American History Notes

Gilded Age
1876-1896
The Term “Guilded Age” was coined by Mark Twain. It refers to the condition of
American society that was shiny gold on the outside (Such as in opportunity and
riches of people like J.P. Morgan) while rusty on the inside (labor conditions,
bad politics, etc). It is the period where American violence escalates. For ex
ample, there is violence against Indians, blacks, industry/farm/labor, assassina
tions, etc.
1. The South and its effects on Blacks
a. Economic
i. Land vs. Labor
1. 13th amendment freed slaves
2. The effects of the War caused poverty in the south
3. There was plenty of land/crops, but all the labor was shifted and needed
to be reorganized
ii. Sharecrop System (colorblind)
1. People with land shared crop for labor
2. The ration depended on situation
3. Reunited Land and Labor
iii. Crop Lein (Mortgage) System
1. Poor farmers would mortgage crops for necessary supplies at stores
2. Was only valid for Cotton
3. Drought, Bad season, bad luck Debt
4. Debt tied farmers to the land
5. This diminishes freedom
iv. One Crop Dependency
1. The south only produced cotton until Panic of 93 because it was dependab
le and profitable
2. Later Tobacco took cottons place when cotton prices fell
b. Social
i. 14th Ammendment – no state can deny person equal protection of the law
ii. Jim Crow Laws – enabled Racial Segregation
iii. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – The Supreme court upholds segregation. Coin
s the phrase “Separate but Equal”
1. Actual trial was about railroad segregation
iv. Atlanta Compromise
1. Booker T. Washington gave speech at Atlanta Convention
2. Gave black people three messages
a. 1st Get an education
b. 2nd Make Money
c. 3rd Let Whites control government until we are stronger
c. Political
i. 15th Amendment – Black suffrage
ii. Whites denied votes to blacks in many ways
1. Grandfather Clause – if Grandfather could vote, you can
2. 8 Box Law – each ballot in separate box…requires ability to read
3. Poll Tax – hurt poor blacks/whites alike
4. Residency Requirement
5. KKK - VIOLENCE
a. Developed after War by confederate officers who wanted to preserve south
ern values
b. Later fell into crime and violence against blacks
6. Crime Ineligibility
a. If one was convicted of crimes such as arson they could not vote
b. These were crimes which white juries would convict black men
7. Literacy Test
a. You had to be able to read, write, and understand (biased)
2. Frontier – place where population ceases
a. Extra stuff
i. Was the trans-Mississippi west
ii. Legends of cowboys and Indians
iii. World viewed all Americans as gruff frontiersmen
iv. Frontier exemplified democracy and equality
b. Indians
i. By this point they had become nomads seeking buffalo
ii. When buffalo populations decreased, they took to war
iii. East saw the Indians as noble, the west saw them as a threat
iv. We dealt with them as both foreigners (Dept. of State) and Insiders (Dep
t. of the Interior)
v. Indian Wars - VIOLENCE
1. Col. Chivington killed Indians at San Creek
2. Custer’s Stand
3. Ended mainly in 1886 with Geronimo’s surrender
vi. After subdued
1. Indians were exploited, subdued, given bad conditions
2. H. H. Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor, which had the same effect Unc
le Tom’s Cabin had for Blacks
3. Led to Dawes Act, which gave the Indians individual plots of land and at
tempted to “Americanize them”
vii. Other things throughout history
1. 1924 – Indians get citizenship
2. 1960’s – Indians are granted greater control of their practices
c. Mining
i. Background
1. Began with 49ers
2. Stopped during the War
3. Picked up again after War
ii. The New Rushes
1. Colorado – Pikes Peak
2. Nevada – Comstock
3. Montana – Anaconda Copper Company
4. Deadwood, Dakota’s Silver strike
5. Tombstone, Arizona, which had “boot hill”
6. Death Valley compounds
7. Legend of Death Valley Scottie, who had secret gold mine that made him r
ich
iii. Influences
1. Rise of Boom towns and relic “Ghost” towns
2. New specie to back currency
