolic messages
20
21
22
20
21
22
21
Prim. Vii 1994.

Whittaker 1997, str. 145.
Zanker 1990, str. 101ss.
Cf. Vii 1994.

Whittaker 1997, p. 145.
Zanker 1990, p. 101ff.
51
imperija, saj je nosila mona ikonografska in simbolna
about Romes superiority, its form similar to that of Rome itself cre-
sporoila o rimski nadvladi, s svojo Rimu podobno obliko
ated a visible presence of the central government and enhanced ties
opominjala na centralno upravo imperija in utrjevala vezi z
with the centre.23 According to Hussler,24 there is even more to this:
njo. e ve, kot pie Hussler, ideologija Avgustovega
the ideology of Augustus regime was materialised in architecture
reima je bila v arhitekturi in ikonografiji materializirana. Ta
and iconography. Over time, this materialisation of the imperial ideol-
materializacija cesarske ideologije v rimskem mestu se je
ogy in a Roman city was reproduced and even enhanced.25
23
24
skozi as ohranjala in nadgrajevala.25

Mo rimskega mesta pa ni bila zgolj v vizualnem, arhi-
However, the power of a Roman city was not only contained in its
visual dimension, architecture and arts, or in the practice of com-
tekturi in umetnosti, v komunikaciji sporoil s podobami,
municating messages through images, but in the way of everyday life
ampak v nainu vsakdanjega ivljenja, ki ga je mesto hkra-
which it both facilitated and prescribed. The Roman city performed
ti omogoalo in predpisovalo. Rimsko mesto je imelo za
numerous important functions for the Empire. It functioned as a peri-
imperij tevilne zelo pomembne funkcije. Delovalo je kot
odic market, a place of justice for the entire civic community, a place
from which tax was collected, a meeting place for the worship of deified emperors and a place from where recruits for the Roman army
originated.26 With its basic traits, i.e. appearance (ground plan, architecture) and function (squares, festivals and other public events),
the city provided a platform for urban practices. Participation in
them did not simply symbolise compliance with the social order, but
also actively promoted it. The citys size and conspicuous architecture only made this effect more intense, triggering off emotions and
reactions.
Cities were places where civilised people who had assumed the
Roman way of life dwelled.27 The Roman urban ideology was not only
reproduced through specific spaces, buildings and images, but
Gema / Gem, karneol / carnelian, 1,8 x 1,5 x 0,4 cm, 1.2. stol. n. t. /
1st2nd c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0057222 / foto / photo: Matev Paternoster
(kat. t. / cat. no. 30)
through the continuing practice of visiting, experiencing and using
Sl. 3: Gema z upodobitvijo boga vojne Marsa in boginje zmage Viktorije. Obe boanstvi sta del standardnega repertoarja sporoil o rimski
(vojaki) moi, nepremagljivosti, boanski podpori. V rimskem imperiju,
kjer je bila velika veina prebivalcev nepismena, so ideje in sporoila
vizualizirali, tako skozi velike arhitekturne projekte kot drobno umetnost in vsakdanje predmete.
Fig. 3: A gemstone featuring a representation of Mars, the god of war,
and Victoria, the goddess of victory. Both deities belong to the standard
repertoire of messages about Roman (military) power, invincibility, and
divine support. As the large majority of inhabitants of the Roman Empire
were illiterate, the ideas and messages were visualised through major
architectural projects as well as through works of art and objects for
everyday use.
out and accomplished. This self-contained, carefully choreographed
obasen trg, prostor urejanja pravnih zadev in tob za vso
no doubt bears witness to the fact that at a particular point in time it
mestno skupnost, prostor, kjer je bilo urejeno pobiranje
was planned under the guidance or control of a single central au-
davkov, prostor aenja poboanjenih cesarjev ter pro-
thority and by engaging an organised group. The two main streets29
stor rekrutiranja novih vojakov. S svojimi osnovnimi po-
of 14 P30 in width and the side streets were the strongest determi-
tezami, tj. videz (tloris, arhitektura) in funkcije (trgi, festi-
nant of moving within the city. Important attractors dotting the street
vali in druge javne prireditve), je bilo mesto temelj urbanih
network were public buildings; within the overall monumental frame
praks. Sodelovanje v njih je ne samo simboliziralo soglasje
of a city, they played a role as landmarks, as the key components of
26
them, by making them part of the city-dwellers mental maps. The

city is a place, a stage that is both physically and symbolically laid
entity is where an individual moves, where both interaction with the
civic tissue and everyday life are going on, thereby transforming a
city into a collection of narratives and stories relevant to both the
individual and the civic community. The people living in the city, carrying out certain activities and engaging in everyday practices, continuously change it.
In what way can the above shed light on Emona? Featuring an orthogonal ground plan, rectangularly intersecting streets bordering
on building blocks and the city walls28 (Fig. 4), the colony of Emona
z drubenim redom, ampak ga tudi aktivno promoviralo. S

svojo velikostjo in monumentalno arhitekturo je ta efekt
intenziviralo, sproalo ustva in odzive.
23
24
25
26
Prim. Hussler 1999.

Hussler 1999.
Prim. Thomas 2007.
Prim. Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, str. 64s.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Cf. Hussler 1999.

Hussler 1999.
Cf. Thomas 2007.
Cf. Laurence, Cleary, Sears 2011, p. 64f.
Whittaker 1997.
Plesniar Gec 1999, p. 27ff.
Passus, or double-pace, i.e. 1,472 m.
52
Mesta so bila prostor, kjer so bivali civilizirani ljudje,
the entirety of a city whose identity they defined.31 At times of public
ki so privzeli rimski nain ivljenja.27 Ideologija rimskega
festivities, political assemblies and religious processions when the
urbanizma se ni reproducirala samo skozi prostore, zgrad-
citys identity was most important and also manifested, the streets
be in podobe, ampak tudi kontinuirane, ponavljajoe se
and public buildings of Emona became the main venues for events
prakse obiskovanja, doivljanja in uporabe le-teh, njihove
and, at the same time, objects of admiration. The prominent city
vkljuitve v miselne zemljevide prebivalcev. Mesto je pro-
gates featuring imperial inscriptions32 and (judging by a big pedes-
stor, oder, ki je fizino in simbolino urejen in dodelan. V
tal33) a large, most probably imperial statue positioned at least at
tej zakljueni, skrbno koreografirani celoti se dogaja po-
the northern gate, were employed to direct and inform individuals,
sameznikovo gibanje, interakcija s tkivom mesta in vsa-
groups and organised processions. The city walls served to limit
kodnevno ivljenje, ki spreminjajo mesto v zbirko naracij in
the movement, directing it either towards the city or away from
zgodb, pomenljivih za posameznika in mestno skupnost.
its borders.
Sl. 4: Tloris Emone. Avtorja: Dimitrij Mleku, Bernarda upanek.

Fig. 4: Ground plan of Emona. Drawing by Dimitrij Mleku, Bernarda upanek.
Ljudje, ki v mestu ivijo, izvajajo doloena dejanja, vsakodnevne prakse, mesto stalno spreminjajo.
Both main streets gave a city visitor a sequential view of public monuments and ornaments as they passed through the city.
Kako torej skozi povedano vidimo Emono? Kolonija
Designed to exert a visual impact on the viewer, the monuments were
Emona, zgrajena v pravilnem tlorisu, s pravokotno kriajo-
sited using a certain spatial logic.34 The forum of Emona was erect-
imi se cestami med parcelnimi bloki ter obzidjem (sl. 4),
ed on the highest point of the area of what is termed the Ljubljana
jasno pria, da je bila v doloenem trenutku nartovana
Gate,35 at the intersection of both main streets, where a traveller
pod vodstvom enotne oblasti in z angamajem organizira-
could make a stop on his journey and have a rest. Given the size of
28
ne skupine. Dve 14 P iroki glavni ulici in stranske ce-
the city itself, the forum of Emona was relatively extensive, stretch-
ste so bile najmoneja determinanta gibanja po mestu.
ing over the plots of six insulae to the west of the main cardo.36
Znotraj cestne mree so kot pomembni atraktorji delova-
Compared to other spaces in the city, it had the strongest and most
le javne zgradbe, ki so v monumentalnem okvirju mesta
distinctive visual identity: it was a recognisable and memorable spot.
29
30
sluile kot oznake, kot kljuni deli celote mesta, katerega
The term forum is related to the Latin word foris, meaning out-
identiteto so definirale. V asu javnih slovesnosti, poli-
side. That is what the forum really was: an open space rectangular
tinih zborovanj in religioznih procesij, ko je bila mestna
in plan, lined with temples, sanctuaries and public buildings, ware-
identiteta najbolj pomembna in izraena, so emonske
houses and shops; it served as a religious, administrative, political
glavne ulice in javne zgradbe postale kljune toke doga-
and social centre of the city. The forum of Emona allowed the local
janja in ogledovanja. Z markantnimi glavnimi vrati, okra-
magistrates to perform their public duties on a wholly Roman stage,
enimi s cesarskimi napisi32 in (glede na obseen posta-
whereas the open spaces under the colonnades lining the forum and
27
28
29
30
31
32
31
32
33
34
35
36
31
Whittaker 1997.
Plesniar Gec 1999, str. 27ss.
Passus, dvojni korak, 1,472m.
Prim. Thomas 2007, str. 120.
Mrav 2001; vendar prim. ael Kos 2012a, str. 8587.
Cf. Thomas 2007, p. 120.

Mrav 2001; but cf. ael Kos 2012a, pp. 8587.
Plesniar Gec 1974.
53
88. Deli stenske poslikave / Parts of a wall painting, omet / plaster, druga polovica 1. stol. n. t. / second half 1st c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0035257 89.
Vodovodna cev / Water pipe, svinec / lead, 350 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0044406 90. Tlakovec / Paver, keramika / ceramic, 13 x
6,5 x 2,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0059783
ment33) velikim, verjetno cesarskim, kipom vsaj v severnih
the spaces protected against cold in the basilica situated on the fo-
vratih, so usmerjale in informirale posameznike, skupine in
rums eastern edge accommodated negotiatores, or merchants.
organizirane procesije. Obzidje je gibanje omejevalo in ga

usmerjalo v ali izven mesta.
Featuring honorific statues, monumental architecture and official

inscriptions, the forum of Emona provided a platform for displaying
Obe glavni cesti sta obiskovalcu na poti skozi mesto
power and promoting imperial ideology, a space whose monumental-
odrejali zaporedje vizur, sekvenco spomenikov in okrasja.
ity reflected the good life and progress achieved under the Roman
Spomeniki so bili namenjeni vizualnemu vplivu na gledalca
superiority. Plesniar37 attributes the intense monumentalisation of
in postavljeni po neki prostorski logiki.34 Emonski forum je
Emonas forum to the late 1st or the early 2nd century. The massive
bil zgrajen na najviji toki obmoja t. i. ljubljanskih vrat,
structures discovered involve, among other things, the forum basili-
35
na preseiu obeh glavnih cest, kjer se je popotnik lahko
ca, porticoes, a temple and a column formerly supporting a triumphal
ustavil, prekinil potovanje in se odpoil. Glede na velikost
arch or vault that marked the entrance to the forum area.38 In addi-
samega mesta je emonski forum obseen, saj zavzema
tion, the forum of Emona had a temple dedicated to the Capitoline
parcele estih insul zahodno od glavnega mestnega kar-
Triad,39 a group of three supreme deities whose temple also stood
da. V primerjavi z drugimi prostori v mestu je imel naj-
on Romes Capitoline Hill. In many Roman cities, capitols were the
monejo, najbolj distinktivno vizualno identiteto: bil je
most prominent buildings, displaying the importance of the favour
prepoznaven prostor, ki si si ga zapomnil.
of the gods for the city. Worshiping Jupiter, the supreme god of the
36
Forum je blizu latinski besedi foris, zunaj. In prav
Roman pantheon, was not only a religious act but also to the same
to je forum tudi bil: prostor zunaj, odprt prostor pravoko-
extent a political one. Of all the Roman gods, Jupiter was the one
tne oblike, obdan s templji, svetii in javnimi zgradbami,
most often serving political purposes: he was worshiped on the day
s skladii in trgovinami; kot tak je bil religiozno, upravno,
the current emperor ascended the throne. Moreover, he was some-
politino in drubeno sredie mesta. Emonski forum je
times invoked together with the emperors spirit (numen). To wor-
lokalnim magistratom omogoal, da opravljajo svoje javne
ship Jupiter was to ritually demonstrate loyalty to the state, which
dolnosti na povsem rimskem odru, negotiatores, trgovci,
was certainly something the indigenous inhabitants were very well
pa so nali odprte prostore pod portiki okoli forumske pla-
aware of. Apart from venerating various deities, Emonans already
teje ter pred hladom zaitene prostore v baziliki na vzho-
worshipped the emperor and the imperial house in the first half of
dnem robu foruma.
the 1st century.40 The imperial cult entailing a ritualised declaration
Emonski forum je s astnimi kipi, monumentalno arhitekturo in uradnimi napisi pomenil oder za razkazova-
of loyalty to the emperor endorsed and encouraged the promotion of

imperial ideology.41
nje moi in promoviranje imperialne ideologije, prostor,
Monumentality was further accorded to the forum of Emona by
kjer je monumentalnost odsevala dobro ivljenje in razvoj
various sculptures, most probably including an over life-size repre-
pod rimsko nadvlado. Plesniarjeva37 postavlja intenzivno
sentation of the water deity Achelous mounted on a high pilaster or
monumentalizacijo emonskega foruma v konec 1. oziro-
pedestal.42 Unfortunately, architectural ornaments along with imperi-
ma zaetek 2. stoletja. Odkrita monumentalna arhitektura
al and other statues from Emonas forum area (in which there were no
med drugim obsega forumsko baziliko, portike, tempelj ter
33
34
35
36
37
Plesniar Gec 1974.

Plesniar Gec 2006, str. 35ss.
37
38
39
40
Plesniar Gec 2006, p. 35ff.

Cf. Plesniar Gec 1999, pp. 66, 76; Plesniar Gec 1992, p. 60.
Plesniar Gec 1999, p. 66; cf. ael Kos 1997b, pp. 137139, 170172,
208210.
41 Hanson 1997, p. 7; Whittaker 1997, pp. 147148.
42 Plesniar Gec 1999, p. 67.
54
91. Tlakovci / Pavers, keramika / ceramic, 6 x 3,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, D0006653 92. Tlakovec / Paver, keramika / ceramic, 45 x 27,5 x
6,7 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, D0007097 93. Votlak / Hollow brick, keramika / ceramic, 14 x 27,3 x 9,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML,
D0005717 94. Avgustov portret / Portrait of Augustus, glej str. / see p. 41 95. Portret mladenia / Portrait of a yung man, glej str. / see p. 42
ob robu foruma steber, ki je podpiral slavolok ali obok, s
doubt many of them) have not been preserved. Also lost are the in-
katerim je bil zaznamovan vhod na forumski prostor.38 Na
scriptions, another important function of the forum. It namely repre-
emonskem forumu je stal tudi tempelj, posveen kapito-
sented the ultimate space within the city where Latin was manifestly
linski triadi,39 trojici vrhovnih boanstev, katerih tempelj je
used in the form of monumental inscriptions.
stal tudi na rimskem griu Kapitolu. Kapitoliji so bili v mno-
Based on the described appearance and functions of the forum,
gih rimskih mestih najbolj prominentne zgradbe, ki so po-
it can be seen as a place where Romanness was powerfully repro-
udarjale pomen, ki ga je imela naklonjenost bogov za smo
duced, a place where the idea of romanitas was most strikingly put
mesto. astiti Jupitra, najpomembneje boanstvo rim-
into practice. The forum allowed an individual to perceive, under-
skega panteona, je bila ne samo religiozna, ampak v enaki
stand and experience history, the power and monumentality of both
meri politina gesta. Jupiter je najbolj politino uporabljen
the city and the vast empire of which Emona formed part.
od vseh rimskih bogov; aen je bil na dan, ko je trenutni

cesar priel na oblast, pogosto je bil aen skupaj s ce-
Being Roman: the practices of everyday life
sarjevim duhom (numen). aenje Jupitra je bilo ritualno
The Roman city was not merely a physical structure, but encom-
obnavljanje lojalnosti dravi, nekaj, esar so se predvsem
passed what Bourdieu calls habitus: lifestyle, the values, disposi-
staroselci gotovo dobro zavedali. Poleg aenja razlinih
tions and expectations of a particular social group dwelling in and
boanstev so Emonci e v prvi polovici 1. stoletja astili
visiting a city i.e. a civic community that are acquired through
tudi cesarja in cesarsko hio. Imperialni kult, ritualizirana
the activities and experiences of everyday life. The forum, adminis-
izjava zvestobe cesarju, je podpiral in pospeeval promo-
trative buildings and the basilica allowed both political and judicial
cijo imperialne ideologije.41
activities to be carried out in the Roman way. Bathhouses where not
40
Del monumentalnosti emonskega foruma so bile razli-
only physical exercises were undertaken but also the intellectual
ne plastike, verjetno tudi upodobitev vodnega boanstva
activities were fostered emphasised that keeping the body in shape
Aheloja v nadnaravni velikosti, postavljena na visokem
and cultivating the mind were the key elements of civilised life. The
pilastru ali piedestalu.42 al se (nedvomno) tevilni arhi-
theatre and amphitheatre or, once again, the forum (which in Emona
tekturni okrasi ter cesarske in druge plastike z emonskega
might have served in place of the former two43) made sure that enter-
forumskega prostora niso ohranili. Prav tako ni ohranjenih
tainment in the Roman manner was being popularised, often in the
napisov, e ene pomembne funkcije foruma. Forum je
context of religious rituals and the imperial cult. Life in Emona pro-
bil namre ultimativni prostor v mestu, kjer je bila latini-
vided a physical experience of moving within and dwelling in a tightly
na uporabljana in tudi na ogled v obliki monumen-
choreographed urban space. The practices of Roman life prevailing
talnih napisov.
in the city the manner of dining, sacrifices made to the gods, visit-
Emonski forum lahko skozi opisano podobo in funkcije vidimo kot prostor intenzivne reprodukcije rimskosti,
ing the baths or an amphitheatre, participating in official ceremonial

events defined what it meant to be Roman.
prostor, kjer se je ideja romanitas najbolj intenzivno udejanjala. Na forumu je bilo mo videti, razumeti, obutiti
Public bathhouses were accessible to nearly any one and intended

to be used on a daily basis. It was precisely bathing according to the
Roman manner that was one of the main appeals of Roman urbanism.
38
39
40
41
42
Prim. Plesniar Gec 1999, str. 66, 76; Plesniar Gec 1992,
str. 60.
Plesniar Gec 1999, str. 66; prim. ael Kos 1997b, str. 137139,
170172, 208210.
Hanson 1997, str. 7; Whittaker 1997, str. 147148.
It marked the difference between the Romans and the barbarians.44

Emona had several public bathhouses, with two of them so far be-
43
44
Plesniar 1999, pp. 8992.

