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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 4, MAY 2011

[11] W. Su, Performance analysis for a suboptimum ML receiver in decodeand-forward communications, in Conf. Rec. IEEE Global Commun.
Conf., Nov. 2007, pp. 29622966.
[12] R. Annavajjala, On optimum regenerative relaying with imperfect channel knowledge, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1928
1934, Mar. 2010.

Relay Selection for Two-Way Relaying With

Amplify-and-Forward Protocols
Lingyang Song, Member, IEEE

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a relay selection amplify-andforward (RS-AF) protocol in general bidirectional relay networks with
two sources and N relays. In the proposed scheme, the two sources first
simultaneously transmit to all the relays, and then, a single relay with a
minimum sum symbol error rate (SER) will be selected to broadcast the
received signals back to both sources. To facilitate the selection process,
we propose a simple suboptimal minmax criterion for relay selection,
where a single relay that minimizes the maximum SER of two source
nodes will be selected. Simulation results show that the proposed minmax
selection has almost the same performance as the optimal selection with
lower complexity. We also present a simple asymptotic SER expression
and make a comparison with the conventional all-participate AF relaying scheme. The analytical results are verified through simulations. To
improve the system performance, optimal power allocation (OPA) between the sources and the relay is determined based on the asymptotic
SER. Simulation results indicate that the proposed RS-AF scheme with
OPA yields considerable performance improvement over an equal-powerallocation scheme, particularly with a large number of relay nodes.
Index TermsAmplify-and-forward (AF) protocol, analog network
coding, relay selection, two-way relaying.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Bidirectional relay communications have recently attracted considerable interest, and transmission schemes in bidirectional relay
networks have been analyzed and compared [1]. In [2] and [3],
an amplify-and-forward (AF)-protocol-based network coding scheme
was discussed. The transmission in this AF bidirectional relay network
takes place in two time slots. Two source nodes first transmit at
the same time through one or multiple relays. The relay receives a
superimposed signal, then amplifies the received signal, and forwards
it back to both source nodes. Analog network coding has been proved
particularly useful in wireless networks, because the wireless channels
are used as a natural implementation of network coding by summing
the wireless signals over the air [1][5].

Manuscript received May 4, 2010; revised July 27, 2010, November 4,

2010, and January 20, 2011; accepted February 19, 2011. Date of publication
March 7, 2011; date of current version May 16, 2011. This work was supported
in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant
60972009 and Grant 61061130561, the National Science and Technology
Major Project of China under Grant 2009ZX03003-011, Grant 2010ZX03003003, and Grant 2011ZX03005-002, and by the Shanghai Pujiang Program under
Grant 08PJ14057. The review of this paper was coordinated by Dr. X. Dong.
The author is with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical
Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (e-mail:
lingyang.song@pku.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVT.2011.2123120