3. Raised currency controversy – election of 1896
4. Clash with Indians led to Indian Wars
5. Effects of Big Business
a. 1st The west epitomized the American dream, individualism
b. Later is taken over by big business
d. Cattle
i. Legends
1. Legends of Trials like Goodnight and Scion
2. Cowboys and Indians
ii. Effects of Cows
1. Ate “public” grass, was stealing from government
iii. Big Business
1. Joseph McCoy – combined railroad and cattle to transport to Chicago
iv. Towns
1. Abelene – cattle town
2. Always had “wrong side of tracks” where brothels, etc were
v. Individual cattle trade ends in 1886
e. Sheep
i. Rivalry between Cowboys and shepherds for grazing land
ii. Violence
1. Tonti Basin War
f. Farming
i. Farmers helped end the frontier
ii. Fences
1. Fences were needed to define property lines and separate crops, as well
as protect from cows
2. First Sod fences were used
3. Later, Barbed wire (invented by Glidden) was introduced
iii. Cowboys clashed with farmers over grazing rights
iv. Acts that helped Farming
1. Homestead Act
2. Desert Land Act – more land if irrigate
3. Timber Culture Act – more land if plant trees
4. All of these were corrupted by big business
g. Literature
i. Ned Buntline – dime novalist of 6-gun heroes
ii. Characters include
1. Wokine Marijuita
2. James Butler Hitcock
3. Calamity Jane
4. Bell Star
5. Dock Holiday
6. Billy the Kid
iii. Fredrick Jackson Turner
1. Historian that introduced idea of the frontier shaping American history
2. Turner noticed the end of the frontier in 1900 through the census
3. Wrote the book The Significance of the Frontier in American History
4. Turner’s Thesis
a. The Existence of an area of free land and continuous expansion westward
explains American development
b. He disagreed that America was a rehash of solely European ideas
c. Instead, he said that Democracy came from the Frontier
5. Some supported, some disagreed, but he led to a revolution in historic t
hinking
3. Railroad
a. Philosophy of Laissez-Faire
i. Background
1. This is the Second economic philosophy during American history
2. Its origin belongs to Adam Smith (English) who wrote Wealth of Nations
ii. 3 points of Laissez-Faire
1. Government has no role in Economics
2. Natural Laws govern Economics
a. Supply and Demand
b. Competition
i. Leads to monopolies
c. Has bad effect on workers
i. An invisible hand will take care of workerd
3. Social Darwinism justifies it
iii. Paradox of Laissez-Faire
1. The only way to maintain competition is government control
2. Therefore, government has a role in economics
b. Construction
i. Background
1. Destruction caused by Civil War
2. Start of the Transcontinental Line
a. Government gave two charters to companies
i. Union Pacific would build from Omaha, Nebraska to the border of Californ
ia
ii. Central Pacific would build from coast to border of California
iii. The two would meet
1. Ended up meeting at Promontory Point in Ogden on
b. This violated Laissez-Faire
i. Government participation helped public interest
ii. 4 Ways the government helped railroads
1. Gave railroads 400 foot right of way
2. Gave them any construction materials on right of way for free
3. Paid them for mileage complete
a. $16,000/mile for level
b. $32,000/mile for rough
c. 48,000/mile for mountain
4. Gave 12,800 acres per mile in alternate sections
iii. Problems
1. Indians
a. Called it “Iron Horse”
b. Hurt buffalo
2. Difficult Terrain
3. Cost
4. Labor
a. Immigrants on bottom of Totem Pole
b. Imported Chinese Yellow Peril
iv. Results
1. Opens up national, common market
2. Stimulates trade with orient
a. Now could land in CA and take railroad
3. Increased number of railroads
a. Led to new systems and feeder lines
4. Stimulated Western expansion
Note: railroads make money by commodity, not people traveling, and the railroads
are private property
v. Technology changes
1. Railroad ties change
2. Rails improved to steel
3. Development of new cars
a. Pullman’s sleeping car
4. George Westinghouse’s air brake
5. Standard Gage – width of railroad track standardized at 4’ 8 1/2”