55
96. Baza stebra / Column base, kamen / stone, 56,5 x 29,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0047124 97. Baza stebra / Column base, kamen
/ stone, 36 x 13,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0060200 98. Baza stebra / Column base, kamen / stone, 50 x 29,5 cm, rimski as /
Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0060204
zgodovino, mo in monumentalnost samega mesta ter
ing identified in insulae XVII45 and XXXIX.46 Usually open from morning
ogromnega imperija, katerega del je Emona bila.
to evening and available to both sexes, albeit at different times, the

bathhouses were not only intended for hygiene, but acted as places
Biti Rimljan: prakse vsakdanjega ivljenja
of social gathering. Visitors to public bathhouses could exercise,
Rimsko mesto ni bilo zgolj fizina struktura, ampak tisto,
relax, have dinner, take part in a cultural event and meet friends or
emur Bourdieu pravi habitus: nain ivljenja, vrednote,
business partners.
priakovanja v mestu bivajoe in mesto obiskujoe social-
The private houses of Emona were not very different from the pri-
ne skupine mestne skupnosti, oblikovane skozi izkunje
vate houses of many other Roman cities: built of stone, covered with
in aktivnosti vsakodnevnega ivljenja. Forum, upravne
roof tiles, decorated with wall paintings and mosaics, connected to
zgradbe in bazilika so omogoali, da so politina in sodna
the citys sewerage system, equipped with heated rooms and no
opravila tekla na rimski nain. Terme, kjer so se poleg tele-
later than from the 3rd century on47 a large share of them were re-
snih vaj odvijale tudi intelektualne dejavnosti, so poudar-
ceiving water from the water supply system. A persons housing
jale, da sta skrb za telo in kultivacija duha kljuna elemen-
standard clearly depended on their affluence: the well-off inhabit-
ta civiliziranega ivljenja. Gledalie, amfiteater ali spet
ants of insula XXXII had their own private baths.48
forum, ki je v Emoni morda nadomeal oboje, so skrbeli
One of the most potent symbols of urban status was the city walls,
43
za iritev zabave na rimski nain, pogosto v kontekstu reli-
partly because of the command over resources and manpower which
gioznih ritualov in imperialnega kulta. ivljenje v Emoni je
they demonstrated, and also because they displayed a commitment
bilo telesna izkunja gibanja po in ivljenja v pazljivo kore-
to the ideology of the city as a distinct and privileged space.49 Over 2
ografiranem mestnem prostoru. Prakse rimskega ivljenja,
metres thick and 6 to 8 metres high city walls involving over 25 towers
ki so tekle v mestu nain obedovanja, rtvovanje bogo-
erected at the time of the construction of the city itself50 also served
vom, obisk kopalia in amfiteatra, udeleba na uradnih
as a symbol of the securitas of the Empire.51 Moreover, the city walls
ceremonialnih dogodkih so definirale, kaj pomeni
were to everybody, i.e. the city-dwellers themselves, inhabitants of
biti Rimljan.
the surrounding area, travellers a clear signal of Emonas urban sta-
Malone vsem dostopno in namenjeno vsakodnevni
tus and of it being part of the network of cities making up the Empire.
uporabi je bilo javno kopalie. Prav monost kopanja po
The city walls were typically erected using public finance. In some
rimskem obiaju je bila ena glavnih privlanosti rimske-
cases, most probably in Emona, the walls were a result of the emper-
ga urbanizma, ki je hkrati tudi oznaevalo razliko med
ors high-level political sponsorship. The monumental main gate situ-
Rimljani ter barbari. Emona je imela ve javnih kopali,
ated in the walls on the citys eastern side, i.e. porta praetoria, from
doslej sta bili identificirani v insuli XVII45 in insuli XXXIX.46
where Emonas decumanus maximus proceeded as a major route lead-
Kopalia, naeloma odprta od jutra do veera in name-
ing towards the centre of the Empire, carried an inscription recording
njena obema spoloma, eprav ob razlinih urah, niso bila
a grant made by Emperor Augustus and Emperor Tiberius to the city.
44
namenjena zgolj higieni, pa pa so bila druabna sredia. V njih si telovadil, se sprostil, kaj pojedel, se udeleil
It was the city walls that divided in both symbolic and actual
terms what was inside from what was outside. However, Emona too,
kulturnega dogodka ter se sreal s prijatelji in poslovnimi

partnerji.
43
44
45
46
Plesniar 1999, str. 8992.

Gaspari, Masaryk, Peterle Udovi 2005, str. 99106.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Plesniar 1999, pp. 237241.

Gaspari, Masaryk, Peterle Udovi 2005, pp. 99106.
Plesniar 1999, p. 97.
Plesniar Gec et al. 1983, pp. 15, 2526.
Goodman 2007, p. 11.
Cf. Whittaker 1997, p. 144.
56
99. Baza stebra / Column base, kamen / stone, 37,5 x 28 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0060205 100. Baza stebra / Column base, kamen
/ stone, 43 x 19 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0060208 101. Baza stebra / Column base, kamen / stone, 34,5 x 26,5 cm, rimski as /
Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0060210
Privatne hie v Emoni se niso veliko razlikovale od priva-
like many other cities, had residential buildings situated outside its
tnih hi v mnogih drugih rimskih mestih: grajene iz kamna,
walls whose quality was similar to the quality of the structures erect-
pokrite z opeko, okraene s freskami in mozaiki, prikloplje-
ed within the walls. Properly laid out and comfortable residential
ne na mestni kanalizacijski sistem, z ogrevanimi prostori
buildings52 discovered in the citys northern section outside the walls
ter najkasneje od 3. stoletja naprej47 marsikje tudi z vodo
can be considered continentia aedificia urbis which, in line with the
iz vodovoda. Nivo bivanja je bil seveda odvisen od premo-
Roman legal provisions, was still considered part of the city.53 It was
enja; premoni prebivalci insule XXXII so imeli svoje priva-
only further away from the city and beyond the urban periphery54
tno kopalie.48
that the cemetery areas started to be dotted with districts belong-
Eden najmonejih simbolov urbanega statusa je bilo
ing to the trades and crafts involving pottery kilns, dumping grounds
mestno obzidje, delno ker je pomenilo mo oziroma nad-
etc.:55 both cemeteries and dirty activities were located outside the
zor nad viri in ljudmi, potrebnimi za gradnjo, pa zato, ker
city. Significant scenes and sequences of monuments continued
obzidje kae zavezanost k ideologiji mesta kot loenega

in privilegiranega prostora.49 Ve kot dva metra debelo in
est do osem metrov visoko obzidje z ve kot 25 stolpi,
zgrajeno ob gradnji mesta,50 je bilo tudi simbol securitas
imperija.51 Hkrati je bilo mestno obzidje vsem mestnim
prebivalcem, okolianom, popotnikom vidni znak urbanega statusa Emone in njene vkljuenosti v mreo mest,
ki so sestavljale imperij. Obiajno je bilo obzidje rezultat
porabe javnega denarja, vasih pa, kot verjetno v Emoni,
rezultat vzvienega politinega pokroviteljstva cesarja.
V monumentalni glavni vhod v obzidje na vzhodni strani,
porta praetoria, od koder je bil emonski decumanus maximus nadaljevanje pomembne poti v osrje imperija, je bil
vkljuen napis, ki je beleil donacijo cesarjev Avgusta in
Tiberija mestu.
Mestno obzidje je simbolno in dejansko loevalo tisto
along the main approach roads in the form of more or less conspicuous funerary monuments.56
A special attractor in the functioning of a Roman city was spectacular public events,57 in Emona in particular various games, ludi:
performances, gladiatorial games, combats of wild beasts or staged
hunting scenes, chariot races and theatre plays which can be seen
as standard parts of various religious or secular celebrations and
festivities. Emona must have had a venue for such events which,
moreover, allowed the myths of the origin of the colony to be narrated. The myths about the founding of Emona and the annual celebrations of the date of its founding helped define the new city,
creating awareness of a common past and of a shared tradition, anchoring the city as part of the new, Roman landscape. Several years
ago Plesniar identified a block situated between Rimska cesta, Trg
francoske revolucije and Gregorieva ulica58 as the presumed location of the Emonan theatre or amphitheatre; alternately, the forum
as a multi-functional space could have served the same purpose.
notri od tistega zunaj. Vendar je Emona, kot mnoga dru-
Some events were financed by the state; even more often, ambi-
ga mesta, imela stanovanjske stavbe podobne kakovosti
tious politicians were willing to assume the respective financial
kot znotraj tudi e zunaj mestnega obzidja. V severnem
burden. Knowing that games were more important than bread, politi-
predelu zunaj emonskega obzidja odkrite urejene in udob-
cians were well aware of the value of a favourable public image and
ne stanovanjske stavbe52 so continentia aedificia urbis,

tisto, kar so rimski pravni spisi obiajno definirali e kot
47
48
49
50
51
52

Plesniar Gec et al. 1983, str. 15, 2526.
Goodman 2007, str. 11.
Prim. Whittaker 1997, str. 144.
Masaryk 2011, str. 1617.
52
53
54
55
Masaryk 2011, pp. 1617.

Cf. Goodman 2007, p. 13ff.
Cf. Goodman 2007, p. 7ff.
Plesniar 1999, p. 85; Dirjec, Tomazzo Ravnik, Toplianec, Tokan 2012; Masaryk
2012, p. 15.
56 Cf. Petru 1962/1963.
57 Cf. Bell 2004.
58 Plesniar 1999, p. 90, Fig. 154.
57
102. Baza / Base , marmor / marble, 52 x 32 x 17,5 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0059560 103. Novec / Coin, srebro / silver, d 2 cm,
54 pr. n. t. / 54 BC, MGML, 510:LJU;0051050 104. rnilnik / Ink pot, bron / bronze, 9,4 x 4 x 5 cm, zgodnjerimski as / early Roman period, MGML,
510:LJU;0054093
del mesta.53 ele nekoliko dlje od mesta, izven urbane
efficient propaganda. Investments in the city in both its buildings
periferije,54 se med obmojem grobia pojavljajo obrtne
and the events held there were mostly part of the system of eu-
cone z lonarskimi pemi, deponije odpadkov ipd.: tako
ergetism: spectacles to be held at various moments important for
grobia kot umazane dejavnosti so locirani zunaj me-
either certain political goals or self-promotion were usually financed
sta. Ob glavnih vpadnicah so se pomembni prizori, sekven-
by wealthy individuals involved in a competitive struggle with each
ce spomenikov nadaljevali z bolj ali manj monumentalnimi
other.
55
Emona functioned as the administrative, political, economic, reli-
nagrobnimi spomeniki.56
Poseben atraktor v delovanju rimskega mesta so bile
gious and cultural centre for the inhabitants of its wider area. People
spektakularne javne prireditve,57 v Emoni predvsem raz-
living in the countryside travelled to Emona on market or religious
line igre, ludi: predstave, gladiatorski boji, boji med zver-
festival days. Moreover, it was the city where they could either file
mi oziroma uprizoritve lova na divje ivali, tekme konjskih
an action or enjoy spectacular performances. They returned home,
vpreg in gledalike igre kot standardni del razlinih reli-
carrying in their minds a vivid image of what a true Roman city looks
gioznih ali profanih proslav in festivalov. Emona je gotovo
like and the lifestyle it offers. This is how the city was involved in the
imela prostor za tovrstne prireditve, ki je poleg ostalega
Romanisation of the countryside as well. It was thus Emona that cre-
omogoal tudi pripovedovanje mitov o zaetku kolonije.
ated the patterns of activities in its wider region: public buildings
Miti o ustanovitvi Emone ter vsakoletno praznovanje datu-
providing pleasure and entertainment, such as theatres, amphithea-
ma ustanovitve so pomagali definirati novo mesto, ustva-
tres, and splendid public bathhouses, served as magnets attracting
riti obutek skupne preteklosti, tradicije, fiksirali mesto
non-urban inhabitants to the city and offering spaces designed to
kot del nove, rimske pokrajine. e pred leti je bil kot do-
confine people. Confinement is a technology of power which, togeth-
mnevni prostor emonskega gledalia ali amfiteatra na-
er with the forum and the citys major buildings, functions as a tech-
znaen kare med Rimsko cesto in Trgom francoske revolu-
nology of control. By providing specific venues, these spaces and
cije ter Gregorievo ulico, ali pa forum kot venamenski
buildings separate what is outside from what is inside and determine
prostor. Nekatere prireditve je financirala drava, vendar
both proper routes of movement and correct behaviour. Theatres
je to finanno breme pogosteje prevzel ambiciozen politik.
were thus places where a certain impact was exerted on the people
Politiki so vedeli, da so igre bolj pomembne kot kruh, saj
not only by displaying monumentality in staging spectacles, but also
so poznali vrednost dobre javne podobe in propagande.
by offering a structure in which the imperial ideology was embodied
Investicije v mesto v zgradbe in prireditve so poivale
in the prescribed routes, movements, the seating plan and modes of
predvsem na sistemu evegertizma: obiajno so spektakle
access.59
58
financirali bogati posamezniki v razlinih, za politine cilje
The Roman city was thus created and maintained by employing
ali samopromocijo pomembnih trenutkih, tekmujo drug z
the abovementioned practices along with many others.60 The mate-
drugim.
rial practices of moving, observing and participating both invented
Emona je bila upravno-administrativni, politini, gospodarski, religiozni in kulturni center za prebivalce

53
54
55
Prim. Goodman 2007, str. 13ss.

Prim. Goodman 2007, str. 7ss.
Plesniar 1999, str. 85; Dirjec, Tomazzo Ravnik, Toplianec, Tokan
2012; Masaryk 2012, str. 15.
56 Prim. Petru 1962/1963.
57 Prim. Bell 2004.
58 Plesniar 1999, str. 90, sl. 154.
and legitimised the civic community and the Roman identity shared
by the inhabitants. The city entailed two components that were key
to enforcing the imperial ideology: it was full of things worthy of
59
60
See Foucault 1975; Gros 1996.

For instance, a funeral as an opportunity for self-promotion achieved both
through the ritual itself and the funerary memorial, whose prominence was
judged in terms of its grandeur and expressiveness as well as in terms of how
close to the road it was positioned.
58
emonskega mestnega obmoja. Ljudje s podeelja so
potovali v Emono ob trnih dnevih ali religioznih festivalih,
Emona
samo tam so lahko vloili tobo ali uivali v spektakularnih prireditvah. Domov so se vrnili z ivo podobo, kako je
videti in kaken nain ivljenja ponuja pravo rimsko mesto. Na ta nain je mesto skrbelo tudi za porimljanjenje
podeelja. Emona je strukturirala vzorce aktivnosti v iri
pokrajini: javne zgradbe za uitek in zabavo, npr. gledaliI ica
a, amfiteatri, razkona javna kopalia, so sluile kot

magneti, ki so privabljali izvenmestno prebivalstvo v mesto in ponujali prostore za zadrevanje ljudi. Zadrevanje
je tehnologija moi, ki skupaj s forumom in kljunimi mestnimi stavbami deluje kot tehnologija nadzora. Ti prostori in stavbe so bila prizoria, ki so loevala tisto, kar
je zunaj od tistega kar je znotraj, ki so oznaevala prave
poti za gibanje ter doloala pravilno obnaanje. Tako na
primer gledalia niso bili zgolj prostori, kjer se na ljudi
vpliva z razkazovanjem in uprizarjanjem monumentalnosti
in spektaklov, ampak tudi s strukturo, kjer je imperialna
ideologija uteleena v predpisanih poteh, gibih, sedenem redu, dostopih.59
Z natetimi praksami, in tevilnimi drugimi,60 se je rimsko mesto oblikovalo in vzdrevalo. Materialne prakse
gibanja, gledanja, sodelovanja so ustvarjale in potrjevale
mestno skupnost ter skupno rimsko identiteto prebivalcev. Mesta so zdruevala dve za uveljavljanje imperialne
Ig
ideologije kljuni komponenti: bila so polna stvari, ki so

bile obudovanja vredne, in polne afektivnih izkuenj, ki
so ostale v spominu. Emona je bila okolje, v katerem so
ljudje iveli, okolje, v katerem se je manifestirala kolektivna identiteta Emoncev, in okolje, v katerem so to kazali
obiskovalcem.
as postopne prevlade kranstva, v emonskem prostoru vsaj od druge polovice 4. stoletja naprej, je bilo v mestih
po imperiju as velikih sprememb. Prevzem kranstva je
bil postopen in kompleksen proces, njegov vpliv na ljudi in
mesta razlien. Vsekakor lahko reemo, da je vkljuevanje
kranstva v rimsko dravo, prilagoditev ideje romanitas
spremenjenim razmeram, delovalo kot dejavnik nove
ga vzpona, novega zagona za imperij.61 iritev in dravno vkorporiranje kranstva je prineslo vrsto pomembnih
upravno-administrativnih sprememb, ki vplivajo na mesta,
tudi na Emono.
V Emoni tega asa v fokusu javnih in privatnih investicij
niso bile ve poganske javne zgradbe, temve kranske.
V drugi polovici 4. stoletja sta bili zgrajeni vsaj dve aulae
500
m
1.000
Sl. 5: Nekateri odseki cest v irem emonskem prostoru so bili speljani povsem
naravnost, na primer teaven odsek ez movirno obmoje od Babne gorice proti Igu.
Fig. 5: Some road sections in the wider area of Emona were absolutely straight, such
as the difficult section running across the swampy area of Babna gorica towards
Ig (Lidar posnetek Center za preventivno arheologijo, Zavod za varstvo kulturne
dediine Slovenije / Lidar photo Preventive Archaeology Centre, Institute for
Cultural Heritage Protection of Slovenia; avtor / drawing by: Dimitrij Mleku).
admiration, thereby generating numerous affective experiences that

were easily remembered. Emona provided an environment in which
the people lived, an environment manifesting the Emonans collective identity and an environment in which the latter was willingly
shown to visitors.
The time of the gradual prevalence of the Christian religion (in the
area of Emona at least from the second half of the 4th century on)
was a time of major changes for cities across the Empire. Taking on
Christianity was a gradual and complex procedure, with varying impacts on the people and cities. In general, it can be said that the
integration of Christianity in the Roman state, along with the read-
59
60
Glej Foucault 1975; Gros 1996.