Recently, it has been shown that the performance of wireless relay

networks can further be enhanced by properly selecting the relays for
transmission [6], [7], [11][15], [19]. In [6][8], relay selection methods were reported for conventional one-way AF schemes to achieve
full spatial diversity, and hybrid one-way relay selection schemes
were discussed in [9] and [10]. In [11], the authors proposed the
maxmin sum rate selection algorithm for AF bidirectional networks
based on the outage probability. In [12], the authors analyzed the
diversity orders of various relay selection schemes. In [13], two-way
relay selection was introduced for differential modulation systems
to improve system performance. In [14], the authors presented a
maxmin signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based relay selection algorithm
for two-way relay networks. In [15], opportunistic relay selection was
proposed, and in [19], the authors discussed the performance bound by
maximizing the overall channel capacity to realize the best relay node
selection. Consequently, it is beneficial to design an effective relay
selection scheme for the coherent bidirectional transmission scheme
with multiple relays and to achieve spatial diversity.
Power allocation (PA) in one-way relay systems has intensively
been studied [16][18]. Because two-way relay system works quite
differently and is more complex than one-way relay system, the PA
algorithms developed for one-way relaying cannot readily be used in
two-way relay systems. Most work on PA for two-way relaying, e.g.,
[11] and [20], was proposed to maximize the sum rate of the user pair.
In [21], the authors consider PA with wireless network coding in a
multiple-relay, multiple-user networks using convex optimization. In
[22], the authors presented PA strategies to maximize the sum rate
and the diversity order, respectively. In [23], two PA algorithms were
proposed to maximize the upper bound of the average sum rate and
to achieve the tradeoff of outage probability between two terminals,
respectively. It is well known that the symbol error rate (SER) performance also plays an important role for many applications, but the
optimal power allocation (OPA) optimization problem in a two-way
relay system has not been investigated to minimize the system SER.
Hence, it is extremely useful to study the OPA problem, minimizing
the SER for bidirectional relay networks.
In this paper, we propose a relay selection amplify-and-forward
(RS-AF) protocol for bidirectional relay networks using AF with two
sources and N relays. In the proposed scheme, two source nodes first
transmit to all the relays at the same time. The signals received at
the relay are a superposition of two transmitted symbols from both
sources. Then, a single relay that minimizes the sum SER of two source
nodes is selected out of N relays to forward the network-coded signals
back to both sources. However, the performance of the optimal relay
selection amplify-and-forward (O-RS-AF) scheme is very difficult to
analyze.
To facilitate the selection process, we introduce a suboptimal but
low-complexity minmax-criterion-based method, where a single relay that minimizes the maximum SER of two source nodes is selected.
Based on the minmax selection procedure, we present a simple
asymptotic SER expression and make comparisons with the conventional all-participate amplify-and-forward (AP-AF) relaying scheme.
To improve the system performance, OPA between the sources and the
relay is determined based on the asymptotic SER. The performance of
the proposed RS-AF scheme is verified through simulations.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we
describe the system model. In Section III, we present the proposed
RS-AF scheme. The performance is analyzed and compared with
AP-AF in Section IV. In Section V, the OPA solution of RS-AF is
given. Simulation results are provided in Section VI. In Section VII,
we draw the main conclusions.

0018-9545/$26.00 2011 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 4, MAY 2011

1955

where ps represents the transmit power at S1 , S2 , hi,rk (i = 1, 2, k =

1, . . . , N ) stands for the fading coefficient between Si and Rk with
zero mean and unit variance, and nrk is a zero-mean complex
Gaussian random variable (RV) with two-sided power spectral density
of N0 /2 per dimension.
Upon receiving the signals, the relay Rk then processes the received
signal and forwards to two source nodes. Let xr,k be the signal that was
generated by the relay Rk , and it is given by
xrk = k yrk

(2)

where k = (ps |h1,rk |2 + ps |h2,rk |2 + N0 )(1/2) is an amplification factor so that the signal transmitted by the relay satisfies the
following power constraint:



 

2
E xrk  1.

(3)

Then, the relay Rk forwards xrk to two source nodes. The signal

, can be
received by Si , where i = 1, 2, which is denoted by yi,k
written as

=
yi,r
k

pr hi,rk xrk + ni,rk

(4)

where pr represents the transmit power at the relay node.

Combining (1), (2), and (4), after subtracting its own information,
the received signal at each source can be written, respectively, as

Fig. 1.

Block diagram of the proposed RS-AF scheme and the AP-AF scheme.

Notation: Boldfaced lowercase letters denote vectors, and () ,

()T , and ()H represent the conjugate, transpose, and conjugate transpose, respectively. E is used for expectation, Var represents variance,
and x2 = xH x.

(5)

y2,rk = k s1 + w2,rk

(6)

where k = ps pr k h1,rk h2,rk , w1,rk = pr k h1,rk nrk + n1,rk ,

and w2,rk = pr k h2,rk nrk + n2,rk .

Finally, the following maximum likelihood (ML) detector can be
applied to recover the received signals:


2

s1 = arg max y2,rk k s1 
s1 (t)A


2

s2 = arg max y1,rk k s2  .