c. Consolidation
i. Cornelius Vanderbuilt
1. Consolidated NY and built Grand Central Station, then connected to Chica
go
ii. Creation of railroad monopolies
1. People buy out competition
2. Slash rates to defeat them
3. Form “Gentlemen’s agreements” to unite
iii. Northern securities Company
1. EH Harreman and J.J. Hill were competing to gain CB & Q (Chicago, Burlin
gton and Quincy railroad) in order to get into Chicago
2. J.P. Morgan sides with Hill, but still not successful
3. Finally, the Three join together to form Northern Securities Company
4. They act as monopoly while giving the appearance of being separate
iv. Abuse of railroads
1. railroad monopolies start to rip off public
2. Leads to government regulation of railroad
a. Violates Laissez-Faire
3. 5 abuses
a. Higher Rates
b. Rebates to big shippers
i. Rich paid less (got money back)
c. Free Passes
i. Rich, powerful, or government officials traveled for free
d. Drawbacks – rebates on competitors
e. Long Haul/Short Haul Difference
i. Cost more to go shorter distance if less demand or monopoly
4. Response
a. Farmers form the Grange to counter railroad monopolies
i. Economic weapons didn’t work
ii. Political weapons did because the farmers had more votes
1. This brought government back to people
b. Grange Laws
i. Began in Illinois when many officials gained office based on stance of r
ailroad regulation
ii. Grange Laws – state laws that regulated railroads
c. Railroad’s court response
i. Munn v. Illinois (1876)
1. Private Property that operates in the interest of the Public must submit
to public control
ii. Railroads argued that 14th amendment gave them protection…failed
iii. Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
1. Upheld government’s right to regulate
2. Declared railroad interstate commerce
a. This made state laws void
iv. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
1. Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
2. Provided that railroad rates must be reasonable and just
3. This was deliberately vague so that it could be avoided
4. ICC helped a little, but only a little
4. Big Business
a. Information
i. Was mainly in the N.E. Quadrant of the country
b. Six Factors that Favor Growth
i. Available Resources
1. All are within the nation, we are self-sufficient
ii. Self-contained Market
iii. European Technology
1. We could just steal Europe’s innovations
iv. Investment Capital
v. Social Mobility
1. Unlike Europe, Americans could change classes easily
2. This was somewhat of a myth, because we still had a somewhat defined cla
ss system
3. However, we still believed in social mobility and therefore we were will
ing to take more risks and had greater confidence of our success
vi. Favorable Stance of the government
1. Supports Immigration for labor
2. Land/Transport Regulations
3. Banking Regulations
4. Tariff – major way government supported business
5. Rarely regulated Big Business
6. Didn’t aid Labor
7. Committed to Laissez-Faire
c. Industry
i. We had large industrial force that was propelling the nation
ii. Contained Entrepreneurs
1. Edison GE
2. Westinghouse Electric
3. Carnegie U.S. Steel
4. Rockefeller Standard Oil
5. Remington – typewriter company
6. Duke – Tobacco
7. Swift – meat packing
iii. 3 Technologies that helped Consumer goods
1. Assembly Line
2. Interchangeable parts
3. Mass Production
d. Monopolies
i. Trust – way to enforce a monopoly
1. Generic word for Monopoly
2. Specific form of monopoly formed by Rockefeller and Standard Oil
a. Six companies combined under board of trustees to act as a single body
ii. Finance Capitalists
1. Used money to make money (Investing)
2. Weren’t interested in product, only profit
3. Inhibits Technological advances
4. Example – JP Morgan
5. Leads to Public Debates
a. Pro-Monopolies
i. Said serves Public Interest by reducing waste/duplication
ii. Could better respond to Supply and Demand
iii. Prevent Depressions
iv. Justified by Social Darwinism
b. Con-Monopolies
i. Says Supply/Demand doesn’t impact company