Na primer pogreb kot prilonost za samopromocijo skozi sam ritual
in skozi nagrobni spomenik, glede na bogastvo in sporoilnost
slednjega ter njegovo pozicijo im blije cesti.
61 Prim. Turner 1998.
justment of the idea of romanitas to the changed circumstances,

was a vehicle for breathing new life and impetus into the Empire.61
61
Cf. Turner 1998.
59
105. Pisalo / Stylus, kost / bone, 8,6 x 1 cm, rimski as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0056924 106. Pisalo / Stylus, kost / bone, 8,5 x 0,9 cm, rimski
as / Roman period, MGML, 510:LJU;0056925 107. Oltar / Altar, kamen / stone, 31,5 x 58,5 x 33 cm, zaetek 3. stol. n. t. / early 3rd c. AD, MGML,
510:LJU;0052833
primitivae, hali za opravljanje kranskih obredov.62 Kmalu
The spread of Christianity and its incorporation in the state brought
za tem je bil izgrajen verski kompleks s krstilnico, vsaj eno
with it a series of major administrative changes affecting the cities,
baziliko (v 4. stoletju je cerkev privzela arhitekturo ci-
including Emona.
63
vilne bazilike kot standardno obliko cerkvene zgradbe) in
In Emona at that time, the focus of public and private investments
verjetno s prostori za kofa,64 saj je bila Emona od 4. do 6.
had shifted from pagan public buildings to Christian ones. Thus, at
stoletja kofija. Kasneje, v drugi polovici 5. in v 6. stoletja,
least two aulae primitivae, i.e. halls in which Christian rituals were
je bil prostor kranskih ritualov verjetno rotunda ob foru-
performed, were erected in the second half of the 4th century.62 Soon
mu.65 Skratka, Emona je doivela tevilne spremembe, tako
afterwards, a religious complex was built containing a baptistery, at
v topografiji kot v nainu ivljenja v mestu. Kranski ritu-
least one basilica63 (in the 4th century, the Church adopted the ar-
ali procesije, mae, krevanje so kmalu postali osre-
chitectural form of a civil basilica as a standard form of ecclesiasti-
dnje mestne prakse; Emona je postala kransko mesto, in
cal buildings) and possibly the premises for the bishop,64 as Emona
kot tako pravo rimsko mesto pozne antike.
acted as the diocesan seat from the 4th to the 6th century. Later, in
66
the second half of the 5th and in the 6th century, Christian rituals were
Disciplinirana pokrajina: ureditev emonskega

upravnega obmoja
most probably performed in a rotunda situated beside the forum.65 In
Prihod Rimljanov je temeljito predrugail dananji lju-
the way of life in the city. Christian rituals processions, masses,
bljanski prostor. Del emonskega ozemlja je bil premerjen
baptising soon rose to be the central urban practices; Emona de-
in razdeljen v pravilno ahovnico kvadratno oblikovanih
veloped into a Christian city and, as such, into a true Roman city of
zemljikih parcel, namenjenih kolonistom, s pravokotno
Late Antiquity.66
short, Emona underwent many changes to both its topography and
kriajoimi se potmi med njimi. Taka razdelitev zemlje, t.

zana, pa pa domnevana glede na vrsto analogij. Poleg
Disciplined landscape: organisation of the Emonan

administrative territory
praktinega namena, namre naina razdelitve zemlje
With the arrival of the Romans, the area of what is today Ljubljana
kolonistom, je bilo centurirati neko pokrajino briljanten
underwent fundamental changes. One part of Emonas territory was
prikaz moi osvajalca. Nicholas Purcell ugotavlja, da je
measured up and divided into a regular chequerboard of square plots
bil moan motiv centuriacije podrediti ali kaznovati, saj so
of land to be distributed to the colonists, with rectangularly cross-
najveje centuriirane pokrajine Kampanja, Cisalpinska
ing paths running between them. Although this type of land divi-
Galija, obmoje Kartagine, dolina spodnje Rone pravza-
sion, called centuriation,67 has not been conclusively proved in the
prav seznam rimskih osvajalskih teav in razoaranj. Zato
Emonan area, it can be presumed based on numerous analogies.68
i. centuriacija,67 v emonskem prostoru ni zanesljivo doka68
69
Apart from its practical aspect, i.e. a way of distributing land to colo62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Plesniar et al. 1998; Djuri 2012.

Za njeno mikrolokacijo je ve monosti, prim. Plesniar Gec et al.
1983, str. 21, sl. 24; Djuri 2005.
Plesniar 1998.
Prim. Turner 1998.
Po merski enoti. Osnovna enota, centurija, je bila sestavljena iz
100 (=centum) podenot, imenovanih heredia (ca. 0,5 ha); vsaka
heredia je bila sestavljena iz dveh juger (iz iugum, jarem), toliko, kot
v dnevu zorje par volov.
Prim. Plesniar Gec 1999, str. 2123; Gaspari 2010, str. 137
140.
Purcell 2002, str. 16.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Plesniar et al. 1998; Djuri 2012.

There are several possibilities for its microlocation, cf. Plesniar Gec et al. 1983,
p. 21, Fig. 24; Djuri 2005.
Plesniar 1998.
Plesniar 2006, p. 69.
Cf. Turner 1998.
After the unit of measurement. The basic unit, a centuria, was equal to 100
(=centum) subunits called heredia (approx. 0.5 ha); each heredia was equal to
two jugera (from iugum, meaning the yoke), i.e. an area which a pair of oxen can
plough in a day.
Cf. Plesniar Gec 1999, pp. 2123; Gaspari 2010, pp. 137140.
60
108. Novec / Coin, bron / bronze, d 2,8 cm, 4150 n. t. / 4150 AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0060386 109. Preslica / Distaff, jantar, bron / amber, bronze, 21
x 1,8 cm, 2. stol. n. t. / 2nd c. AD, ZVKDS, CPA, PN 625 110. Oljenka / Oil lamp, keramika / ceramic, 10,9 x 7,9 x 2,9 cm, 1. stol. n. t. / 1st c. AD, MGML,
510:LJU;0005041
lahko centuriacijo razumemo kot radikalen in v osnovi po-
nists, centuriating an area was also a brilliant way of demonstrat-
litien odnos do pokrajine in njene uporabe, tesno pove-
ing the conquerors power. Nicholas Purcell69 suggests that a strong
zan z mojo in imperialno ideologijo.
motive behind centuriation was to punish and repress: the major
70
S centuriacijo je bila povezana gradnja cest. Do 1. stole-
instances of centuriation Campania, Cisalpine Gaul, Carthages ter-
tja je imperij prekrila ogromna mrea medmestnih povezav,
ritory, the lower valley of the Rhne are a catalogue of Romes dis-
ki jih je zgradila drava. Ceste so bile tlakovane s kamni,
comfitures. That is why centuriation represents a radical and essen-
primerne za vsako vreme, dobro vzdrevane, z zagoto-
tially political attitude to the landscape and its use, with close links
vljeno varnostjo potovanja. V emonskem prostoru so bile
to power and the imperial ideology.70
nove, rimske ceste del politino-ideoloke reorganizacije
Centuriation was closely connected with road construction. By
krajine. Z gradnjo nove ceste za povezavo Akvileje z Emono
the 1st century, the Empire was covered with a vast network of inter-
ez Hruico (stara prazgodovinska povezava je tekla ez
urban connections built by the state. Roads were paved with stones,
Razdrto) je povezava RimEmona postala rimski geograf-
could be used in any weather, were regularly maintained and guaran-
ski koncept, v katerem je Emona predstavljala pomemben
teed a safe journey. The new Roman roads in the Emonan area formed
vozel v nekaterih kljunih prometnih povezavah. Nova
part of the politico-ideological reorganisation of the landscape. With
cesta je zagotavljala pretok informacij in tako mo nad ob-
the construction of a new road connecting Aquileia with Emona via
mojem, njen potek ez summas alpes pa tudi podreditev
Hruica (the earlier prehistoric route went via Razdrto), the Rome
tradicionalno teavnega obmoja.
Emona relation turned into the Roman geographic concept, with
71
Z izgradnjo te in drugih rimskih cest in mostov se je
Emona assuming the function of an important hub of certain crucial
topografija krajine spremenila. Izven mest in naselij so
transport links.71 Facilitating the flow of information, the new road
po rimskem obiaju nastala pokopalia, namenjena raz-
permitted control of the region. Further, its course over the summas
kazovanju prestia pokopanega in njegovih naslednikov.
alpes signalled the subjugation of a traditionally challenging region.
Nekateri odseki cest so bili povsem ravni, na primer odsek
Construction of this and other Roman roads and bridges resulted
ez Babno gorico proti Igu (sl. 5) ali nadaljevanje emon-
in the changed topography of the landscape. In line with the Roman
skega karda v smeri proti Savi. tevilne rimske ceste so
custom, cemeteries aimed to display the prestige of both the buried
presenetljivo ravne v zelo dolgih odsekih. Kot vzrok za
and their successors were arranged outside the cities and towns.
tako geometrino bahanje72 je navadno navedena uin-
Some road sections were absolutely straight, e.g. the section lead-
kovitost in ekonominost takih cestnih povezav, pogosto
ing past Babna gorica towards Ig (Fig. 5) or the continuation of the
spregledan razlog za tako impresivno gradnjo pa je izka-
Emonan cardo towards the Sava River. Long sections of many Roman
zovanje moi imperija, da posee v neko krajino in jo spre-
roads are surprisingly straight. The efficiency and economy of such
meni. Rimska cestna mrea pa emonskega prostora ni
roads are typically identified as the reasons underlying such geo-
spremenila samo vizualno, ampak vzpostavitev rimskega
metrical boasting.72 Another motive for the impressive road con-
cestnega omreja pomeni tudi drugano doivljanje krajine
struction, although often ignored, was to display the Empires power
kot prej: nove ceste so usmerjale in predpisovale gibanje
to cut across a landscape and change it.73 The new Roman roads
73
ljudi po krajini, z njihovo vzpostavitvijo so bile ustvarjene
70
71
Purcell 2002, str. 15.

Tj. Akvileja Siscija, Akvileja Poetovio in naprej na donavski
limes, vodna pot po Ljubljanici in naprej po Savi.
72 Purcell 1990, str. 16.
73 Purcell 1990.
69
70
71
Purcell 2002, p. 16.

Purcell 2002, p. 15.
I.e. Aquileia Siscia, Aquileia Poetovio and further on to the Danube Limes, the
water route along the Ljubljanica and further on along the Sava.
72 Purcell 1990, p. 16.
73 Purcell 1990.
61
111. Deli pasne garniture / Parts of a belt set, bron, elezo / bronze, iron, druga polovica 4. stol. n. t. / second half 4th c. AD, MAGELAN skupina, d. o.
o., LJ.STEF/2011-GROB 18/2 112. Napisna ploa / Inscription slab, marmor / marble, 59 x 54 x 24 cm, zaetek 2. stol. n. t. / early 2nd c. AD, MGML,
510:LJU;0051009 113. Sponka / Fibula, bron / bronze, 12 x 2,9 x 4,8 cm, 1.2. stol. n. t. / 1st2nd c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0015983
nove, pravilne poti, nova hierarhija krajev in, predvsem,
did not only change the area of Emona visually. The imposition of the
drugana, tono doloena interpretacija krajine.74
Roman road network also means a changed perception of the land-
Skratka, premerjena in med koloniste razdeljena pokra-
scape: new roads directed and prescribed the movements of the
jina, z novimi cestami in mostovi ter s kolonijo v osrju,
people within the landscape, with their alignment creating new, cor-
je oznaevala spremembo prostora iz movirij in pustih
rect routes, a new hierarchy of places and, in particular, an altered,
gora staroselcev, gentes horridae, v prostor zmage
precisely defined interpretation of the landscape.74
75
in podreditve sovranikov, v udomaen, po rimskih idejah
Measured and divided up among the colonists, the landscape pro-
urejen prostor. Nova razmerja moi v krajini, ki je bila zdaj
vided with new roads and bridges and having a colony situated at
emonsko upravno obmoje, so se kazala s cestno mreo,
its centre thus signalled the transformation of the swampy and hilly
centuriacijo, vzpostavitvijo sekundarnih centrov.76 Mo
area of the indigenous population, i.e. horridas gentis,75 into an area
Rima ni bila le vtisnjena v emonsko krajino, ampak se je
of victory and subjugation of the enemy, into a domesticated area
tudi nanjo opirala in skoznjo utemeljevala. Spremenjena,
arranged according to Roman ideas. The new power relations existing
po rimskem modelu organizirana krajina je rimsko mo ne-
within the area which was now Emonas administrative territory were
prestano podpirala in prenaala, pri tem pa je, kot smo
manifested in the road network, centuriation and the establishment
videli zgoraj, kljuno vlogo imelo mesto Emona.
of secondary centres.76 The power of Rome, which was not only im-
77
printed in the Emonan landscape, also drew on it and used it to sub-
Emona v imperiju: (re)produkcija rimskosti
stantiate itself. The modified landscape, organised in line with the
Kljuni spremembi, ki ju je Emona prinesla v sedanji lju-
Roman model, incessantly legitimised and disseminated the Roman
bljanski prostor, sta urbanost in monumentalnost. Emona
power;77 as shown above, Emona played the key role in this process.
je bila v lokalnem kontekstu impozantno novozgrajeno

mesto, izvedeno po pravilnem rimskem modelu in ritualu, v
Emona in the Empire: the (re)production of Romanness
velikosti, organizaciji in administrativni vlogi neprimerljivo
Two crucial new traits Emona introduced into the area of what is
s poselitvijo, kakrna je bila tu prej. S svojo obliko, pra-
now Ljubljana are urbanity and monumentality. In the local context,
vilnostjo, dimenzijami in organizacijo ivljenja v mestu in
Emona was a remarkable new city laid out in accordance with the
mestnem obmoju je priala o moi, stabilnosti in prospe-
proper Roman model and ritual. Its size, organisation and administra-
riteti rimske drave.
tive role were unprecedented relative to any earlier habitation of this
Mesto Emona je bila primerno urejen oder za vsako-
area. The city with its shape, regularity, dimensions and organisation
dnevne ali obasne aktivnosti, ki so potekale v njej. Njeni
of life in both the city itself and its territory bore witness to the pow-
prebivalci in prebivalci njenega upravnega obmoja so
er, stability and prosperity of the Roman state.
investirali v javne zgradbe, mesto jim je omogoalo iveti
The city of Emona offered a proper stage for both the everyday
politino aktivno ivljenje ter priskrbelo javne prostore za
and periodical activities going on within it. The inhabitants of the
razline mestne dejavnosti. Javne zgradbe so uokvirjale
city and its administrative territory invested in public buildings, with
njihove dnevne in obasne aktivnosti, bile so del njihovih
the city enabling them to conduct a politically active life and pro-
vsakodnevnih in obasnih izkuenj. Emonce je specifi-
viding public venues for various urban activities. Offering a formal
ni diskurz rimskega urbanizma omejeval, jih ukalupljal v
framework for the city-dwellers day-to-day and periodical activities,
74
75
76
77
74
75
76
77
Prim. Witcher 1998.

Tacit, Ann. I, 17, 3.
Prim. upanek 2001; upanek 2002.
Prim. upanek 2002.
Cf. Witcher 1998.

Tacit, Ann. I, 17, 3.
Cf. upanek 2001; upanek 2002.
Cf. upanek 2002.
62
114. Sponka / Fibula, srebro / silver, 8,3 x 2,3 x 2,9 cm, 1.2. stol. n. t. / 1st2nd c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0032848 115. Nagrobnik / Gravestone, podpeki
apnenec / Podpe limestone, 50 x 55 x 24 cm, 2.3. stol. n. t. / 2nd3rd c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0036870 116. Prstan / Ring, elezo, nikolo / iron, niccolo, d
2,6 x 1,4 cm, 1.2. stol. n. t. / 1st2nd c. AD, MGML, 510:LJU;0017922
rimsko formo, hkrati pa ponujal nove monosti in prilono-
public buildings were an inseparable part of their everyday and pe-
sti. Prebivalci emonskega prostora so sprejeli rimsko urba-
riodical experiences. The specific discourse of Roman urbanism set
no ideologijo, jo reproducirali in skoznjo vzdrevali in irili
limits on the Emonans, moulding them into a distinctively Roman
mo imperialnih avtoritet. Videli smo, kako je rimsko mesto
form. At the same time, it also opened up new possibilities and op-
omogoalo tevilne naine upravljanja s posameznikom, ki
portunities. Having accepted the Roman urban ideology, the inhabit-
so ga usmerjali k normativnim vzorcem obnaanja in mu z
ants of Emona reproduced it and, through it, preserved and dissemi-
njimi zagotavljali varno bivanje in sprejetost v (novi) drubi.
nated the power of the imperial authorities. We have seen how the
Ta govermentalnost kot Foucault povee vladanje (gou-
Roman city enabled numerous ways of managing an individual, who
verner) z naini razmiljanja (mentalit) Rima je ustvarila
was directed towards normative patterns of behaviour and thereby
subjekte, ki so njegovim politikam najbolj ustrezali. Prav
guaranteed safe dwelling and integration into the (new) society. This
mesto je bilo orodje, na katerega so se tehnike in strategi-
governmentality to use Foucaults notion linking the act of gov-
je rimske vlade mono naslanjale, saj je bilo sede institu-
erning (gouverner) with the way of thinking (mentalit) of Rome
cij, ki so izvajale discipliniranje in kontrolirale znanje.
created subjects most suitable for its policies. It was precisely the
S posameznikom je Rim z ivljenjem v mestu upravljal,
city that was absolutely instrumental for the tactics and strategy of
mu vladal na nain, ki ni potreboval represije, ampak je
Roman governance as it was the seat of the institutions responsible
spodbujal prostovoljno podrejanje in vkljuevanje. Rimsko
for disciplining and controlling knowledge.
mesto oziroma rimski koncept urbanizma je deloval kot
By allowing them to dwell in the cities, Rome was able to manage
mehanizem upravljanja, vladanja prebivalcem imperija, kot
individuals and govern them in a way that did not require repression
mehanizem integracije zelo razlinih skupin na ogromnem
but encouraged voluntary submission and participation. The Roman
prostoru. Podpora rimski ideji mesta je bila vgrajena v rim-
city and, more generally, the Roman concept of urbanism acted as
sko identiteto, je bila del ideje romanitas, ki jo je hkrati
a mechanism for managing and governing the Empires inhabitants,
tudi promovirala.
and as a mechanism for integrating widely different groups of people
Mesto je produkt drube,78 hkrati pa prostor, kjer druba
living in a vast territory. Support for the Roman idea of the city was
zaivi in se spreminja. Rimska druba je mesta ustvarja-
inherent to the Roman identity. It was part of the idea of romanitas,
la in je bila v njih hkrati ustvarjana: re-produkcija rimske
promoting it at the same time.