II. S YSTEM M ODEL

We consider a general bidirectional relay network, which consists of
two source nodes, denoted by S1 and S2 , and N relay nodes, denoted
by R1 , . . . , RN . We assume that all nodes are equipped with a single
antenna. In the proposed RS-AF scheme, as shown by the solid lines in
Fig. 1, each message exchange between two source nodes takes place
in two phases. In the first phase, both source nodes simultaneously
send the information to all relays, and the signal received at each relay
is a superimposed signal. In the second phase, an optimal single relay
node is selected to forward the received signals to two source nodes,
and all other relay nodes keep idle. In this paper, we assume that
the fading coefficients are constant over one frame and independently
vary from one frame to another. Note that the proposed strategy
requires calculating the instantaneous SNR of both links, which can be
realized by training or preambles. Relay selection can be then carried
out, and data transmission will use the selected relay until the next
channel estimation period comes. For simplicity, we assume perfect
channel estimation, and the source and the relay nodes have all the
link information.
Let si , i = 1, 2 denote the symbol that will be transmitted by
the source Si . We assume that si is chosen from a constellation of
unity power A. The signal received in the kth relay at time t can be
expressed as

(1)
yrk = ps h1,rk s1 + ps h2,rk s2 + nrk

y1,rk = k s2 + w1,rk

(7)

s2 (t)A

III. R ELAY S ELECTION FOR T WO -WAY

A MPLIFY- AND -F ORWARD N ETWORKS
In the proposed RS-AF scheme, only one best relay is selected
out of N relays to forward the received superimposed signals in the
second-phase transmission. We assume that, at the beginning of each
transmission, some pilot symbols are transmitted by two source nodes
to assist in the relay selection. One source node (either source S1 or
S2 ) will determine the best relay according to a certain criterion and
broadcast the index of the selected relay to all relays. Then, only the
selected relay, which is known by both source nodes, is active in the
second phase of transmission, and the rest of the relays will keep idle.
We present two relay selection methods as follows.
1) O-RS-AF: For O-RS-AF, among all relays, the destination will
select one relay, which is denoted by R, which has the minimum
destination SER for the user pair. We have

R = min SER1,rk 1,rk |h1,rk , h2,rk

k

+ SER2,rk 2,rk |h1,rk , h2,rk

(8)

where SERi,rk (i,rk |h1,rk , h2,rk ), i = 1, 2 represents the SER at

source nodes Si from the kth relay, which is given h1,rk and h2,rk .

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 4, MAY 2011

The SER that was conditioned on the instantaneous received SNR

can be written as [24]

SERi,rk i,rk |h1 , h2 = Q

ci,rk

(9)

where
is
the
Gaussian-Q
function,
Q(x) =
Q()

(1/ 2) x exp(t2 /2)dt, c is a constant determined by the

modulation format, e.g., c = 2 for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
constellation, and i,rk stands for the destination SNR, which is
calculated as
|k |


.
Var wi,rk
2

i,rk =

(10)

2) S-RS-AF: The aforementioned O-RS-AF scheme is very difficult to analyze. In this section, we propose the suboptimal relay
selection amplify-and-forward (S-RS-AF) scheme. It is well known
that the sum SERs of two source nodes, i.e., SER1,rk + SER2,rk ,
is typically dominated by the SER of the worst user. As a result,
for low complexity, the relay node, which minimizes the maximum
SER of two users, can be selected to achieve the near-optimal SER
performance. We refer to such a selection criterion as the minmax
selection criterion. Let R denote the selected relay. Then, the minmax
selection can be formulated as follows:

R = min max SER1,rk 1,rk |h1,rk , h2,rk

k

SER2,rk 2,rk |h1,rk , h2,rk

Define kmin = min{1,rk , 2,rk }. Let f min (x) and F min (x) repk
k
resent its pdf and cdf, respectively. Then, the pdf of R can be
calculated by using order statistics as [25]
1
(x)
fR (x) = N f min (x)FNmin
k