ii. Monopolies put profit above consumer needs
iii. Didn’t help depressions, stability
c. Result
i. Sherman Anti-Trust Ac (1890)
1. Designed to be ineffective
a. Said “Combinations and Conspiracies in restraint of trade are illegal”
b. This actually hurt labor unions, not monopolies
2. U.S. v. E.C. Knight
a. Dealt with sugar trust
b. Upheld Sugar Trust despite the fact that they controlled 98% of the mark
et
3. McKinley Act (1890)
a. Raised tariffs even higher
5. Labor
a. Conditions
i. Problems
1. Atrocious, Bad, corrupt…alphabet goes on
2. Low wages, long hours
3. Dangerous machines
4. Laborer didn’t own tools he became interchangeable part
5. Previous benevolent boss is replaced by strict manager who watches profi
t
6. Workers couldn’t control their lives
7. Divisions of Labor
a. Were divided by Age, Gender, race, and ethnicity (immigrants)
b. No one would admit to being working class…everybody was “moving up”
ii. Immigrants
1. Divisions of Immigrants
a. Old Immigrants (17-18th Centuries)
i. Came from Western Europe (Eng, Gr, Fr)
ii. Similar languages and customs
iii. Protestant
b. New Immigrants
i. Came from Easter Europe
ii. Different languages and cultures
iii. Catholic
2. Response to immigrants
a. Creation of APA (1886)
i. The American Protective Association was designed to protect “WASP’s”
b. Ghettoes
i. Groups with common ethnicity combined to live in the urban developments
c. California’s Response
i. Tried to outlaw Chinese immigration
ii. U.S. stopped that but signed treaty with China to prevent immigration
iii. Prohibited Contract Labor
iv. Henry Cabot Lodge wanted Literacy Test
d. 1924 Quota Act
i. Defined quota for immigrants coming in
1. Total = 250,000
2. Discriminated against “new” immigrants through quotas.
b. Consolidation
i. Unions
1. Public opinion
a. “Foreign” and “Unamerican”
b. Violent
2. Workers opposed unions because
a. Foreign
b. Social Mobility
3. National Labor Union
a. First union, radical, failed
4. Molly Maguires
a. Formed by Irish coal miners in PA
b. Were secret, but problem with secret vs. action
c. Secret Agent Jamey McParlen found and reported the secret members, ended
the union
5. Knights of Labor
a. First successful union
b. Formed by
i. Terrance Powderly
ii. Uniah Stevens
c. Successful because
i. Secret
ii. Added bonus of cool stuff like secret knocks and handshakes
iii. Eventually grew to .7 million and then became not secret
iv. Open Membership to “all who toil”
v. Diverse member ship
d. Goals were radical, included things like prohibition and full equality
e. Haymarket Square Riot (May 1886)
i. Rally against McCormick factory
ii. Someone threw a bomb Violence
iii. Although KoL didn’t do it, they are blamed and lose immediate popularity
iv. Police arrested some anarchists to hang someone
v. Governor Paltgeld later pardoned them
6. ILGWU – International Ladies Garment Workers Union
7. AFL
a. Founded by Samuel Gompers
b. AFL was a Federation, therefore it really combined Craft Unions that eac
h had sets of members in to a federation of unions
c. Unlike KoL
i. Membership was limited to Skilled workers
ii. Bread and Butter Union
1. This means they were only concerned with wages and hours
2. Was Conservative
d. Like all successful unions, they used strikes
8. Industries reaction to unions
a. Black list – kept union workers from getting work anywhere
b. Lockout – kept strikers outside, unable to work
c. Yellow Dog Contract – forbid unions prior to employment
d. Private Troops Violence
e. Court – most effective, discussed later
9. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) – radical labor union
a. President – De leon
b. American leaders
i. Big Bill Heyward – united mine workers
ii. Eugene Debs
10. Pullman Strike (1894)
a. Pullman ran factory like sharecroppers with company store/housing, etc
b. Eugene Debs gets railroad men to refuse to use Pullman cars
c. Government stops it, Debs is imprisoned (Where he becomes a socialist)
c. Government responses
i. Background
1. Gave Aid
2. Regulation
ii. Created Beaureau of Labor (later became a dept.)