Cities should be seen as a product of a society78 and, at the same
drube je bila urbana. Z ivljenjem v mestu Emona so njegovi prebivalci in prebivalci mestnega obmoja (znova)
time, a place where the society can start to live and change. The
postajali Rimljani. V urbanem kontekstu so svojo variacijo
Roman society created cities and was itself being created in them:
rimske kulture re-producirali v spreminjajoih se okolii-
the re-production of Roman society was urban. By living in the city of
nah skozi stoletja obstoja mesta Emone.
Emona, both its inhabitants and those of its ager (again and again)
became Roman. It was exactly in this urban context that their variety
of the Roman culture was re-produced in changing conditions over
the centuries of existence of the city of Emona.
78
Prim. Lefebvre 1991.
78
Cf. Lefebvre 1991.
168
Okrajave / Abbreviations used

b
Bernarda upanek
et
Emilia Talamo
Irena muc
ktk
k
Katarina Toman Kracina

Katarina agar
mb
Matja Bizjak
mg
maja Gutman
mvg
Mojca Vomer Gojkovi
mlk
Martina Lesar Kikelj
mo
Monika Osvald
sk
Sabina Kramar
ANU BiH
CK ZKS
ZP Ljudska pravica
KUD
MGML
NUK
RC
SAZU
ZAG Slovenije
ZRC SAZU
ZSMS
ZVKDS CPA
et al.
Akademija nauka i umetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine (Akademija znanosti in umetnosti Bosne in Hercegovine) /
Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Centralni komite Zveze komunistov Slovenije / Central Committee of the League of Communists of Slovenia
asopisno zaloniko podjetje Ljudska pravica / Ljudska pravica Newspaper and Press Company
Kulturno umetniko drutvo / Cultural and Arts Society
Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane / Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana
Narodna in univerzitetna knjinica / National and University Library
Restavratorski center / Restoration Centre
Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti / Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Zavod za gradbenitvo Slovenije / Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute
Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti / Research Centre of the Slovenian
Academy of Sciences and Arts
Zveza socialistine mladine Slovenije / Union of Socialist Youth of Slovenia
Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediine Slovenije, Center za preventivno arheologijo / Institute for Cultural Heritage
Protection of Slovenia, Preventive Archaeology Centre
in drugi / and others
PN
posebne najdbe / special finds
SE
stratigrafska enota / stratigraphic unit
Sl.
slika
Fig.
Figure
T.
tabela
Pl.
Plate
Mere/Dimensions
d
premer / diameter
viina
height
171
VIRI IN LITERTURA
Uredila: Mojca Ferle
Viri
SI ZAL Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana
LJU 137, Ilirija, Ljubljana, 1, 1-II.
LJU 137, 30/164, Akcijski fond 1; 3/164, 165, 166,
168, 170, 177, 182, 188.
LJU 137 1/1-2, Akcijski fond 2.
LJU 487, 98/107, 106/115, 108/117.
LJU 488 Mesto Ljubljana, rokopisne knjige,
cod. XX/55.
LJU 489, Reg I, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1923.
LJU 88, Okrono gospodarsko sodie
v Ljubljani, 260.
LJU 487, Mesto Ljubljana: indeksi in
delovodniki, 97/106.
SI ZAL, Adresarji, sign. 862.
Materialni viri
MGML Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane,
Mestni muzej Ljubljana
Muzejske zbirke, Dokumentacija.
Elektronski viri
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emona,_Bulgaria
[16. 12. 2013].
http://www.saturnus-90let.si/saturnus-skozicas/od-plocevinke-do-avtomobilskega-zarometa/
[13. 12. 2013].
http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Blaznik
[15. 9. 2013].
http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Derganc_
(1877-1939) [7. 11. 2013].
http://www.hotel-emonec.com/?lang=sl ,
[9. 1. 2012].
http://www.baril.si/si/aktualno/15-pivo-v-sodkihin-steklenicah.html [9. 1. 2012].
http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper [27. 1. 2014].
Literatura
AE: LAnne pigraphieque. Paris.
AIJ: V. Hoffiller, B. Saria 1938, Antike Inschriften aus
Jugoslavien, Heft I: Noricum und Pannonia Superior.
Zagreb.
Beograd: Filozofski fakultet Beograd, str. 2338.

ALLEN, Joel 2006, Hostages and Hostage-Taking
in the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
ANDRI, Maja et al. 2012, Arheoloki in okoljski zapis
v sedimentu vodne kotanje iz zaetka 1. stoletja
n. t. na lokaciji NUK II (Emona). V: A. Gaspari in M.
Eri (ur.), Potopljena preteklost, Arheologija vodnih
okolij in raziskovanje podvodne kulturne dediine
v Sloveniji. Radovljica: Didakta, str. 409416.
ANTIKA: leksikon 1998. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva
zaloba.
ANI, Sonja, Damjan HANI, Tatjana ENK
2004, Ljubljanski upani skozi as 15042004.
Ljubljana: Zgodovinski arhiv.
BANDELLI, Gino 1990, Colonie e municipi delle
regioni transpadane in eta repubblicana. V: La citt
nellItalia settentrionale in et romana, Morfologie,
strutture e funzionamento dei centri urbani delle
regions X e XI, Atti convegno Trieste 1315 marzo
1987, Collection de lcole franaise de Rome 130,
Trieste - Roma, str. 251277.
BANDELLI, Gino 2004, Momenti e forme nella politica
illirica della Repubblica romana (22949 a.C.), V: G.
Urso (ur.), Lillirico nellet greca e romana, Atti del
convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli 2527
settembre 2003, Fondazione Niccol Canussio 3,
Pisa, str. 93139.
BARRETT, John 1997a, Theorising Roman
Archaeology. V: K. Meadows, C. Lemke in J. Heron
(ur.), TRAC 96, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual
Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. Oxford:
Oxbow Books, str. 17.
BEZECZKY, Tams 1994, Amphorae from the Forum

of Emona. V: Arheoloki vestnik 45, Ljubljana:
Intitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, str. 8193.
BG: Commentarii de bello Gallico.
BOI, Dragan 1987, Keltska kultura u Jugoslaviji.
Zapadna grupa: izvori za istoriju Tauriska. V:
Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja. Knj. 5: eljezno
doba, Sarajevo: ANU BiH, str. 855897.
BOI, Dragan 1999, Die Erforschung der Latnezeit
in Slowenien seit Jahr 1964. V: Arheoloki vestnik
50, Ljubljana: Intitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, str.
189213.
BOI, Dragan 2008, Late La Tne Roman
Cemetery in Novo mesto: Ljubljanska cesta and
Okrajno glavarstvo. Katalogi in monografije 39,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije.
BRADA, Fran 1990, Latinsko-slovenski slovar.
Ljubljana: Dravna zaloba Slovenije.
BRATO, Rajko 2007, Rimska zgodovina. Prvi del: Od
zaetkov do nastopa cesarja Dioklecijana (Zbirka
Zgodovinskega asopisa 33 in Knjina zbirka
Scripta). Ljubljana: tudentska zaloba.
BRUSIN, Giovanni Battista 1956, Medaglione
marmoreo aquileiese a Santa Margherita del
Gruagno. V: Sot la nape, str. 1011.
BUORA, Maurizio 1988, Contributo alla conoscenza
di Aquileia nel periodo tetrarchico. I medaglioni
aquileiesi con busti di divinit e il loro probabile
rempiego nella facciata del circo. V: Memorie
storiche forogiuliesi 68, str. 6379.
CAIRNS, Francis 1989, Virgils Augustan Epic.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BARRETT, John 1997b, Romanization: A Critical

Comment. V: D. Mattingly (ur.), Dialogues in Roman
Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant
Experience in the Roman Empire. Portsmouth,
Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology
Supplementary Series 23, str. 5164.
CHRISTOL, Michel 1999, La municipalisation de

la Gaule Narbonnaise, V: M. Dondin - Payre, M. T.
Raepsaet - Charlier (ur.), Cits, municipes, colonies,
Les processus de municipalisation en Gaule et
en Germanie sous le Haut Empire romaine, Paris:
Publications de la Sorbonne.
BASKAR, Bojan 1988, Latinine, prosim!: Latinina

in njeno izganjanje na Slovenskem, 18491987.
Ljubljana: Univerzitetna konferenca ZSMS: Knjinica
revolucionarne teorije.
CIL: Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum.
BA, Franjo 1960, Schmid (mid) Valter. V: A. Gspan

(ur. in ur. odbor), Slovenski biografski leksikon, 3 (IX.
zvezek), Ljubljana: ZP Ljudska pravica, str. 222s.
COLINI, A. M. 1983, Tre ritratti di et augustea

rinvenuti in prossimit della scena del teatro
Marcello. V: Capitolium 13, str. 399411.
COMMAGER, Steele 1962, The Odes of Horace: A
Critical Study. New Haven: Yale University Press.
BEKLJANOV ZIDANEK, Iris 2012, Grob 1007 s

Kongresnega trga v Ljubljani. V: I. Lazar in B.
upanek (ur.), Emona med Akvilejo in Panonijo.
Koper: Annales Mediterranei, str. 1326.
CONSPECTUS, Elisabeth Ettlinger et al. 1990,

Conspectus formarum terrae sigillatae italico modo
confectae. Materialien zr rmisch-germanischen
Keramik 10, Bonn: R. Habelt.
BELL, Andrew 2004, Spectacular Power in the Greek

and Roman City. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CUNLIFFE, Barry 2000, The Iron Age Communities

in Britain: an Account of England, Scotland and
Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman
Conquest, Third Edition. Oxon: Routledge.
BESELJAK, Drago et al. 1923, Adresar za Slovenijo.

Ljubljana: Naslovni oddelek anonnega in
informanega zavoda.
ALFLDY, Geza 1974, Noricum. History of the

Provinces of the Roman Empire. London, Boston:
Routledge & K. Paul.
BESCHI, Luigi 1980, Le arti plastiche. V: Da Aquileia

a Venezia. Una mediazione tra lEuropa e loriente
dal II secolo a.C. al VI secolo d.C., Milano, str.
337449.
ALFLDY, Gza 2005, Die Anfnge der epigraphischen Kultur der Rmer an der Donaugrenze im 1.
Jahrhundert n. Chr. V: M. Mirkovi (ur.), Rmische
Stdte und Festungen an der Donau (Akten der
regionalen Konferenz Beograd 16-19 Oktober 2003).
BEZECZKY, Tams 1987, Roman Amphorae from

the Amber Route in Western Pannonia. British
Archaeological Reports, International series 386.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
CUNTZ, Otto 1913, Rmische Inschriften aus Emona.

V: Jahrbuch fr Altertumskunde 7, str. 193217.
UFAR, Katarina 2008, Raziskave in
dendrokronoloka datacija lesa z najdia na
lokaciji bive Tribune pod Ljubljanskim gradom.
Poroilo, Ljubljana: Oddelek za lesarstvo,
Biotehnika fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani.
UFAR, Katarina et al. 2010, Raziskave in
dendrokronoloka datacija lesa z najdia na
172
lokaciji bive Tribune pod Ljubljanskim gradom.
Poroilo 20092010, Ljubljana: Oddelek za
lesarstvo, Biotehnika fakulteta, Univerza v
Ljubljani.
DOLENZ, Heimo et al. 2009, Zur

vorannexionzeitlichen Siedlung auf dem
Magdalensberg. V: Fundberichte aus sterreich 47,
Wien: Bundesdenkmalamt, str. 235266.
DEGRASSI, Attilio 1954, Il confine nord-orientale

dellItalia romana, Dissertationes Bernenses 1,
Bern.
DRAKSLER, Matej, Martin HORVAT, Miha KUNSTELJ,

Rene MASARYK, Botjan ODAR, Sao PORENTA,
Mateja RAVNIK, Tatjana TOMAZO - RAVNIK, Toma
VERBI 2011, Poroilo o arheolokem nadzoru in
arheolokih raziskavah pri izvedbi projekta obnove
komunalne infrastrukture na irem obmoju
Trnice 1. Faza. Ljubljana Kopitarjeva ulica,
Krekov, Vodnikov in Ciril - Metodov trg. Ljubljana,
neobjavljeno strokovno poroilo na Ministrstvu za
kulturo RS.
DESCHLER - ERB, Eckhard 2007, Bemerkungen zu

den Militaria von Kalkriese. V: G. A. Lehmann in R.
Wiegels (ur.), Rmische Prsenz und Herrschaft im
Germanien der augusteischen Zeit, Der Fundplatz
von Kalkriese im Kontext neuerer Forschungen und
Ausgrabungsbefunde. Beitrge zu der Tagung des
Fachs Alte Geschichte der Universitt Osnabrck
und der Kommission Imperium und Barbaricum
der Gttinger Akademie der Wissenschaften in
Osnabrck vom 10.12. Juni 2004, Abhandlungen
der Akademie der Wisenschaften zu Gttingen,
Philologisch-Historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Band
279, Gttingen: Vandenheck & Ruprecht, str. 7588.
DETONI, Milica, Tine KURENT 1963, Modularna
rekonstrukcija Emone. Situla4 1, Ljubljana:
Narodni muzej.
DAZ-ANDREU, Margarita, Sam LUCY, Stasa BABI,
David N. EDWARDS 2005, The Archaeology of
Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Status,
Ethnicity and Religion. London, New York:
Routledge.
DIMITZ, August 1874, Geschichte Krains von den
ltesten Zeit bis auf das Jahr 1813, I. Ljubljana:
Kleinmayr & Bamberg, str. 57.
DIRJEC, Janez, Tatjana TOMAZZO RAVNIK, Mija
TOPLIANEC, Borut TOKAN 2012, Zaitna
arheoloka izkopavanja na lokaciji SNG Opera
(Ljubljana). V: I. Lazar, B. upanek (ur.), Emona med
Akvilejo in Panonijo, Koper: Annales mediterranei,
str. 2747.
DJURI, Bojan 2005, I primi mosaici paleocristiani
di Emona (Venetia et Histria) e la loro officina. V:
H. Morlier (ur.), La mosaque grco-romaine IX/1.
Rome: cole Franaise de Rome.
DJURI, Bojan 2007, Predrimske forme na
nagrobniku iz Mrzlega polja pri Ivanni Gorici (PreRoman elements on the tombstone from Mrzlo
Polje near Ivanna Gorica). V: M. Blei et al. (ur.),
Scripta praehistorica in honorem Biba Teran (Situla
44). Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije,
str. 895902.
Djuri, Bojan 2012, The Emona XIII.8 Mosaic from the
Late Roman Period. V: I. Lazar in B. upanek (ur.),
Emona med Akvilejo in Panonijo, Koper: Annales
mediterranei, str. 8995.
DOBESCH, Gerhard 1980, Die Kelten in sterreich
nach den ltesten Berichte der Antike. Wien, Kln,
Graz: H. Bhlau.
DOBESCH, Gerhard 1994, Zur Chronologie des
Dakerknigs Burebista. V: R. Gbl (ur.), Die
Hexadrachmenprgung der Gro-Boier, Wien, str.
5168.
DOB, rpad 1968, Die Verwaltung der rmischen
Provinz Pannonien von Augustus bis Diocletianus.
Budapest: Akadmiai Kiad.
DOKLER, Anton 1915, Grko-slovenski slovar.
Ljubljana: Katolika tiskarna.
DU TOIT, Lois 1980, The Senatorial Debate on