= 2N fk (x) 1Fk (x)

2 N 1

1 1Fk (x)

(14)

where f min (x)=2fk (x)(1Fk (x)), F min (x) = 1(1Fk (x))2 ,

k
k
and by upper bounding (13) with a harmonic mean, fk (x) can be
obtained by [26]
fk (x) =

2x exp (x(r1 +s1 ))

r s

r +s

K1
r s

2x

r s

2x

r s

+2K0


U (x)

(15)

where K0 () and K1 () denote the zeroth- and first-order modified

Bessel functions of the second kind, respectively, and U () is the
unit step function. At high SNR, when z approaches zero, the K1 (z)
function converges to 1/z [27], and the value of the K0 () function is
comparatively small, which could be ignored for asymptotic analysis.
Hence, at high SNR, fk (x) in (15) can be reduced as

(11)

lim fk (x) =

x0

exp x
2
2

(16)

which can further be formulated using the effective SNRs as

R = max min 1,rk , 2,rk

(12)

where = 2(r1 + s1 ). Its corresponding cdf can be written as

where k = 1, . . . , N .

fR (x) = N exp(x) [1 exp(x)]N 1 .

A. Asymptotic SER of the RS-AF Scheme

In this section, we derive the analytical average SER of the proposed
RS-AF schemes based on the minmax criterion. As aforementioned,
the O-RS-AF scheme is very difficult to analyze. As will later be
shown, the minmax selection scheme proposed in Section III-B has
almost the same performance as the O-RS-AF scheme. Therefore, in
this section, we will instead analyze the performance of the S-RS-AF
scheme.
Now, let us first calculate the probability density function (pdf) of
R in (12). Because 1,rk and 2,rk are identically distributed, they
have the same pdf and cumulative distribution function (cdf), denoted
by fk (x) and Fk (x), respectively. Without loss of generality, we use
1,rk for derivations, which can be written as
|k |2
=
Var{w1,rk }

 

lim FR (x) =

N
lim (1 exp(x))

2

2

SERRS = E [SER(R |h1 , h2 )] = E [Q( cR )] .

(20)


FR

cR }

X2
<
c

= E FR

where Var{w1,rk } = pr N0 |h1,rk | + N0 , s = (ps /N0 (1 + )),

and r = (pr /N0 ). For convenience, we assume that ps = pr , > 0.

2

(19)

By introducing a new RV with standard normal distribution

X N (0, 1), the average SER can be rewritten as [7]

=P

(13)

= (x)N .

The average SER can be then derived by averaging over the

Rayleigh fading channels as

r h1,rk  + s h2,rk 
2

2
2
r s h1,rk  h2,rk 

(18)

Using the fact that lim0 1 exp() = , the cdf of R can

approximately be written as

SERRS = P {X >


2 
2
r s h1,rk  h2,rk 
=

2

2
r h1,r  + s h2,r  + 1
k

(17)

The pdf of R can then approximately be calculated as

IV. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS

1,rk

Fk (x) = 1 exp x .
2

X2
c
X2
c



FX (x)dx.

(21)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 4, MAY 2011

Recalling (19) and X N (0, 1), (21) can further be written as

1
SERRS =
2

 N 


x2N exp


2

x
2

dx.

(22)

Because 0 t2n exp(kt2 )dt = ((2n 1)!!/2(2k)n )

we can finally obtain
SERRS =

(2N 1)!!
2

/k [28],

 N

(23)

n

where (2n 1)!! = k=1 2k 1 = ((2n 1)!/n!2n ).