1. Established Government 8 hour day
2. outlawed child labor
3. Safety codes
iii. Hurt Labor by 14th amendment and Sherman Act
1. Supreme court threw out laws to protect women
2. Supreme Court found labor unions to be conspirating in restraint of trad
e
3. Later the Clayton A-T Act excluded unions
6. Farming
a. Background
i. Always at bottom of economic ladder
1. Southern farmer is worst
ii. Not helped by economic wealth of the country
iii. Jefferson’s ideal farming America is gone
b. Conditions
i. Technological changes
1. John Deere invents steel faced plow
2. McCormick Reaper
3. Many expensive machines
ii. Big Business-ed
1. Need for capital to buy machines
2. Farm laborers become hired hands
iii. Government
1. Morrill Act – agriculture colleges
2. Department of Agriculture
iv. Problems
1. Farmers are at the mercy of other factors
a. Big Business
b. Railroad
c. Grain elevators
d. Price changes
2. Disasters
a. Fires
b. Dust storms
c. Heat/cold/climate
d. Grasshoppers
3. Loss of Agrarian Independence
c. Consolidation
i. Grange
1. National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry
2. Founded by Oliver Kelly in 1867
3. Originally made to be educational, camaraderie
4. Grange Moves politically laws and lawsuits
a. Necessary because they could not respond economically
b. Proves that gov’t is the only thing that can protect government from big
business
5. Changes
a. Eventually becomes the North and South Alliances
b. Finally the movement results in the Populist party
7. Politics
a. Stereotype party members
i. Republicans
1. Big Business
2. Rich
3. North (Sectional)
4. Veterans (GAR is part of GOP)
5. Blacks
6. Protestant
ii. Democrats
1. Farmers/working class
2. poor
3. Southern
4. Immigrants
5. Urban
6. Catholic
7. Were somewhat national because they drew from south and northern urban a
reas
b. NYC
i. NYC important because it usually decides national elections
ii. Tammany Hall – Democratic political machine in NYC
iii. Thomas Nast – cartoonist who satired Tammany Hall
iv. Nast is responsible for the Republican elephant and the Democrat donkey
c. Issues that Divide
i. Tariff
1. Republicans want more, Democrats want less
ii. Currency
1. R want Gold, D want Silver
iii. Government Regulation
1. R opposes, D favor
iv. Imperialism
1. R favors, D opposes
d. Elections
i. l876
1. R Hayes dfts D Tilden
2. Was the disputed election that led to compromise of 1877
3. Administration
a. Hayes wife was “Lemonade Lucy” Hayes, and was a member of
i. WCTU – Women’s Christian Temperance Union
b. Hayes ended Reconstruction and held up compromise of 1877
ii. 1880
1. R Garfield/Arthur dfts D Winfield Scott Hancock
2. Republicans were divided into three factions, Stalwarts, Halfbreeds and
Mugwamps
a. Garfield was halfbreed and Arthur was Mugwamp
3. Administration
a. Question of Patronage (spoils system)
b. Guiteau shot Garfield after he refused to give Guiteau a job
c. Arthur became president
d. He adopted Pendleton Act
i. Civil Service Reform Act
ii. Required 3 things
1. That certain jobs be classified as civil service
2. These jobs were permanent
3. Created 3 man bipartisan Civil Service commission
iii. However, each time a party lost office, they expanded the number of posi
tions classified to “lock in” their guys
iii. 1884
1. D Grover Cleveland dfts R James G. Blaine (Halfbreed)
2. Decided on character
a. Cleveland
i. Had good character
ii. Accused of illegitimate child
iii. A committee was formed to find out if he was involved
b. Blaine
i. Politically corrupt
ii. Mulligan Letters showed that he had been involved in some scandals
3. Blaine’s NY speech
a. Blaine called the democrats Rum, Romantisism, and Rebellious catholics
b. This lost the NYC vote and thus the election
4. Cleveland’s Administration
a. Interstate Commerce Commission