17th September A.D. 14 and Drusus Journey to
Pannonia. V: Acta Classica 23, str. 130133.
DULAR, Janez 1982, Haltatska keramika v
Sloveniji (Die Grabkeramik der lteren Eisenzeit in
Slowenien): prispevek k prouevanju haltatske
grobne keramike in lonarstva na Dolenjskem.
Dela 1. razreda SAZU 23, Ljubljana: SAZU.
DULAR, Janez 2003, Haltatske nekropole Dolenjske
(Die hallstattzeitlichen Nekropolen in Dolenjsko).
Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 6, Ljubljana:
ZRC SAZU.
DULAR, Janez et al. 1995, Kuar. eleznodobno
naselje in zgodnjekranski stavbni kompleks
na Kuarju pri Podzemlju. Opera Instituti
Archaeologici Sloveniae 1, Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
DUANI, Slobodan 1967, Bassianae and Its
Territory. V: Archaeologia Iugoslavica 8, str. 6781
(= Selected Essays in Roman History and Epigraphy.
Beograd 2010, str. 818859).
DZINO, Danijel 2010, Illyricum in Roman Politics
229 BCAD 68. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
ENCKEVORT, Harry van 2004, The Roman Military
Complex in Nijmegen (NL). V: F. Vermeulen, K. Sas in
W. Dhaeze (ur.), The Archaeology in Confrontation:
Aspects of Roman Military Presence in the
Northwest, Papers in Honour of Prof. Em. Hugo
Thoen, Archaeological Reports Ghent University 2,
Ghent: Academia Press, str. 103124.
ERJAVEC, Robert, Andrej GASPARI 2012, Sledovi
bronastodobnih nekropol v Kaminu pri Bevkah. V:
Potopljena preteklost: arheologija vodnih okolij
in raziskovanje podvodne kulturne dediine
v Sloveniji: zbornk ob 128-letnici Demanovih
raziskav Ljubljanice na Vrhniki (18842012),
Radovljica: Didakta, str. 269282.
ERSKINE, Andrew 2001, Troy between Greece and
Rome: Local Tradition and Imperial Power. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
FEENEY, Denis 1984, The Reconciliations of Juno. V:
Classical Quarterly 34, str. 17994.
FEENEY, Denis 1991, The Gods in Epic: Poets and
Critics of the Classical Tradition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
FEHR, Bence, Petr KOVCS 2005, Early
Geographers The Period of the Roman Conquest
(Fontes Pannoniae Antiquae I). Budapest: Kroli
Egyetemi Kiad.
FERLE, Mojca 2010, Kralj ajev in njegova

apoteka na Kongresnem trgu/The King of Teas
and His Pharmacy in the Kongresni trg Square.
V: Za pomladno kuro priporoamo Planinka aj:
ljubljanski lekarnar Leo Bahovec/Planinka Tea
Spring Health Regime for Thee: Leo Bahovec,
Pharmacist, Ljubljana. Ljubljana: MGML, Mestni
muzej, str. 3951.
FICHTL, Stefan 2007, Architectures des remparts
celtiques de La Tne finale dans lEst de la Gaule.
V: L. Berrocal - Rangel in P. Moret (ur.), Paisajes
fortificados de la Edad del Hierro: la murallas
protohistricas de la Meseta y la vertiente atlntica
en su contexto europeo: actas del coloquio.
Bibliotheca Archaeologica Hispana 20 Real
Academia de la Historia, str. 120.
Fischers Allgemeiner Wohnungs-Anzeiger nebst
vollstndigen Behrden, Handels- und GewerbeAdressbuch fr die Landeshauptstadt Laibach mit
ihren Vororten 1898. Laibach: Otto Fischer.
Fischers Allgemeiner Wohnungs-Anzeiger nebst
vollstndigen Behrden, Handels- und GewerbeAdressbuch fr die Landeshauptstadt Laibach,
1910, Kaffeehuser, str. 169179.
FITTSCHEN, Klaus, Paul ZANKER 1983, Katalog der
rmischen Portrts in den Capitolinischen Museen
und der anderen Kommunalen Sammlungen der
Stadt Rom, I. Mainz am Rhein.
FITZ, Jen 1993, Die Verwaltung Pannoniens in
der Rmerzeit I, II. Budapest: Encyclopedia
Publishers.
FOGOLARI, Giulia 1953, Medaglioni aquileiesi
con busti di divinit. V: Studi aquileiesi offerti
il 7 ottobre 1953 a Giovanni Brusin nel suo 70
compleanno, Aquileia, str. 141167.
FONTANA, Federica 1997, I culti di Aquileia
repubblicana. Aspetti della politica religiosa in
Gallia Cisalpina tra il III e il II sec. a.C., Roma.
FORCEY, Colin 1997, Beyond Romanization:
Technologies of Power in Roman Britain. V: K.
Meadows, C. Lemke in J. Heron (ur.), TRAC 96,
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Theoretical Roman
Archaeology Conference. Oxford: Oxbow Books, str.
1521.
FOUCAULT, Michel 1975, Surveiller et punir. Paris:
Gallimard.
FREEMAN, Philip 1997a, Romanisation Imperialism - What Are We Talking about? V: K.
Meadows, C. Lemke in J. Heron (ur.), TRAC 96,
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Theoretical Roman
Archaeology Conference. Oxford: Oxbow Books, str.
814.
FREEMAN, Philip 1997b, Mommsen through to
Haverfield: The Origins of Romanization Studies in
Late 19th-c. Britain. V: D. Mattingly (ur.), Dialogues
in Roman Imperialism: Power, Discourse and
Discrepant Experience in the Roman Empire.
Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary
Series 23. Portsmouth, Rhode Island, str. 2750.
GABROVEC, Stane 1966, Latensko obdobje na
Gorenjskem. V: Arheoloki vestnik 17, Ljubljana:
GABROVEC, Stane 1970, Dvozankaste lone fibule.
Doprinos k problematiki zaetka elezne dobe na
173
Balkanu in v jugovzhodnih Alpah (Die Zweischleifige
Bogenfibeln. Ein Beitrag zum Beginn der
Hallstattzeit am Balkan und in den Sdostalpen). V:
Godinjak 8. Centar za balkanoloka istraivanja 6,
Sarajevo: ANU BiH, str. 567.
GABROVEC, Stane 1975, Zaetek haltatskega
obdobja v Sloveniji (Der Beginn der Eisenzeit in
Slowenien). V: Arheoloki vestnik 24, Ljubljana:
GABROVEC, Stane 1994, Stina I. Naselbinska
izkopavanja (Stina I. Siedlungsausgrabungen).
Katalogi in monografije 28, Ljubljana: Narodni
muzej.
GALINSKY, Karl 1996, Augustan Culture: An
Interpretive Introduction. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
GALINSKY, Karl 2005, Vergils Aeneid and Ovids
Metamorphoses as World Literature. V: K. Galinsky
(ur.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of
Augustus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
str. 340358.
GASPARI, Andrej 2006, A Possible Multiperiod
Ritual Site in the River Ljubljanica. V: Studien zur
Lebenswelt der Eisenzeit (Ergnzungsbnde zum
Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 53),
Berlin, str. 717.
GASPARI, Andrej 2007, The Ljubljanica River.
Evidence for a Late Iron Age Ritual Site in the
Southeastern Alps (Slovenia). V: S. Groh in
H. Sedlmayer (ur.), Blut und Wein, Keltischrmische Kultpraktiken: Akten des Kolloquiums
am Frauenberg bei Leibnitz (A) im Mai 2006.
Protohistoire europenne 10, Montagnac: ditions
Monique Mergoil, str. 141154.
monografije, Ljubljana : Narodni muzej Slovenije

(v tisku).
HALL, Jonathan 2005, Hellenicity. Between Ethnicity

and Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
GASPARI, Andrej, Miran ERI 2012, Preliminarno

poroilo o odkritju razbitine rimske tovorne ladje
v Ljubljanici pri Sinji Gorici. V: A. Gaspari in M. Eri
(ur.), Potopljena preteklost. Arheologija vodnih
okolij in raziskovanje podvodne kulturne dediine
v Sloveniji. Radovljica: Didakta, str. 293298.
HANSON, William S. 1997, Forces of Change

and Methods of Control. V: D. J. Mattingly (ur.),
Dialogues in Roman Imperialism. Power, discourse
and discrepant experience in the Roman Empire.
Series 23, str. 6780.
GASPARI, Andrej, Ren MASARYK 2009, Na sledi

prazgodovinskega Navporta. Gradie na hribu
Tinica na Vrhniki. V: Arheoloki vestnik 60,
Ljubljana: Intitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, str.
195206.
HARDIE, Philip 1998, Virgil. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.
GASPARI, Andrej, Rene MASARYK, Matja NOVAK

2013, itna grba iz Emone. Keltsko oroje v
zgodnjerimskem kontekstu. V: Vjesnik Arheolokog
muzeja u Zagrebu 46, Zagreb: Arheoloki muzej u
Zagrebu, (v tisku).
GASPARI, Andrej, Rene MASARYK, Pavla PETERLE
UDOVI 2005, Poroilo o zaitnih arheolokih
izkopavanjih na lokaciji umi v Ljubljani. http://
www.arhej.com/porocila.
GIDDENS, Anthony 1984, The Constitution of Society:
Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge:
Polity.
GOFFMAN, Erving 1959, The Presentation of Self in
Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
GMRI, Jnos 2003, Scrabantia. V: M. ael Kos, P.
Scherrer (ur.), The Autonomous Towns of Noricum
and Pannonia 1 (Situla 41), Ljubljana: Narodni
muzej Slovenije, str. 8192.
GOODMAN, Penny J. 2007, The Roman City and Its
Periphery: from Rome to Gaul. London: Routledge.
HARL, Ortolf, Alois NIEDERSTTTER 2011, Kaiser

Friedrich III. als Nachfolger Caesars: Zwei
Inschriften zur Befestigung von Tergeste/Triest. V:
Mitteilungen des sterreichischen Staatsarchivs
55: Beruf(ung): Archivar. Festschrift fr Lorenz
Mikoletzky. Wien: sterreichisches Staatsarchiv,
str. 699725.
HUSSLER, Ralph 1999, Architecture, Performance
and Ritual: The Role of State Architecture in the
Roman Empire. V: P. Baker, C. Forcey, S. Jundi in R.
Witcher (ur.), TRAC 98, Proceedings of the Eighth
Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference.
Oxford: Oxbow Books, str. 113.
HINGLEY, Richard 2005, Globalizing Roman Culture:
Unity, Diversity and Empire. London, New York:
Routledge.
HITZINGER, Peter 1861, Plne rmischer Orte in
Krain. V: Mittheilungen des Historischen Vereins fr
Krain, str. 46ss.
HORSFALL, Nicholas 1989, Aeneas the Colonist.
V: Vergilius 35, str. 827. http://www.jstor.org/
stable/41592455.
HORSTER, Marietta 2001, Bauinschriften rmischer
Kaiser (Historia Einzelschr. 157). Stuttgart: Franz
Steiner Verlag.
GASPARI, Andrej 2009, Ljubljana Arheoloko

najdie Ljubljana (Ljubljana Archaeological Site
Ljubljana). V: Varstvo spomenikov Poroila 45,
Ljubljana: ZVKDS, str. 105109.
GOODYEAR, Francis R. D. 1972, The Annals of

Tacitus, Vol. I: Annals 1. 154 (Cambridge Classical
Texts and Commentaries 15). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
GASPARI, Andrej 2009a, A Late Republican Gem

with Dionysiac Representation from Emona. V: G.
S. Chiesa in E. Gagetti (ur.), Aquileia e la glittica in
et ellenistica e romana repubblicana. Proceedings
of the International Conference (Aquileia, 2008),
Trieste: Editreg, str. 367369.
GRAF, Fritz 1993, Mythos in mythenloser Gesellschaft: Das Paradigma Roms. Colloquium Rauricum
3. Stuttgart: Teubner.
HORVAT, Jana 1996, Nauportus: Vrhnika v

arheolokih obdobjih. V: Vrhniki razgledi 1,
Vrhnika: Vrhniko muzejsko drutvo, str. 89106.
GRAHEK, Lucija 2009, Keramika iz eleznodobne

utrjene naselbine gradia Cvinger nad Virom
pri Stini. Doktorska disertacija, Oddelek za
arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v
Ljubljani.
HORVAT, Jana 1997, Sermin: prazgodovinska in

zgodnjerimska naselbina v severozahodni Istri.
Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 3, Ljubljana:
Intitut za arheologijo, ZRC SAZU.
GASPARI, Andrej 2009b, Tovorna ladja sredozemske

ivane konstrukcije iz Lip. V: P. Turk et al. (ur.),
Ljubljanica: kulturna dediina reke. Katalog
razstave, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, str.
107109.
GASPARI, Andrej 2009c, Keltski bojevniki in
Ljubljanica. V: P. Turk et al. (ur.), Ljubljanica:
kulturna dediina reke. Katalog razstave,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, str. 6873.
GASPARI, Andrej 2010, Apud horridas gentis ....
Zaetki rimskega mesta Colonia Iulia Emona/
Beginnings of the Roman Town of Colonia Iulia
Emona. Ljubljana: MGML.
GASPARI, Andrej et al. 2007, Ljubljana arheoloko
najdie Ljubljana. V: Varstvo spomenikov
Poroila 43, Ljubljana: ZVKDS, str. 112115.
GASPARI, Andrej, Iris BEKLJANOV ZIDANEK, Rene
MASARYK, Matja NOVAK 2014, Avgustejska vojaka
grobova s Kongresnega trga v Ljubljani. V: Rimska
vojska na ozemlju dananje Slovenije. Katalogi in
GRAHEK, Lucija 2013, eleznodobno gradie

Cvinger nad Virom pri Stini. Stratigrafija in
tipoloko - kronoloka analiza naselbinske
keramike. Zbirka E-Monographiae Instituti
Archaeologici Sloveniae 3/1. Ljubljana: Intitut za
arheologijo, ZRC SAZU.
GROS, Pierre 1996, Larchitecture romaine. 1. Les
monuments publics. Paris: Picard.
GROS, Pierre, Mario TORELLI 1988, Storia
dellurbanistica. Il mondo romano. Roma, Bari:
Laterza.
GUTIN, Mitja 1991, Posoje. Posoje in der
jngeren Eisenzeit (Posoje v mlaji elezni dobi).
Katalogi in monografije 27, Ljubljana: Narodni
muzej.
HALL, Jonathan 1997, Ethnic Identity in Greek
Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
HORVAT, Jana 1990, Nauportus (Vrhnika). Dela 1.

razreda SAZU 33, Ljubljana: SAZU.
HORVAT, Jana 2008, Early Roman Horrea at

Nauportus. V: Mlanges de lEcole franaise de
Rome, Antiquit 120/1, Roma: cole franaise de
Rome, str. 111121.
HORVAT, Jana 2010, First century BC Roman
Fortifications in the Eastern Alps. V: P. Herz, P.
Schmid in O. Stoll (ur.), Zwischen Region und
Reich. Das Gebiet der oberen Donau im Imperium
Romanum. Region in Umbruch 3, Berlin: Frank &
Timme GmbH, str. 135159.
HORVAT, Jana et al. 2003, Poetovio. Development
and Topography. V: M. ael Kos, P. Scherrer (ur.),
The Autonomous Towns in Noricum and Pannonia/
Die autonomen Stdte in Noricum und Pannonien
Pannonia I (Situla 41). Ljubljana: Narodni muzej
Slovenije, str. 153189.
HORVAT, Martin 1991, Preliminarno poroilo o
arheolokih raziskavah na Ljubljanskem gradu. V:
Varstvo spomenikov 33, str. 232233.
174
HORVAT, Martin 2013, Terenski dnevnik, elektronska
pota, 12. 11. 2013.
HORVAT, Milena 1999, Keramika. Tehnologija
keramike, tipologija lonenine, keramini arhiv.
Razprave Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana:
Znanstveni intitut Filozofske fakultete.
HOSTNIK, Martin 1997, Cerkev sv. Mihaela v Iki vasi.
Ljubljana: Salve.
HUSKINSON, Janet 2000, Experiencing Rome:
Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire.
London: Routledge.
HVALEC, Samo et al. 2009, Utrip Tribune. Doivetja
arheolokega vsakdana. Ljubljana: Arhej, d. o. o.
ILJug: A. et J. ael 1963, 1978, 1986, Inscriptiones
Latinae quae in Jugoslavia inter annos MCMXL et
MCMLX repertae et editae sunt (Situla 5); iidem,
Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Jugoslavia inter
annos MCMLX et MCMLXX repertae et editae sunt
(Situla 19); iidem, Inscriptiones Latinae quae in
Jugoslavia inter annos MCMII et MCMXL repertae et
editae sunt (Situla 25). Ljubljana.
ILS: H. Dessau (ur.), Inscriptiones Latinae selectae.
Berlin 18921916.
ILUSTRACIJA 1929, 1930.
Inscriptiones Aquileiae 1991, J.B. Brusin, M. Buora
(ur.), Udine
Ins. it.: Inscriptiones Italie
INSOLL, Timothy 2007, The Archaeology of
Identities: A reader. London: Routledge.
ISTENI, Janka 2003, A Uniface Medallion with a
Portrait of Augustus from the River Ljubljanica
(Slovenia). V: Germania 81/1, str. 263276.
ISTENI, Janka 2005, Evidence for a Very
Late Republican Siege at Grad near Reka
in Western Slovenia. V: J. Cencic (ur.),
Archologie der Schlachtfelder - Militaria
aus Zerstrungshorizonten. Akten der 14.
Internationalen Roman Military Equipment
Conference (ROMEC), Wien, 27.31. August
2003, Carnuntum Jahrbuch, Wien: Verlag der
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
str. 7787.
ISTENI, Janka 2009a, The Early Roman Military
Route along the River Ljubljanica (Slovenia). V: A.
Morillo, N. Hanel, E. Martin (ur.), Limes XX. Actas
des XX Congreso Intern. de Estudios sobre la
Frontera Romana (Anejos de Gladius 13). Madrid:
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas,
str. 855865.
ISTENI, Janka 2009b, Ljubljanica in rimska vojska.
V: P. Turk et al. (ur.), Ljubljanica: kulturna dediina
reke. Katalog razstave, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej
ISTENI, Janka 2009c, Emona a Roman Trading
Centre on the Ljubljanica. V: The Ljubljanica a
River and Its Past. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej
ISTENI, Janka 2010, Late La Tne Scabbards with
Non-ferrous Openwork Plates. V: Arheoloki vestnik
121164.
JOHNSON, Anne 1987, Rmische Kastelle des 1.

und 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in Britannien und in
den germanischen Provinzen des Rmerreiches.
Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt 37. Mainz am
Rhein: Phillip von Zabern.
JONES, Sin 1997, The Archaeology of Ethnicity.
Constructing Identities in the Past and Present.
London: Routledge.
KASTELIC, Joe 1951, Walter Schmid. V: Zgodovinski
asopis, V, 14. Ljubljana: Zveza zgodovinskih
drutev Slovenije, str. 292299.
KATII, Radoslav 1966, Keltska osobna imena
u antikoj Sloveniji. V: Arheoloki vestnik 17,
Ljubljana: Intitut za arheologijo ZC SAZU, str.
145168.
KATII, Radoslav 1970, Podunavlje i Jadran u epu
Apolonija Rodanina. V: Godinjak 7. Centar za
balkanoloka ispitivanja 5, Sarajevo: ANU BiH, str.
71132.
KIENAST, Dietmar 1990, Rmische Kaisertabelle:
Grundzge einer rmischen Kaiserchronologie.
Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
KIRK, Geoffrey 1970, Myth: Its Meaning and
Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures.
KLASINC, Rok 2012, Poroilo o predhodnih
arheolokih raziskavah na lokaciji Prule
Prijateljeva 5. Ljubljana, neobjavljeno strokovno
poroilo na Ministrstvu za kulturo RS.
KOKOLE, Metoda et al. 2006: Mediterranean Myths
from Clasical Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century/
Mediteranski miti od antike do 18. stoletja.
Ljubljana: Zaloba ZRC SAZU.
KOMELJ, Miklav 2009, Ljubljana. Mesta v mestu
(osebno: alternativni vodi). Ljubljana: Zveza
drutev Slovenskih likovnih umetnikov: Revija
Likovne besede.
KOROEC, Josip 1954, Oris prazgodovinske
Ljubljane. V: I. Rakovec (ur.), Zgodovina Ljubljane.
Prva knjiga: Geologija in arheologija, Ljubljana:
Dravna zaloba Slovenije, str. 243330.
KOS, Peter 1977, Keltski novci Slovenije. Situla 18,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej.
KOS, Peter 1986, The Monetary Circulation in the
Southeastern Alpine Region ca. 300 B.C.A.D. 1000.
Situla 24, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije.
KOS, Peter, Andrej EMROV 2003, Skupna najdba
keltskih in rimskih novcev v reki Ljubljanici.
Doprinos h kronologiji novcev plemena Tavriskov.
V: Arheoloki vestnik 54, Ljubljana: Intitut za
arheologijo ZRC SAZU, str. 381395.
KOTZ, Annemar 1996,Tacitus Account of the
Pannonian Revolt (Ann. 1.1630). V: Akroterion 41,
str. 124132.
KREI, Peter 1992, Joe Plenik. Ljubljana:
Dravna zaloba Slovenije.
KRMNICEK, Stefan 2010, Mnze und Geld im
frhrmischen Ostalpenraum. Studien zum
Mnzumlauf und zur Funktion von Mnzgeld anhand
der Funde und Befunde vom Magdalensberg.
Krtner Museumsschriften 80. Klagenfurt am
Wrthersee: Verlag des Landesmuseum Krnten.
KHLBORN, Johann - Sebastian 2008, Die