It clearly indicates in (23) that a diversity order of N can be achieved
for the proposed RS-AF scheme in a bidirectional relay network with
two sources and N relays. Note that, for other types of channels,
e.g., Nakagami-m and Rician fading channels, we may merely use
the similar approach to derive the cdf of R in (19), and by (20), the
analytical SER can be obtained.
B. SER Comparison With the AP-AF Scheme
In this section, we first derive the SER of AP-AF. Note that the first
phase of RS-AF and of AP-AF are the same. However, in the AP-AF
scheme, all the relay nodes are used to forward the received signals
over mutually orthogonal channels, as shown by the dashed lines in
Fig. 1. As a result, the effective SNR at the source node becomes
AP,i =

N


i,rk

(24)

k=1

where AP,i represents the effective SNR at the ith source node. For
fairness, the total transmit energy and equal power division among
relay nodes are assumed for both systems.
By using a general result based on [4], [6], [7], and [29], the SER
in (23) can be approximated in the high-SNR regime by considering a
first-order expansion of the cdf of AP,i . In particular, if the first-order
expansion of the cdf of AP,i can be written in the form

N +
N
+ o AP,i
,
FAP,i (x) = AP,i

>0

(25)

where represents a constant value, at high SNR, the asymptotic

average SER of AP-AF can be written as [6], [7]
SERAP,i =

N
(2N 1)!! Fi,rk
.
N
2N !cN
i,r
k

(26)

Based on [6], we can get

N Fi,rk
N
i,r
k

N


fi,rk (0)

(27)

N
(2N 1)!! 
=
N r1 + s1
.
2N !cN

(28)

SERRS
= N!
SERAP,i

1 + 2
1 + 2N

V. T RANSMIT P OWER A LLOCATION

In this section, we present how we can allocate power to both
sources and the relay subject to the total transmission power constraint. It is shown in (23) that the asymptotic SER of the proposed
RS-AF scheme nonlinearly depends on ps and pr . Hence, when the
total transmit power is fixed, i.e., 2ps + pr = p, the PA problem over
Rayleigh channels can be formulated to minimize the asymptotic SER
in (23) as
min SERRS
s.t. 2ps + pr = p
0 < ps < p
0 < pr < p.

(30)

The PA problem is to find ps such that the SER in (23) is minimized

subject to the power constraint by solving the following optimization
problem:
L(ps ) = SERRS + (2ps + pr p)

(31)

where is a positive Lagrange multiplier. The necessary condition for

the optimality is found by setting the derivatives of the Lagrangian in
(31) with respect to ps and pr equal to zero, respectively. We can get
L(ps )
SERRS
=
+ 2 = 0
ps
ps
SERRS
L(pr )
=
+ = 0.
pr
pr

(32)

Integrating the power constraint 2ps + pr = p and SERRS given in

(23) into (32), we can obtain
p
ps =
4
pr =

p
2

(33)

which indicates that the power allocated in the relay should be equal to
the total transmit power at both sources to compensate for the energy
used to broadcast the combined information in one time slot, regardless
of the number of relays.
The SER improvement using OPA compared with EPA can be
calculated as

 8 N
9

(34)

which shows that the improvement exponentially increases with the

number of relay nodes.
VI. S IMULATION R ESULTS

Comparing (23) with (28), we can finally obtain

increases. Note that the major difference between RS-AF and AP-AF
is that RS-AF utilizes all the transmit power in the best relay, whereas
AP-AF equally splits the transmit power into every relay node. In
RS-AF, there exists a relay node determination process, but in AP-AF,
there is none.

SERopt
=
SERequ

k=1

where fi,rk (0) = N r1 + s1 .

Substituting (27) into (26) yields
SERAP,i

1957

N

(29)

We can easily prove that the ratio in (29) is always smaller than 1
for all N > 1. It clearly indicates that RS-AF obtains better SER than
AP-AF, and this gain gets larger when the number of relay nodes

In this section, we provide simulation results for the proposed

RS-AF scheme. For symmetrical reasons, both source nodes should
have the same SER, and thus, it would be sufficient to examine only
one source node. We include the AP-AF scheme for comparison. All
simulations are performed for a BPSK modulation over the Rayleigh
fading channels. For simplicity, we assume that the total energy p = 3

1958

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 4, MAY 2011

Fig. 2. Simulated SER performance by the O-RS-AF and S-RS-AF methods,

where ps = pr = 1.