iv. 1888
1. R Benjamin Harrison dfts D Cleveland
2. Was most corrupt campaign in American history
3. Democrats had won popular vote
4. Administration
a. Harrison blew the surplus that Cleveland had managed to amass
b. Passed many Acts
i. Sherman Anti-trust act
ii. McKinley Act
iii. Silver legislation
v. 1892
1. D Cleveland dfts R Harrison and Populist Weaver
2. Administration
a. Saw the Panic of 1893
b. Coxey’s army
i. Coxey led a group of unemployed veterans to march to Washington in prote
st
ii. Cleveland sent army out
c. Broke the Pullman Strike with government intervention
d. Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
e. “Sell out to Wall Street”
i. Cleveland made a deal with J.P. Morgan that he would sell American bonds
, and at least half of them would be sold in Europe
f. These things hurt his public opinion
g. Marrying
i. Cleveland married Francis ____
ii. They were the first couple married in white house
iii. Had Baby Ruth
vi. 1896
1. R McKinley (gold) dfts D Bryan (Silver) and Pop. Bryan with Tom Watson a
s Vice President nominee
a. Populists expected both D and R to go Gold and they were going to go sil
ver. This was spoiled by Bryan’s stance on silver. This marks the end of the p
opulist party
b. Republics were led by Mark Hanne and led “Front Porch” campaign
c. Democrats were in disarray because of Cleveland, and Tillman They final
ly decide to nominate Bryan
2. McKinley’s Administration
a. Dingley Act – new highest tariff
b. Gold Standard Act – eliminates silver currency
c. Ends the Gilded Age

8. Interludes (insert in politics discussion)

a. Currency
i. Greenbacks
1. During Civil War, both the union and the confederacy had made greenbacks
that were not backed with gold
2. The poor wanted “cheap currency” that was more accessible, while the deb
t collectors wanted gold backed money
3. Eventually, the greenbacks were backed with gold
ii. Silver
1. Government eventually demonetized silver (Crime of ’73)
2. Because the economy fell soon after, the public blamed the lack of silve
r and passed several acts
3. Acts
a. Bland-Allison Silver Purchase (1876)
i. Required Federal government to buy 2-4 million dollars worth of silver a
nd then coin it
ii. Had little effect because government always took the minimum
b. Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
i. Required government to buy and coin 4.5 million ounces of silver a month
b. Populist Party
i. Started with Agrarian Protest
ii. Was a reform program that suggested:
1. income tax
2. free silver coinage (16 silver to 1 gold)
3. national railroad
4. Immigrant restriction
5. veteran benefits
6. A single term president
iii. Leaders
1. Ignatius Donnelly
2. Mary Elizabeth Lease
3. Sockless Jerry Simpson

Turn of Century - WWI

Turn of Century
1. Several different dates
a. 1896 – transition from Gilded Age to rise of power
b. 1898 – introduction in foreign affairs
c. 1900 – peoples turn
d. 1901 – “technical” turn of century
e. After WWI – maybe a little but too late
2. 7 Major Characteristics
a. End of Civil war as an issue
i. Ends bloody shirt, Southern Poverty
ii. Veterans meet together, common experience
b. End of Frontier
i. Omnibus states – Washington, Oregon, etc
ii. Remember Turner’s thesis at about this time
c. End of Laissez-Faire
i. Government Aid
1. Tariff, railroads
ii. Regulation
1. Interstate Commerce Act, Sherman A-T Act
d. Prosperity
i. “Good old days”
e. Optimism
i. Technology, railroad, money, prosperity, and peace
ii. Something magical about 20th century
f. Change in society
i. Rural Urban
ii. Agriculture Industry
iii. Finally industry produces the bulk of American revenue
iv. Cities define America
g. Standardization of Society
i. Sears/Roebuck catalogs make same items available internationally
ii. Blends society and rich/poor