Lippetrasse Zum Stand der archologischen
Forschungen whrend der Jahre 1996 bis 2006 in
den augusteischen Lippelagern. V: J. - S. Khlborn
et al. (ur.), Rom auf dem Weg nach Germanien.
Strategie, Vormarschtrassen und Logistik.
Internationales Kolloquium in Delbrck-Anreppen
vom 4. bis 6. November 2004, Bodenaltertmer
Westfalens 45, Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern,
str. 735.
LAHARNAR, Botjan 2013, Early Roman Military
Equipment from the Fortified Settlements in the
Notranjska Region (SW Slovenia). V: M. Sanader
et al. (ur.), Rimska vojna oprema u pogrebnom
kontekstu. Radovi XVII. ROMEC-a. Zagreb: Arheoloki
muzej u Zagrebu, Odsjek za arheologiju Filozofskog
fakulteta u Zagrebu, str. 379392.
LAPAJNE, tefan 1912, Naslovna knjiga in zaznamek
trgovin in obrtov za deelno stolno mesto Ljubljana.
Ljubljana: Kleinmayr & Bamberg.
LAURENCE, Ray, Joanne BERRY 1998, Cultural
Identity in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge.
LAURENCE, Ray, Simon Esmonde CLEARY, Gareth
SEARS 2011, The City in the Roman West, c. 250
BCc. AD 250. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
LEFEBVRE , Henri 1991, The Production of Space.
Oxford: Blackwell.
LEVI STRAUSS, Claude 2003, Struktura mitov. V:
Problemi: revija za kulturo in drubena vpraanja
45, str. 219248.
LINHART, Anton 1788, Versuch einer Geschichte
von Krain und der brigen sdlichen Slaven
Oesterreichs, Ljubljana (slovenski prevod: Linhart,
Anton Toma 1981: Poskus zgodovine Kranjske in
ostalih deel junih Slovanov Avstrije, Ljubljana:
Slovenska matica).
LOZI, Edisa 2009, Roman stonemasonery workshop
in the Ig Area (Rimske klesarske delavnice na
Ianskem). V: Arheoloki vestnik 69, Ljubljana:
LOAR, Rajko 1931, Emona. V: Ilustracija, let. II., t.
6, str. 184186.
Lupa: Ubi erat Lupa, http://www.ubi-erat-lupa.
org/.
LUTHAR, Oto, Marjeta AEL KOS, Nada GROELJ,
Gregor POBEIN 2006, Zgodovina historine misli.
Ljubljana: Zaloba ZRC.
MAIONICA, Enrico 1893, Fundkarte von Aquileia. V:
Jahresberichte des k.k. Staatsgymnasiums in Grz
43, str. 158.
M. R. 1910, Emona. V: Slovenski narod, let. XLIII, t.
54, 8. 3. 1910, t. 55, 9. 3. 1910, t. 56, 10. 3. 1910,
t. 57, 11. 3. 1910, t. 58 , 12. 3. 1910, t. 61, 16.
3. 1910.
MAL, Josip 1926, Dimitz Avgust. V: I. Cankar, F.
Ks. Lukman (ur. in ur. odbor), Slovenski biografski
leksikon, 1, Ljubljana: Jugoslovanska tiskarna, str.
135s.
MANN, John C. 1983, Legionary Recruitment
and Veteran Settlement during the Principate
(Occasional Publications 7). London: Institute of
Archaeology.
175
MASARYK, Rene 2011, Poroilo o arheolokih
raziskavah na obmoju gradnje parkirne hie v
Ljubljani Kongresni trg. V: Zvezek 1. Ljubljana:
arhiv Muzeja in galerij mesta Ljubljane.
MASARYK, Rene, David BADOVINAC, Joica HRUSTEL,
Petra VOJAKOVI, Samo HVALEC, Sao PORENTA,
Jerica BREI, Iris BEKLJANOV ZIDANEK, Toma
VERBI, Mate BOINOVI, Roberto ERJAVEC 2011,
Poroilo o arheolokih raziskavah na obmoju
gradnje parkirne hie v Ljubljani, Kongresni trg. V:
Zvezek I. do XI. Ljubljana, neobjavljeno strokovno
poroilo na Ministrstvu za kulturo RS.
MATTINGLY, David 2002, Vulgar and Weak
Romanization, or Time for a Paradigm Shift? V:
Series 15, str. 536540.
MATTINGLY, David 2004, Being Roman: Expressing
Identity in a Provincial Setting. V: Journal of
Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 17, str.
525. MATTINGLY, David 2011, Imperialism, Power,
and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire.
Oxford: Princeton University Press.
MIKEC, Alenka 2009, The Augustan Conquest

of Southeastern Alpine and Western Pannonian
Areas: Coins and Hoards (Avgustejska zasedba
jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora in zahodne
Panonije: posamine in zakladne novne najdbe).
MCSY, Andrs 1962, Pannonia. V: RE Suppl. IX, str.
516776.
MCSY, Andrs 1974, Pannonia and Upper Moesia.
London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
MOREL, Jaap - M. A.W., 1991, Tents or Barracks? V:
V. A. Maxfield, M. J. Dobson (ur.), Roman Frontier
Studies. Proceedings of the XVth International
Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (1989,
Canterbury, England), Exeter: University of Exeter
Press, str. 376386.
MORTON BRAUND, Susanna 2002, Latin Literature.
London, New York: Routledge.
MORWOOD, James 1991, Augustus and the Theme of
the City. V: Greece and Rome 38, str. 212223.
MAZZA, Federico 1988, The Phoenicians as Seen

by the Ancient World. V: S. Moscati (ur.), The
Phoenicians. New York: Meridian, str. 548567.
MOSSER, Martin 2003, Die Steindenkmler der legio

XV Apollinaris. Wien: Forschungsgesellschaft
Wiener Stadtarchologie.
MENGE, Hermann, Otto GTHLING, 1981,

Langenscheidts Grosswrterbuch lateinischDeutsch. Mit Etymologie. Berlin, Mnchen, Wien,
Zrich: Langenscheidts.
MRV, Zsolt 2001, Die Grndung Emonas und der

Bau seiner Stadtmauer (Zur Ergnzung der Inschrift
AIJ 170B = ILJug 304). V: Acta Antiqua Academiae
Scientiarum Hungaricae 41, Budapest: Akadmiai
Kiad, str. 8198.
MESKELL, Lynn 2007, Archaeologies of Identity. V: T.

Insoll (ur.), The Archaeology of Identities: A Reader.
London: Routledge, str. 2343.
MIAN, Giulia 2004, I programmi decorativi
delledilizia pubblica aquileiese. Alcuni esempi. V:
Antichit altoadriatiche 59, str. 425509.
MLLNER, Alfons 1879, Emona, Archologische

Studien aus Krain. Ljubljana (slovenski prevod:
Mllner, Alfons 1996: Emona: ilustrirane arheoloke
tudije s Slovenije in okolice ali kje je Emona
dejansko bila?. Ljubljana).
MIAN Giulia 2013, Clipei con busti di divinit. V:

Costantino e Teodoro, Aquileia nel IV secolo, Mostra
e catalogo a cura di C. Tiussi, L. Villa, M. Novello,
Roma, str. 226231.
MURGELJ, Ida 2008, Srednja bronasta doba na

Dolenjskem primer Podsmreka. Magistrsko
delo, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta
Univerze v Ljubljani.
MIAN Giulia, Martina RIGATO 2005, Il ciclo di imagines

clipeatae con busti di divinit di Aquileia. V:
Antichit altoadriatiche 61, str. 661668.
MUI, Branko, Jana HORVAT 2007, Nauportus an

Early Roman Trading Post at Dolge njive in Vrhnika.
The results of geophysical prospecting using a
variety of independent methods. (Nauportus
zgodnjerimska trgovska postojanka na Dolgih
njivah na Vrhniki. Rezultati geofizikalne raziskave
z ve neodvisnimi metodami). V: Arheoloki vestnik
219283.
MIAN Giulia, Luca VILLA 2013, La residenza imperiale

tardoantica e il circo. V: Costantino e Teodoro,
Aquileia nel IV secolo, Mostra e catalogo a cura di C.
Tiussi, L. Villa, M. Novello, Roma, str. 7581.
MIHELI, Breda 1983, Urbanistini razvoj Ljubljane.
Ljubljana: Partizanska knjiga, Znanstveni tisk.
MILNER, Alfonz 1996, Emona: ilustrirane arheoloke
tudije s Slovenije in okolice ali kje je Emona
dejansko bila? Ljubljana: Slovensko bibliofilsko
drutvo.
MIKEC, Alenka 2003, The Early Romanization
of the Southeastern Alpine Region in the Light
of Numismatic Finds. V: Arheoloki vestnik 54,
369379.
MIKEC, Alenka 2005, Some Aspects of
Countermarked Coins from the Time of the Julio
- Claudian Dynasty in Pannonia. V: C. Alfaro,
C. Marcos in P. Otero Moran (ur.), XIII Congreso
Internacional de Numismatica, Madrid 2003, ActasProceedings-Actes, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura,
str. 10051011.
MUI, Marjan 1980, Joe Plenik. Ljubljana:

Partizanska knjiga.
NIPPEL, Wilfried 2002, The Construction of
the Other. V: T. Harrison (ur.), Greeks and the
Barbarians. New York: Edinburgh University Press,
str. 278310.
NISBET, Robin G. M., Niall RUDD 2004, A Commentary on
Horace: Odes Book III. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
OCK 2000, August Oxe, Howard Comfort, Philip
Kenrick, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum: a Catalogue
of the Signatures, Shapes and Chronology of Italian
Sigillata (2nd edition). Bonn: Habelt.
PAGN, Victoria E. 2005, The Pannonian revolt in the
Annals of Tacitus. V: C. Deroux (ur.), Studies in Latin
Literature and Roman History XII (Coll. Latomus 287).
Bruxelles, str. 414422.
PALADINI, Maria Luisa 1989, Leclisse di luna

del 14 d.C. negli Annales di Tacito. V: M. Sordi
(ur.), Fenomeni naturali e avvenimenti storici
nellantichit (Vita e pensiero). Milano, str. 154166.
PANCIERA, Silvio, 1957, Vita economica di Aquileia in
et romana. Aquileia, Venezia.
PAPAZOGLU, Fanula 1986, Oppidum Stobi civium
Romanorum et municipium Stobensium. V: Chiron
16, str. 213237.
PARKER PEARSON, Michael, Colin RICHARDS 1994,
Architecture and Order: Spatial Representation and
Archaeology. V: M. Parker Pearson in C. Richards
(ur.), Architecture and Order. London, New York:
Routlege, str. 3872.
PAULI - GABI, Thomas 2007, La fortification de La
Tne finale Vindonissa. Rapport prliminaire
sur la fouille du Rmerblick Windisch (Canton
dArgovie). V: Ph. Barral, A. Daubigney, C. Dunning, G.
Kaenel, M. - J. Roulire - Lambert (ur.), Lge du Fer
dans larc jurassien et ses marges. Dpts, lieux
sacrs et territorialit lge du Fer. - Actes du
XXIXe colloque international de lAFEAF, Bienne, 58
mai 2005, vol. 1, Besanon: Presses universitaires
de Franche - Comt, str. 229242.
PAULI - GABI, Thomas et al. 2002, Vitudurum
6: Beitrge zum rmischen Oberwinterthur.
Ausgrabungen im Unteren Bhl. Die Baubefunde
im Westquartier. Ein Beitrag zum kleinstdtischen
Bauen und Leben im rmischen Nordwesten.
Monographien der Kantonsarchologie Zrich 34/2,
Zrich: Egg.
PAVLIHA 1952, 19. 4., let. 9, t. 16, str. 5.
PETRIKOVITS, Harald von 1979, Die Canabae legionis.
Darmstadt.
PETRU, P. [Peter] (ur.) 196061 (1962), Izkopavanja
in najdbe v Ljubljani med leti 19411961. V: Varstvo
spomenikov. Konservatorska poroila 8, Ljubljana,
str. 271327.
PETRU, Peter 1977, Die ostalpinen Taurisker und
Latobiker, ANRW II 6, Berlin, str. 473499.
PETRU, Sonja 1962/1963 (1963), O spomeniku
emonskega meana. V: Arheoloki vestnik 13/14,
513528.
PETRU, Sonja 1972, Emonske nekropole (Cemeteries
of Emona). Katalogi in monografije 7, Ljubljana:
Narodni muzej.
PIETA, Karol 2011, Die keltische Besiedlung der
Slowakei. Archaeologia Slovaca Monographiae 12,
Nitra: Archologisches Institut der Slowakischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1963, Vpraanja Emone.
V: Nai razgledi, 8. 6. 1963, let. 12, t. 11, str. 216,
Ljubljana.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1968, Jakopiev vrt.
Kulturni in naravni spomeniki Slovenije (Zbirka
vodnikov 14). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1972, Severno emonsko
grobie. Katalogi in monografije 8, Ljubljana:
Mestni muzej, Narodni muzej.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1974, Porta praetoria
severna emonska vrata. V: Arheoloki vestnik 25,
176
387391.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1976, Arheoloki muzej na
prostem. V: Nai razgledi, 18. 6. 1976, let. 25, t. 12,
str. 331, Ljubljana.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1983, Trg revolucije v
antiki. V: Trg revolucije neko in danes. Ljubljana:
Mestni muzej Ljubljana, str. 5.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1998, Emona, vojaki
tabor? (Emona, a Military Camp?). V: Zgodovinski
asopis 52/3, str. 331336.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila 1999, Urbanizem Emone/
The Urbanism of Emona. Ljubljana: Mestni muzej,
Znanstveni intitut FF.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila et al. 1983, Starokranski
center v Emoni. Katalogi in monografije 21,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila et al. 2006, Emonski forum,
(Zbirka Annales Mediterranei). Koper: Univerza na
Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno sredie
Koper, Intitut za dediino Sredozemlja, Zaloba
Annales.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila, Marijan SLABE 1992,
Varovanje arheolokih ostalin. V: Reena
arheoloka dediina, Ljubljana: Mestni muzej
Ljubljana, str. 715.
PLESNIAR GEC, Ljudmila, Tatjana BREGANT 1961,
Antina Emona v srcu moderne Ljubljane: ob
najnovejih odkritjih na bodoem Trgu revolucije.
Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
POLEC, Janko 1933, Mllner Alfonz. V: Ks. Lukman
(ur. in ur. odbor), Slovenski biografski leksikon, 2
(V. zvezek), Ljubljana: Jugoslovanska tiskarna, str.
163s.
PRELOVEK, Damjan 1994, Plenik, Joe. V:
Enciklopedija Slovenije, 8. Ljubljana: Mladinska
knjiga, str. 397402.
PREMERSTEIN, Anton v., Simon RUTAR 1899,
Rmische Strassen und Befestigungen in Krain.
Wien: K. K. Central-Commission zur Erforschung und
Erhaltung der kunst- und historischen Denkmale.
PURCELL, Nicholas 2002, The Creation of a
Provincial Landscape: the Roman Impact on
Cisalpine Gaul. V: T. Blagg, M. Millett (ur.), The Early
Roman Empire in the West, Oxford: Oxbow Books,
str. 729.
PU, Ivan 1966, Nove latenoidne najdbe v Ljubljani.
PU, Ivan 1971, arnogrobina nekropola na
dvoriu SAZU v Ljubljani: izkopavanja v letih
19641965. Razprave SAZU I 7/1, Ljubljana: SAZU.
PU, Ivan 1973, Ljubljana v prazgodovini.
V: Arheoloka obdobja Ljubljane. Pregled
prazgodovine, antike in zgodnjega srednjega veka,
Ljubljana: Mestni muzej, str. 915.
PU, Ivan 1976, Latenski pasni sponi z dvoria
SAZU. V: Arheoloki vestnik 27, Ljubljana: Intitut za
PU, Ivan 1982, Prazgodovinsko arno grobie v
Ljubljani. Razprave SAZU I 13/2, Ljubljana: SAZU.
PU, Ivan 1992, Prazgodovinsko obdobje. V: Reena

arheoloka dediina Ljubljane, Ljubljana: Mestni
muzej, str. 1640.
SCHAUBER, Vera, Hanns Michael SCHINDLER 1995,

Svetniki in godovni zavetniki za vsak dan v letu.
REDD, Michel et al. 2006, Les fortifications

militaires. Documents darchologie franaise 100
(Larchitecture de la Gaule Romaine 1). Paris,
Bordeaux: ditions de la Maison des sciences de
lhomme-Ausonius ditions.
SCHINDLER KAUDELKA, Eleni 1998, Die Dnnwandige