Fig. 4. Analytical and simulated SER performance by the proposed RS-AF

scheme, where ps = pr = 1, and N = 1, 2, 3, 4.

For RS-AF, ps = pr = 1, whereas for AP-AF, ps = 1, and pr =

1/N . It can be observed that the proposed scheme has much better
performance than the AP-AF scheme. This result can be verified by the
theoretical analysis given in (29). In particular, as = ps /pr = 1, (29)
can be reduced to N !(3/(1 + 2N ))N . Correspondingly, Fig. 3 shows
that, at high SNR, e.g., SNR = 20 dB, the RS-AF scheme has a better
SER of a factor about 0.6, 0.5, and 0.3 over AP-AF with N = 2, 3, 4,
respectively, which also indicates that the SER gain increases with the
number of relay nodes.
B. Analytical Results
In Fig. 4, we compare the analytical and simulated SER performance of the proposed RS-AF scheme. This figure shows that, at high
SNR, the asymptotic analytical SER given by (23) is converged to
the simulated result using O-RS-AF. This case verifies the derived
analytical expressions.
C. PA

Fig. 3. Simulated SER performance by the proposed RS-AF and the AP-AF
schemes, where ps = pr = 1.

and S1 , S2 , and Rk (k = 1, . . . , N ) have the same noise variance N0 .

The SNR s can then be calculated as s = ps /N0 .
A. Simulated Results
In Fig. 2, we compare the O-RS-AF and S-RS-AF (minmax)
methods, where ps = pr = 1. Based on the figure, the proposed
S-RS-AF approach has almost the same SER as the O-RS-AF scheme.
In particular, when the number of relay nodes increases, we can
observe almost no difference between these two methods, which
indicates that the minmax relay selection achieves near-optimal
single-relay-selection performance. We can also see in Fig. 2 that the
performance improves when the number of relay increases. Note that,
for convenience, we use RS-AF to replace S-RS-AF in the rest of this
paper.
Fig. 3 compares the simulated SER performance of our proposed
RS-AF scheme and the AP-AF schemes for N = 2, 3, 4 relay nodes.

In Fig. 5, we examine the SER performance of the RS-AF scheme

using OPA with ps = p/4 and pr = p/2 subject to the total power
constraint for N = 1, . . . , 4. The EPA results are provided for comparison with ps = pr = p/3. In Fig. 5, it can be observed that, with OPA,
the proposed scheme obtains better performance gain compared with
the EPA scheme at high SNR, and this improvement exponentially
increases with the number of relay nodes, satisfying (34).
In Fig. 6, we plot the SER curves in terms of = ps /pr defined
in (13) using different noise variance, and the number of relays is
set to two. Fig. 6 shows that the best performance is obtained when
= 0.5. In other words, 0ps = p/4 and pr = p/2 are the optimum
power settings between the sources and the relay, which further verify
the PA approach introduced in Section V.
VII. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we have proposed a joint relay selection and ANC over
two-way relay channels. A simple minmax relay selection method
is proposed, which achieves almost the same performance as the
OS-RS-AF scheme. We derived the asymptotic SER expression of the
RS-AF scheme, which is verified through simulations. We showed,

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 60, NO. 4, MAY 2011

Fig. 5. Simulated SER performance by the proposed RS-AF scheme using

transmit power allocation, where N = 1, . . . , 4.

Fig. 6. Simulated SER performance by the proposed RS-AF scheme using

transmit power allocation in terms of = ps /pr , with different noise variance,
where N = 2.

by theoretical analysis and simulations, that the proposed RS-AF

scheme achieves the full diversity order of N for the system with N
relays and provides better performance than the conventional AP-AF
relaying scheme. To improve the system performance, OPA between
the sources and the relay is determined based on the asymptotic SER.
Simulation results indicate that the proposed RS-AF scheme with OPA
yields considerable performance improvement over the EPA scheme,
particularly using a large number of relays.
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