iii. Mass market
3. Culture
a. Education
i. Primary/Secondary school reform – John Dewey “Father of Progressive Educ
ation”, said learn English and math before latin and philosophy
ii. School teacher’s pay increase
iii. Charles Eliot – Harvard President, reformed college education and introd
uced electives
iv. John Hopkins University improved Graduate education
b. Philosophy
i. Pragmatism
1. William James
2. Says there are no absolute truths, only relative truths
c. Science
i. Albert Michelson discovers speed of light
ii. Growth of Darwinism that challenged theology
d. Church
i. Higher Criticism
1. German philosophy
2. Said that because bible was translated so many times that it accumulated
errors
3. Moved for direct translation
ii. New Groups
1. Mary Baker Eddy founds Christian Scientists
2. General Booth founds salvation army
3. Revarum Novarum by Pope urges helping the poor survive and then preachin
g on salvation
iii. Revivalism
1. Dwight L. Moody with Ira Sankey, his song leader
2. Billy Sunday in South
e. Press
i. Joseph Pulitzer and William R. Hearst big business-ize press
ii. Press unites
1. Assosciated press (AP)
2. United Press International (UPI)
3. These help bring distance events to almost every newspaper
iii. Period of Yellow Journalism
1. Term comes from comic strips that appeared on separate yellow paper
2. Gave more lively or gruesome accounts of stories, less upper class orien
ted
3. Examples
a. Lizzy Boredan accused of killing her stepmom and dad, eventually acquitt
ed
b. Oscer Wylie’s London trial
4. Stanley sent to find Dr. Livingston
iv. Magazines
1. increased
2. Examples
a. Ladies Home Journal
b. Harpers
f. Literature
i. No new movement like Romanticism or Realism
ii. People
1. Lou Wallis – Ben Hur
2. Little Lord FontRoy stories give image of little boys
3. Horation Alger writes many books (including Ragged Dick) that describe t
he American dream and give evidences of American success
g. Fine Arts
i. Painting
1. James Whistler – Whistler’s mother
2. John Sergent – painted the rich
3. W. Homer – painted the coast, sailboats
ii. Sculpture
1. War hero statues, not much else
iii. Architecture
1. Victorian
2. Skyscrappers
a. Defined America as a symbol of urban life
4. Side note, Groups such as Women and Blacks were still at bottom, but cha
nge would come in the not so distance future

Rise To World Power

1. Imperialism – extension of control of one country to another

a. Old vs. New
Old Imperialism Category New Imperialism
17-18th Centuries Time 19th centuries
Eng, Fr, Sp, Port, Others Countries
Eng, Fr, Am, Rush, Gr, Jap
North America, South America, and India Place that is Object China, Pacific,
and Africa
Territorial control Technique Economic control and expansion
b. Writers
i. Admiral Alfred Mahan
1. Wrote Influence of Sea Power on History
2. Was a social Darwinist
3. Believed in importance of naval strength
ii. Reverend Josiah Strong
1. Wrote Our Country
2. Said that we needed to carry our “blessings” as white, democratic Christ
ians to our yellow, red, black, and brown brothers
c. Territories
i. Samoa islands – in Pacific
1. Am, Gr, and Eng all had a 1/3 of it
2. Gr and Eng annexed their parts
3. We had to annex ours
ii. Hawaii
1. Many missionaries to China stopped in Hawaii
a. Strong mission program
2. Discovered Sugar and fruits
a. Strong Business interest
3. 1890 McKinley Tariff
a. Business people overthrown queen Liluikalani, ask to annex the territory
iii. Generalizations
1. Oppose
a. Democrats, led by Bryan
b. Violation of Tradition
c. Threatens democracy by colonization/imperialization
d. Plot of special interests Rich
2. Favor
a. Republicans, led by BB
b. Mahan’s Navy necessity
c. Argument of Nationalism
d. Once we got territory, we refused to give it back