Gebrauchskeramik vom Magdalensberg 2. Die
pareti sottili vom Sdhang des Magdalensberg.
V: G. Piccottini (ur.), Die Ausgrabungen auf dem
Magdalensberg. 1980 bis 1986. MagdalensbergGrabungsbericht 16, Klagenfurt, str. 389427.
REIDINGER, Walter 1956, Die Statthalter des

ungeteilten Pannonien und Oberpannoniens von
Augustus bis Diokletian (Antiquitas Reihe 1, Abh. z.
alten Gesch. 2). Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag.
REVELL, Louise 1999, Constructing Romanitas:
Roman Public Architecture and the Archaeology
of Practice. V: P. Baker, C. Forcey, S. Jundi in R.
Witcher (ur.), TRAC 98, Proceedings of the Eighth
Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference.
Oxford: Oxbow Books, str. 5258.
REVELL, Louise 2009, Roman Imperialism and Local
Identities. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
RINMS: ael Kos, M. 1997, The Roman Inscriptions
in the National Museum of Slovenia/Lapidarij
Narodnega muzeja Slovenije (Situla 35). Ljubljana.
HOVSK, Ji 1972, Die Messer in Mhren und dem
Ostalpengebiet. V: Prhistorische Bronzefunde 7/1,
Mnchen.
HOVSK, Ji 1979, Die Nadeln in Mhren und
Ostalpengebiet. V: Prhistorische Bronzefunde
13/5, Mnchen.
RITTERLING, Emil 1924, 1925, Legio. V: RE 12.1, str.
11861328; 12.2, str. 13291829.
ROTH - RUBI, Katrin 2006, Dangstetten. III. Das
Tafelgeschirr aus dem Militrlager von Dangstetten.
Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und
Frhgeschichte in Baden - Wrttemberg 103.
Stuttgart: K.
ROWE, Greg 2008, Tiberius. V: Barrett, A. A. (ur.),
Lives of the Caesars. Malden, Oxford, Carlton:
Blackwell, str. 3860.
SAGADIN, Milan 2003, Zgodnjeantini Kranj. V:
Avgutinov zbornik: 50 let Gorenjskega muzeja.
Kranj: Gorenjski muzej, str. 7181.
SAGADIN, Milan 2010, Zgodnjeantino obzidje
Kranja, V: Kranjski zbornik. Kranj: Mestna obina,
str. 1625.
SARIA, Balduin 1938, Emona als Standlager der
Legio XV. Apollinaris. V: Laurae Aquincenses 1
(Dissertationes Pannonicae II, 10), Budapest, str.
245255.
SCHINDLER, Maria 1967, Die schwarze Sigillata des

Magdalensberges. Archologische Forschungen
zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 1. V:
Krntner Museumsschriften 43, Klagenfurt.
SCHMID, Walter 1913, Emona. V: Jahrbuch fr
Altertumskunde 7. Wien: Zentral-Kommission fr
Denkmalpflege in Wien, A. Schroll & Co., str. 61217.
SCHMID, Walter 1941, Emona ni bila vojaki tabor
(Das vermeintliche Legionslager von Emona). V:
Glasnik Muzejskega drutva za Slovenijo 22, 12,
Ljubljana: Muzejsko drutvo za Slovenijo, str.
4454.
SCHNLEBEN, Janez Ludvik 1674, Aemona vindicata.
Salzburg.
SCHNLEBEN, Janez Ludvik 1680, Carniola antiqua
et nova. Ljubljana.
SEDLMAYER, Helga 2009, Die Fibeln vom
Magdalensberg. Funde der Grabungsjahre
19482000 und Altfunde des 19. Jahrhunderts.
V: Krntner Museumsschriften 79, Klagenfurt am
Wrthersee: Verlag des Landesmuseums Krnten.
SHANKS, Michael, Christopher TILLEY 1987, Reconstructing Archaeology: Theory and Practice.
London: Routlege.
SIVEC, Irena, Boena DIRJEC 1998, Iz Vulkanove
delavnice: bronasti predmeti, bogastvo Emone.
Ljubljana: Mestni muzej Ljubljana.
SKUTSCH, Otto 1985, The Annals of Quintus Ennius.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
SLAPAK, Boidar 2001, Poetovio as a Supraregional Center. V: Ptuj in the Roman Empire:
Mithraism and Its Era, Archaeologia Poetovionensis
2, Ptuj: Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj, str. 1126.
SMITH, Anthony 1987, The Ethnic Origins of Nations.
Oxford: Blackwell.
SPERTI, Luigi 2004, Scultura microasiatica nella
Cisalpina tardoantica: i tondi aquileiesi con busti di
divinit. V: Eidola 1, str. 151193.
STAHL, Hans Peter 1998, Vergils Aeneid: Augustan
Epic and Political Context. London: Duckworth &
Co/Classical Press of Wales.
SARIA, Balduin 1939, Doneski k vojaki zgodovini

naih krajev v rimski dobi. V: Glasnik Muzejskega
drutva za Slovenijo 20, 14, Ljubljana: Muzejsko
drutvo za Slovenijo, str. 115151.
STANKOVI, Peter 2000, Giddensova teorija

strukturacije: zagate teoretskega eklekticizma. V:
Teorija in praksa 37, str. 455474.
SARIA, Balduin 1941, Emona ni bila vojaki tabor?.

V: Glasnik Muzejskega drutva za Slovenijo 22,
12, Ljubljana: Muzejsko drutvo za Slovenijo, str.
5557.
STARAC, Alka 19931994, Pitanje istone granice

Cisalpinske Galije i odnos opina Tergeste i Egida.
V: Histria Archaeologica 2425, Pula: Arheoloki
muzej Istre, str. 537.
SCRINARI, Valnea Santamaria 1972, Museo

Archeologico di Aquileia. Catalogo delle sculture
romane, Roma.
STARE, France 19521953, Nekaj eleznodobnih

predmetov iz Ljubljane. V: Zgodovinski asopis 67,
str. 7177.
177
STARE, France 1954, Ilirske najdbe elezne dobe v
Ljubljani. Dela SAZU 9, Sekcija za arheologijo 7,
Ljubljana: SAZU.
AEL, Jaroslav 197576, Iuliae Alpes, V: Atti del

Centro Studi e Documentazione sullItalia Romana
VII, str. 601618.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1999, Pre-Roman Divinities of

the Eastern Alps and Adriatic. Situla 38, Ljubljana:
Narodni muzej Slovenije.
STEL, France 1928, V obrambo rimskega zidu v

Ljubljani. Ljubljana: Spomeniki urad.
AEL, Jaroslav 1984, K zgodovini Emone v rimskih

napisih in literaturi. V: Zgodovina Ljubljane,
Ljubljana, str. 3545.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2000: Caesar, Illyricum, and

the Hinterland of Aquileia. V: G. Urso (ur.), Lultimo
Cesare. Scritti riforme progetti poteri congiure. Atti
del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli,
1618 settembre 1999, Monografie, Centro ricerce
e documentazione sullantichit classica 20, Roma,
LErma di Bretschneider, str. 277304.
STEL, France 1941, Architectura perennis.

STEL, France 1967, Arh. Joe Plenik v Italiji.
Ljubljana: Slovenska matica.
STESKA, Viktor 1901, Dolniarjeva ljubljanska
kronika od l. 1660 do l. 1718. V: A. Koblar (ur.),
Izvestja muzejskega drutva za Kranjsko, XI.,
Ljubljana: Blasnikova tiskarna.
STUDEN, Andrej 2001, Kavarne so v Ljubljani veliko
bolje kot na Dunaju. V: Slovenska kronika XIX.
stoletja, 18001860. Ljubljana: Nova revija, str.
3637.
SUNI, Maja 2004, Antika za vsakdanjo uporabo:
antika v sodobni popularni kulturi, komunikaciji in
trenju. V: M. Suni, B. Seneganik (ur.), Antika za
tretje tisoletje. Ljubljana: Drutvo za antine in
humanistine tudije Slovenije, str. 213252.
SUNI, Maja 2005, Antika v Ljubljani. V: Monitor
ISH, VII/1, Ljubljana: Institutum Studiorum
Humanitatum, str. 171190.
AEL, Jaroslav 1951, Pogled v emonske plasti.
V: Arheoloki vestnik 2, Ljubljana: Sekcija za
arheologijo SAZU, str. 221226.
AEL, Jaroslav 1953, Prerez severnih utrdb Emone.
V: Arheoloki vestnik 4, Ljubljana: Slovenska
akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Sekcija za
arheologijo SAZU, str. 294318.
AEL, Jaroslav 1955, O najstarejem napisu iz
Emone. V: Kronika: asopis za slovensko krajevno
zgodovino 3, Ljubljana: Zgodovinsko drutvo za
Slovenijo, str. 110113.
AEL, Jaroslav 1959, Prispevki za zgodovino
rimskega Iga. V: Kronika: asopis za slovensko
krajevno zgodovino 7/2, str. 117123.
AEL, Jaroslav 1960, Caesernii, V: iva antika 10,
Skopje: Sojuz na drutvata za antiki studii na
Makedonija, str. 201221.
AEL, Jaroslav 1966, Keltisches Portorium in den
Ostalpen (zu Plin. n. h. III 128). V: Corolla memoriae
Erich Swoboda dedicata, Rmische Forschungen in
Niedersterreich 5, Graz, Kln, str. 198204.
AEL, Jaroslav 1968, Emona. V: RE Suppl. XI (1969),
str. 540578 (= Opera selecta, Ljubljana 1992, str.
559579).
AEL, Jaroslav 1970, Drusus Ti. f. in Emona. V:
Historia 19, str. 122124 (= Opera selecta, Ljubljana
1992, str. 285287).
AEL, Jaroslav 1974a, Okra, V: Kronika: asopis za
slovensko krajevno zgodovino 22, Ljubljana: Zveza
zgodovinskih drutev Slovenije, str. 917.
AEL, Jaroslav 1974b, Koper, V: Arheoloki vestnik
25, Ljubljana: Intitut za arheologijo SAZU, str.
446461.
AEL, Jaroslav 197475, Miniera aurifera nelle
Alpi orientali. V: Aquileia nostra 4546, Aquileia:
Associazione nazionale per Aquileia, str. 148152.
AEL, Jaroslav 1985, Zur Frhgeschichte der XV.

Legion und zur Nordostgrenze der Cisalpina zur
Zeit Caesars. V: Altertumskunde und Epigraphik.
Festschrift fr Artur Betz zur Vollendung seines
80. Lebensjahres. Archaeologisch-epigraphische
Studien 1. Wien, str. 547555.
AEL, Jaroslav 1989: Zur verwaltungtechnischen
Zugehrigkeit Emonas. V: Acta Archaeologica
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 41, str.
169174.
AEL, Jaroslav, Ana AEL 1977, Le prfet de la
Ie aile Britannique milliaire sous Trajan Emona,
arheologijo ZC SAZU, str. 334345.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2002, The Boundary Stone

between Aquileia and Emona (Mejnik med Akvilejo
in Emono). V: Arheoloki vestnik 53, Ljubljana:
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2003, Emona was in Italy, not
in Pannonia. V: M. ael Kos, P. Scherrer (ur.), The
Autonomous Towns of Noricum and Pannonia 1
(Situla 41), str. 1119.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2005, Appian and Illyricum.
Situla 43, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije.
AEL, Jaroslav, Ingomar WEILER 1963/64, Zur

Augusteisch-Tiberischen Inschrift von Emona. V:
Carnuntum Jahrbuch 8, str. 4042 (= Opera selecta,
Situla 30, Ljubljana 1992, str. 277279).
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2010a, Rimsko osvajanje

zahodnega Balkana: Ilirik v Apijanovi Ilirski
zgodovini. (Zbirka zgodovinskega asopisa).
Ljubljana: Zveza zgodovinskih drutev Slovenije.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1986, Zgodovinska podoba

prostora med Akvilejo, Jadranom in Sirmijem pri
Kasiju Dionu in Herodijanu/A Historical Outline of
the Region between Aquileia, the Adriatic, and
Sirmium in Cassius Dio and Herodian. Ljubljana:
SAZU.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2010b, The Early Urbanization

of Noricum and Pannonia. V: L. Zerbini (ur.), Roma
e le province del Danubio: atti del I Convegno
Internazionale, Ferrara - Cento, 1517 ottobre
2009, (Pubblicazioni del LAD 1), str. 209230.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1990, Nauportus: antini

literarni in epigrafski viri (Nauportus: Literary and
epigraphical sources). V: J. Horvat, Nauportus
(Vrhnika), SAZU I 33/16, Ljubljana: SAZU, str. 1733.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1992, Boginja Ekorna v Emoni.
V: Zgodovinski asopis 46, 1, Ljubljana: Zveza
zgodovinskih drutev Slovenije, str. 512.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1995, The 15th Legion at Emona
Some Thoughts. V: Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 109, str. 227244.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1997a, The end of the Norican
Kingdom and the Formation of the Provinces of
Noricum and Pannonia. V: B. Djuri, I. Lazar (ur.),
Akten des IV. Internationalen Kolloquiums ber
Probleme des provinzialrmischen Kunstschaffens
(Situla 36), Ljubljana, str. 3142.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1997b, The Roman Inscriptions
in the National Museum of Slovenia. Situla 35,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1998a, Caesarian Inscriptions
in the Emona Basin. V: G. Paci (ur.), Epigrafia
romana in area Adriatica. Actes de la IXe rencontre
franco-italienne sur lpigraphie du monde romain,
Macerata, 1011 novembre 1995, Pisa Roma, str.
101112.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1998b, The Tauriscan Gold Mine:
remarks concerning the settlement of the Taurisci.
V: Tyche 13, str. 207219.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 1998c, Je bila Emona nekdanji
tabor 15. legije in veteranska kolonija? (Was Emona
Ever a Camp of the 15th Legion and a Veteran
Colony?). V: Zgodovinski asopis 52/3, str. 317329.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2010c, Pannonia or Lower

Illyricum?. V: Tyche 25, str. 123130.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2012a: Colonia Iulia Emona
the Genesis of the Roman City (Colonia Iulia Emona
nastanek rimskega mesta). V: Arheoloki vestnik
79104.
AEL KOS, Marjeta 2012b, Dedications to Divinities
from the Epigraphic Collection in the City Museum
of Ljubljana. V: I. Lazar, B. upanek (ur.). Emona:
med Akvilejo in Panonijo = between Aquileia and
Pannonia, (Zbirka Annales Mediterranei). Koper:
Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno
sredie, Intitut za dediino Sredozemlja,
Univerzitetna zaloba Annales, str. 105122.
INKOVEC, Irena 1998, Gradie na Grajskem griu.
V: J. Rebolj (ur.), Poselitev ljubljanske kotline
urbani razvoj Ljubljane. Katalog razstave, Ljubljana:
Mestni muzej, str. 3233.
TRAJHAR, Metka, Andrej GASPARI 2013, Ostanki
dveh srednjelatenskih bojevnikih grobov iz
Turjake palae v Ljubljani/Remains of two Middle
La Tene Warrior graves from the Auersperg Palace
in Ljubljana. V: Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u
Zagrebu 30/1, Zagreb: Institut za arheologiju, str.
2743.
TERAN, Biba 1973, Valina vas. V: Arheoloki
vestnik 24, Ljubljana: Intitut za arheologijo ZRC
SAZU, str. 660729.
TERAN, Biba 1976, Certoka fibula (Die
Certosafibel). V: Arheoloki vestnik 27, Ljubljana:
TERAN, Biba 1995, Stand und Aufgaben der
Forschungen zur Urnenfelderzeit in Jugoslawien. V:
Beitrge zur Urnenfelderzeit nrdlich und sdlich
178
der Alpen, Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.
Monographien 35, Bonn, str. 323372.
TERAN, Biba 2008(2010), Stike skice (Stina
Skizzen). V: S. Gabrovec, B. Teran (ur.), Stina
II/2. Gomile stareje elezne dobe. Razprave (Stina
II/2. Grabhgel aus der lteren Eisenzeit. Studien).
Katalogi in monografije 38 (2010), Ljubljana:
Narodni muzej Slovenije, str. 189325.
THOMAS, Edmund 2007, Monumentality and the
Roman Empire. Architecture in the Antonine age.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
VERZR - BASS, Monika 1991, I primi culti della

colonia latina di Aquileia. V: Antichit altoadriatiche
37, str. 253277.
VII, Boris 1990, Ljubljana, Ljubljanski grad. V:
Varstvo spomenikov 32, str. 178.
VII, Boris 1993, Zgodnjerimsko naselje pod
Grajskim griem v Ljubljani. Gornji trg 15. V:
Arheoloki vestnik 44, Ljubljana: Intitut za
TOLL, Katharine 1997, Making Roman-Ness and the

Aeneid. V: Classical Antiquity 16, str. 3456.

Grajskim griem v Ljubljani. Gornji trg 30, Stari trg
17 in 32. V: Arheoloki vestnik 45, Ljubljana: Intitut
za arheologijo ZC SAZU, str. 2580.
TOMAINI, pela 2009, Arhetipske podobe

vzhodnjatva: moralino ogledalo Enejeve nove
identitete. V: Keria: studia Latina et Graeca 11/2,
str. 4368.

Grajskim griem v Ljubljani. Gornji trg 3. V:
Arheoloki vestnik 53, Ljubljana: Intitut za
TOKAN, Borut, Janez DIRJEC 2012, ivalski ostanki

iz pozne bronaste in stareje elezne dobe z
lokacije Ljubljana Stanovanjska soseska Tribuna.
Ljubljana, neobjavljeno strokovno poroilo na
ZRC SAZU.
VII, Boris 2003, Colonia Iulia Emona. V: M. ael

Kos, P. Scherrer et al. (ur.), Towns of Noricum and
Pannonia. Pannonia I (Situla 41), Ljubljana: Narodni
muzej Slovenije, str. 2145.
TRILLMICH, Walter, Paul ZANKER 1990, Stadtbild und

Ideologie: Die Monumentalisierung hispanischer
Stdte zwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit.
Kolloquium in Madrid vom 19 bis 23 Oktober 1987
(Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Abhandlungen,
n.F. CIII): Munich.
TROBEC ZADNIK, Dragica 1993, Jakopieva
zapuina. V: D. Trobec Zadnik et al. (ur.), Rihard
Jakopi : To sem jaz, umetnik Ljubljana: Narodna
galerija, Mestni muzej, str. 105111.
TURK, Peter, Andrej GASPARI 2009, Darovi bogovom
in prednikom. V: Peter Turk et al. (ur.), Ljubljanica:
kulturna dediina reke. Katalog razstave,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, str. 6267.
Turner, David R. 1998, Ruminations on Romanisation
in the East: Or, the Metanarrative in History.
Assemblage 4, http://www.assemblage.group.shef.
ac.uk/4/4turner.html
VALENI, Vlado 1989, Zgodovina ljubljanskih
ulinih imen. Ljubljana: Zgodovinski arhiv:
Partizanska knjiga.
VALVASOR, Janez Vajkard, 19701974, Die Ehre Des
Herzogthums Crain, XI. A. Gspan (ur.), Monumenta
litterarum Slovenicarum, 9, III. Ljubljana,
Mnchen.
VALVASOR, Johann Weichard 1689, Die Ehre dess
Herzogthums Crain, Laybach (slovenski prevod:
VALVASOR, Janez Vajkard 2009, ast in slava
vojvodine Kranjske, Ljubljana: Zavod Deela
Kranjska).
VEDALDI IASBEZ Vanna 2000, Cesare, Forum Iulii e
il confine nordorientale dellItalia. V: G. Urso (ur.),
Lultimo Cesare. Scritti, rifarme, progetti, poteri,
congiure, Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale
del Friuli 1618 settembre 1999, Monografie, Centro
ricerce e documentazione sullantichit classica
20, Roma, str. 329352.
VERBINC, Franc 1970, Slovar tujk. Ljubljana:
Cankarjeva zaloba.
VODNIK, Valentin 1970, Izbrano delo. J. Koruza

(izbral, uredil, spremno besedo in opombe napisal).
VOJAKOVI, Petra 2013, Prazgodovinska Emona:
novo odkrita protourbana naselbina na Prulah
in njeno mesto v asu in prostoru. Doktorska
disertacija, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska
fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani.
VOJAKOVI, Petra et al. 2011, Poroilo o predhodnih
arheolokih raziskavah na lokaciji Ljubljana
stanovanjska soseska Tribuna. Elaborat.
Ljubljana: ZVKDS, OE Ljubljana, in Arhej, d. o. o.
VUGA, Davorin 1980, eleznodobna najdia v kotlini
Ljubljanskega barja. Situla 20/21, Ljubljana:
Narodni muzej, str. 199209.
WELLS, Colin M. 1974, Emona and Carnuntum:
Evidence for the Start of Roman Occupation.
V: E. Birley, B. Dobson, M. Jarrett (ur.), Roman
Frontier Studies 1969 (Eighth Intern. Congress of
Limesforschung), Cardiff: University of Wales Press,
str. 185190.
WHITTAKER, C. R. 1997, Imperialism and Culture: the
Roman Initiative. V: D. J. Mattingly (ur.), Dialogues in
Roman Imperialism. Power, discourse and discrepant experience in the Roman Empire. Portsmouth,
Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archeology
Supplementary Series 23, str. 143163.
WIEGELS, Rainer (ur.) 2007, Die Varusschlacht.
Wendepunkt der Geschichte?. Stuttgart: Konrad
Theiss Verlag GmbH.
WILKES, John J. 1963, A Note on the Mutiny of the
Pannonian Legions in A. D. 14. V: Classical Quarterly
56, str. 268271.
WISEMAN, Timothy 1995, Remus: A Roman Myth.
WITCHER, Robert 1998, Roman Roads:
Phenomenological Perspectives on Roads in the
Landscape. V: C. Forcey, J. Hawthorne, R. Witcher
(ur.), TRAC 97. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual
Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. Oxford:
Oxbow Books, str. 6070.
WOOLF, Greg 1997, Beyond Romans and Natives. V:

World Archaeology 28, str. 33950.
WOOLF, Greg 1998, Becoming Roman: The origins
of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
ZACCARIA, Claudio 1992, Regio X Venetia et Histria,
Tergeste Ager Tergestinus et Tergesti adtributus.
V: Supplementa Italica, n.s. 10. Roma, str. 139283.
ZANKER, Paul 1990, The Power of Images in the Age
of Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
ZANKER, Paul 1998, Pompeii: Public and Private Life.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
ZANKER, Paul 2000, The City as Symbol: Rome and
the creation of an urban image. V: E. Fentress
(ur.), Romanization and the City. Creation,
Transformations and Failures. Journal of Roman
Archaeology Supplementary Series 38, Portsmouth,
Rhode Island, str. 2541.
ZIPPEL, Georg 1877, Die Rmische Herrschaft in
Illyrien bis auf Augustus. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
ZUPANC, Lojze 1937, Turjaani. Koevje: J.
Pavliek.
ZUPANI, Bogo 20052008, Usode ljubljanskih
stavb in ljudi, 2548. Ljubljana: KUD Polis.
ERJAL, Tina et al. 2012, Poroilo o zaitnih
arheolokih izkopavanjih na obmoju predvidene
gradnje stanovanjske hie Glaar, Perovi, Bevk,
parcela t. 13/28, k.o. Prule. Elaborat. Ljubljana:
ZVKDS CPA.
MUC, Irena 2009, Napoleon rezhe Iliria vstan. V: I.
muc, G. Moder (ur.), Napoleon rezhe Iliria vstan,
Ljubljana: Mestni muzej, str. 1126.
MUC, Irena 2010, Pozdravljena astitljiva Jazonova
hi! Argonavtika ali o mitinih ustanoviteljih
Emone/Ljubljane. V: B. upanek (ur.), Emona: mit
in resninost. Ljubljana: MGML, Mestni muzej, str.
4073.
OR, Alja 2010, Poroilo o predhodnih arheolokih
raziskavah na obmoju predvidene gradnje
izvedbe investicijskih vzdrevalnih del pri O Prule.
Ljubljana, neobjavljeno strokovno poroilo na
Ministrstvu za kulturo RS.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2001, Ljubljanski prostor v
rimskem asu. Magistrsko delo, Oddelek za
arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v
Ljubljani.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2002, Oblike moi: poselitev
emonskega prostora. V: Arheo 22, Glasilo
slovenskega arheolokega drutva, Ljubljana:
Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za arheologijo, str.
4552.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2008a, Iskanje prave poti:
romanizacija v slepi ulici? V: Arheo 25, Glasilo
slovenskega arheolokega drutva, Ljubljana:
Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za arheologijo, str. 3138.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2008b, Barbarske gostije,
rimsko posodje: kaj pomeni biti Rimljan. V: R. Muri
in K. Hrobat (ur.), Prostori sooanja in sreevanja:
spominski zbornik za Boruta Brumna. Ljubljana:
Znanstvena zaloba Filozofske fakultete, str.
227238.
179
UPANEK, Bernarda 2010, Zgodbe o zaetku
Ljubljane: Emona, Argonavti in ljubljanski zmaj. V:
B. upanek (ur.), Emona: mit in resninost/Emona:
myth and reality, Ljubljana: MGML, Mestni muzej,
str. 2739.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2011a, Imaginarij Emone:
oblikovanje, spreminjanje, pozabljanje in ponovno
vzpostavljanje Emone kot antine predhodnice
mesta Ljubljane. Doktorska disertacija,
Institutum Studiorum Humanitatis, Ljubljana.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2011b, Kip Emonca in antika
v Ljubljani. V: Forum: revija slovenskega drutva
likovnih kritikov, t. 13, 14, letnik IV, str. 167177.
UPANEK, Bernarda 2012, ebelice: ivljenjska
zgodba nekega mozaika. V: B. Migotti et al. (ur.),
Scripta in honorem Bojan Djuri. Ljubljana: ZVKDS,
str. 123131.
UPANEK, Bernarda, Mateja RAVNIK, Rok KLASINC
2011, Poroilo o nadzoru in izkopavanjih na
obmoju Starega in Gornjega trga, Ljubljana v
sezoni 2009/2010/2011. Elaborat, Ljubljana: Tica
Sistem, d. o. o.
180
Sodelujoe ustanove in posamezniki / Participating institutions and individuals
Arhej, d. o. o., Sevnica

Lidija Ariana Bahovec, Ljubljana
Boena Dirjec, Ljubljana
Drutvo za turizem, kulturo in port Ika vas, Ig
Paola Koroec, Ljubljana
Janez Kos, Ljubljana
Marija Leskovar, Ljubljana
Magelan skupina, d. o. o., Kranj
Musei Capitolini, Centrale Montemartini, Rim
Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Akvileja
Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane, Ljubljana
Narodna in univerzitetna knjinica, Ljubljana
Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana
Monika Osvald, Ljubljana
Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj Ormo, Ptuj
Irena Sivec, Ljubljana
Zavod za gradbenitvo Slovenije, Ljubljana
Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediine Slovenije, Center za preventivno arheologijo, Ljubljana
Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediine Slovenije, Restavratorski center, Ljubljana
Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana, Ljubljana
upnija Ig, Ig
Katalog / Catalogue
Emona: mesto v imperiju / Emona: A City of the Empire
30. maj 201431. maj 2015 / 30 May 201431 May 2015
Mestni muzej Ljubljana / City Museum of Ljubljana
Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane / Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana
Zanj / Represented by
Bla Perin
Uredila / Edited by
Mojca Ferle
Uredniki odbor / Editorial Board
Mojca Ferle, Irena muc, Bernarda upanek
Predgovori / Forewords by
Rossella Franchini Sherifis, Uro Grilc, Zoran Jankovi, Bla Perin
Avtorji besedil / Texts by
Iris Bekljanov Zidanek, Andrej Gaspari, Jure Krajek, Rene Masaryk,
Alenka Mikec, Matja Novak, Boidar Slapak, Marjeta ael Kos,
Paola Ventura, Petra Vojakovi, pela Tomaini, Irena muc,
Bernarda upanek
Besedila v stvarnem katalogu / Texts for the catalogue of objects
Matja Bizjak, Maja Gutman, Martina Lesar Kikelj, Sabina Kramar,
Monika Osvald, Emilia Talamo, Katarina Toman Kracina, Mojca Vomer Gojkovi,
Katarina agar, Irena muc, Bernarda upanek
Stvarni katalog tehnino uredili / Technical editing catalogue of objects
pela poljar Ocvirk, Janja Gojkovi
Oblikovanje in prelom / Graphic design and print layout
Novi kolektivizem
Asistentka pri oblikovanju / Asistent designer
Ana Kogovek
Jezikovni pregled (SLO) / Language editing (SLO)
Alenka Klemenc
Prevod v angleino / Translation into English
Marjana Karer, Maja Visenjak Limon
Prevod iz italijanine / Translation from Italian
Milan Stepanovi, Studio Phi d. o. o.
Jezikovni pregled (ANG) / Language editing (ENG)
Murray Bales, David Limon, Barbara Smith Demo
Fotografije / Photographs by
Matev Paternoster in Arhiv Arhej d. o. o., David Badovinac, Mate Boinovi,
dokumentacija Magelan skupine, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Aquileia,
Musei Capitolini, Centrale Montemartini, Ale Ogorelec, wikipedia; Irena muc
Narti, risbe, tlorisne rekonstrukcije, raunalnika grafika / Plans, drawings,
ground plan reconstructions, computer graphics
Mateja Belak, CPA, ZVKDS; Andrej Gaspari, Rene Masaryk, Dimitrij Mleku,
Bernarda upanek; Petra Vojakovi, Mate Boinovi, Larisa Skaleri,
Arhej d.o.o.; Luka orli
Digitalizacija / Digitalisation
Matej Satler, MGML in NUK
Tisk / Printed by
Gorenjski tisk d. d. Kranj
Naklada / No. of copies printed
1 000
Ljubljana, 2014
Razstava / Exhibition
Vodilni partnerji razstavnega projekta: /
Lead partners of the exhibition project:
Mestna obina Ljubljana/Municipality of Ljubljana,
Ministrstvo za kulturo Republike Slovenije/Ministry of Culture of the Republic
of Slovenia,
Restavratorski center ZVKDS/Restoration Centre of the Institute for Cultural
Heritage Protection of Slovenia,
Italijanski intitut za kulturo v Sloveniji/Italian Institute of Culture in Slovenia
Fotografije / Photographs by
Arhej d. o. o., Igor Dolinar (NMS), Rok Klasinc, NUK, Matev Paternoster,
Damjan Snoj, Damjan Vahen, Gaja muc
Rekonstrukcije /Reconstructions by
Katarina Toman Kracina, Igor Rehar
Tehnina postavitev / Exhibition layout /
Tehnina sluba MGML/Technical Services of the MGML: Mitja Marc, Jernej Volk,
Franc Lozinek, Zvone Senik, Franc Klemenc in/and RPS d. o. o., Branko Filipi
Emona: mesto v imperiju/Emona: A City of the Empire

30. maj 201431. maj 2015/30 May 201431 May 2015
Promocija / Promotion
Tamara Bregar, Maja Kova, Ura Karer, Ana Modic
Mestni muzej Ljubljana/City Museum of Ljubljana

Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane/Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana
Zanj / Represented by
Bla Perin
Programi za odrasle in otroke / Adult and childrens programmes

Janja Rebolj, Borut Rovnik, Ema Oir, Petra Peunik, Nika Damjanovi,
Mojca Slapar
Vodja projekta / Project manager

Tamara Bregar
Vsebinski vodja projekta / Project manager (programme)
Bernarda upanek
Avtorica razstave / Creator of the exhibition
Bernarda upanek
Soavtorica razstave / Co-creator of the exhibition
Irena muc
Sodelavci razstave / Collaborators
Mojca Ferle, pela poljar Ocvirk, Janja Gojkovi
Zunanji sodelavci razstave / External collaborators
Paola Koroec
Oblikovanje / Exhibition design
Novi kolektivizem
Asistentka pri oblikovanju / Asistent designer
Ana Kogovek
Teksti / Texts by
Bernarda upanek, Irena muc
Jezikovni pregled (SLO) / Language editing (SLO)
Alenka Klemenc
Prevod v angleino / Translation into English
Marjana Karer, Maja Visenjak Limon, Phil Mason
Prevod iz latinine /Translation from Latin
Julija Hoda
Jezikovni pregled (ANG) /Language editing (ENG)
Murray Bales, David Limon
Konservatorsko-restavratorska priprava gradiva / Conservation and
restoration of the materials
Konservatorska sluba MGML/Conservation Services of the MGML:
Katarina Toman Kracina, Maja Banovi, Bojana Zavodnik,
Alenka Drol in/and Restavratorski center ZVKDS/Restoration Centre of the I
nstitute for Cultural Heritage Protection of Slovenia: Matja Bizjak,
Martina Lesar Kikelj, Ajda Mladenovi, Jelka Kuret, Anja Novak, Katarina agar,
Maja Gutman, Sabina Kramar, Nina bona
Dokumentacija / Documentation
Dokumentacijska sluba MGML/Documentation Services of the MGML:
Matej Satler
Partnerji / Partners
BMW Group Slovenija, JP VODOVOD - KANALIZACIJA
Medijski pokrovitelji / Media sponsors
Delo, Europlakat, InYourPocket, Mediabus, Tam Tam in/and City Magazine,
National Geographic Slovenije
CIP - Kataloni zapis o publikaciji

Narodna in univerzitetna knjinica, Ljubljana
904(497.4Ljubljana)652
EMONA : mesto v imperiju : [30. maj 2014-31. maj 2015] = a city
of the empire : [30 May 2014-31 May 2015] / [avtorji besedil Iris
Bekljanov Zidanek ... [et al.] ; uredila Mojca Ferle ; prevod v angleino
Marjana Karer, prevod iz italijanine Milan Stepanovi ; fotografije
Matev Paternoster in Arhiv Arhej ... [et al.] ; narti, risbe, tlorisne
rekonstrukcije, raunalnika grafika Mateja Belak ... et al.]. - Ljubljana :
Mestni muzej, Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane, 2014
ISBN 978-961-6509-38-1
1. Bekljanov Zidanek, Iris 2. Ferle, Mojca
273886720

Emona A City of The Empire

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Emona A City of The Empire

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ulina tabla Rimska cesta / Street sign Rimska cesta,

kovina / metal, 43 x 70 cm, 19902012, MGML, 510:LJU;0055983

Kip Emonca (kopija, detajl) / The Emonan statue (copy, detail),

Emona: mesto v imperiju Emona: A City of the Empire

A city is both an artefact and an institution; it is simultaneously a

set pravil in praks, kako iveti v njem. Kot tako je mesto

physical structure and a set of rules and directions on how to live in

ena najbolj izjemnih in trajnih lovekovih stvaritev. Na ob-

moju dananje Slovenije se je prvi pojavilo v asu rimske

creations. In the territory of present-day Slovenia, cities first ap-

ekspanzije, ob zaetku 1. tisoletja naega tetja.

peared during the time of Roman expansion, i.e. at the beginning of

Rimski imperij si lahko predstavljamo kot mreo mest,

the 1st millennium AD.

relativno samostojnih upravnih enot za svoja obmoja,

The Roman Empire may be seen as a network of cities, i.e. rela-

dobro povezanih s srediem imperija, Rimom (sl. 1). Vsaka

tively autonomous administrative units involving their territories, all

mestna skupnost je bila del civiliziranega in privilegirane-

ga rimskega sveta. Urbane oblike, ki so bile generirane v

Italiji in kasneje posvojene ter prilagojene v provincah,

so imele tevilne skupne poteze, eprav ne uniformne ali

later adopted and adjusted in the provinces had many character-

univerzalne. Rimska mesta so bila normativna oblika dru-

istics in common, but were nevertheless not uniform or universal.

bene, politine in administrativne organizacije v rimskem

Roman cities represented a normative form of social, political and

imperiju. Monumentalna, impresivna mesta, kot je bila v

administrative organisation of the Roman Empire. Monumental, im-

lokalnem merilu tudi Emona, so bila sredia moi in pri-

pressive cities like Emona albeit on a local scale were hubs of

vilegijev, sredia kulture in znanja, del imperialne ideo-

power and privilege, centres of culture and knowledge, components

logije, del podob nadvlade, moi, podob civilizacije, ki jih

of the imperial ideology making up an imagery of supremacy and

je imperij kazal podlonikom. V ogromnem imperiju, ki se

power, a concept of civilisation the Empire was displaying to its sub-

je raztezal od Britanije in panije do Egipta in Sirije, so bila

jects. Being capable of spreading a typically Roman lifestyle, cities

mesta tisti intrument, ki je skrbel za homogenost, saj so

were instrumental in providing homogeneity across the huge empire

omogoala iritev tipino rimskega naina ivljenja.

stretching from Britain and Spain to Egypt and Syria.

Rimsko mesto: urbanizem kot ideologija

Roman city: urbanism as an ideology

Rimsko mesto je bilo za sodobnike simbol ter hkrati defini-

Contemporaries regarded Roman cities as an emblem and a defini-

cija civilizacije: medtem ko barbari ive v vaseh, na posa-

tion of civilisation:1 whereas barbarians lived in villages, on isolated

meznih kmetijah ali kot transhumanni nomadi, civilizirani

farms or as transhumance nomads, civilised people dwelled in cities.

ljudje ivijo v mestih. Urbana identiteta rimskega mesta je

izhajala iz njegove vloge in politinega statusa glavnega

status as the dominant administrative centre of a civic community.

administrativnega centra mestne skupnosti, hkrati pa je

bila presojana glede na videz mesta in e posebej glede na

appearance, and particularly its public buildings. The latter could,

Strab. 4. 1. 5; Tac. Agr. 21; Germ. 16.

Strab. 4. 1. 5; Tac. Agr. 21; Germ. 16.

njegove javne zgradbe. Te so lahko imele, kot kae zna-

as can be inferred from the famous remarks by Pausanias, carry al-

ni Pavzanijev odlomek, skoraj toliko tee pri presoji o ur-

most as much weight in judgements of the urbanitas of the settle-