2. Spanish-American War
a. Background
i. Ostend Manifesto Cuba
ii. 1890’s Cuban Revolution against spain
iii. Somewhat like us vs. Britain
b. Seven Causes
i. Humanitarianism
1. Freedom from Tyranny
2. Bad Conditions
ii. Yellow Press
1. Sensation Journalism
2. Hearst sends entire ship of journalist to cover the conditions
iii. Traditional animosity toward Spain
iv. BB
1. Business wants to trade with Cuba (closed by Spain)
2. Dumping ground/raw materials
v. Strategic significance
1. Spain can’t control Cuba, but German might
vi. Nostalgia for Civil War
1. Generation that wants its own war in order to be brave
vii. Provides divergence from domestic issues
c. Incidents
i. De Lome Letter
1. Spanish Ambassador wrote bad things about McKinley
2. Press got it and Public was insulted
ii. Maine
1. American Battleship that was blown up
2. We blamed Spain
3. Today, we still don’t know who did it
d. War
i. McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain to end war against Cuba
ii. We pass Teller Amendment which says that the U.S. will not annex Cuba, w
e are only fighting for Cuban independence
iii. Declared War in April, it was over quickly
iv. Bad organization
v. We won easily
vi. Heroes
1. Rough Riders – TR
2. Fighting Joe Wheeler
vii. Side effects
1. Philippines
a. We chase Spanish to Philippines
b. Comm. George Dewey wins at Manilla Bay against Emilia Aquinaldo, the lea
der of Filipino movement
e. Results
i. Treaty of Paris 1898
1. Independence of Cuba
2. We Take Puerto Rice and Guam
3. We pay $20 million for Philippines
ii. We annex Hawaii
iii. We are now “Part of the World:
3. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1901-1914
a. 5 Characteristics – GROUP
i. Prosperity
1. The good old days… money
ii. Optimism
1. All things seemed possible
iii. Reform**
1. Fixing the Flaws of the country
iv. Urban
1. Reform focused on urban areas
v. Government Agent of Reform
1. People organized and used the Government to attack problems
b. Aims and Accomplishments of the progressive era
i. Political – Power to the People
1. Seven Major Political Aims
a. Direct Primary
i. People directly select the candidates of the political parties
ii. State level
b. Direct Election of United States Senators
i. 17th Amendment to the Constitution
c. Secret Ballot
i. Australian Ballot
ii. Sneaky Foreigners
iii. Ballots are secret and covers lots of problems like Bribery and Intimida
tion
iv. It keeps the sanctity of the ballot
v. State Level
d. Women’s Suffrages
i. Issue since the 19th Century
ii. Eager to promote the vote for women
iii. In Wyoming, they let people vote for School boards
iv. Marches of Sufragetts.
v. WWI brings the vote to women. When the men were drafted to war, the wom
en took their jobs. So now women were given the right to vote.
vi. 19th Amendment
vii. No Support for Blacks***
viii. Not only does the progressive era not choose to acknowledge them, they r
ationalized it by saying that if nothing is done for them it is the most progres
sive thing to do.
e. Corrupt Practice
i. State
1. No alcohol is sold while voting poles are open
f. Initiative, referendum, recall
1. People can initiate legislation
2. People can vote directly on issue (referendum)
3. Process that allows people to remove people from their office before the
ir term is up (Recall).
g. Urban Reforms
1. Local or State
2. City Manager
a. Professionalism the administration of the city government.
3. Short Ballot
a. Less public elections.
b. Governor should appoint people to new offices
c. **Restructuring state legislature to break rural control.
4. Urban Leaders
a. Tom Johnsom**
b. JP Altgell
c. Robert La Fallette
2. Economics
a. Used Political solutions to solve economic problems
b. 7 Ways
i. Better Monopoly Regulation
1. Clayton A-T Act
a. Fixed the problems of the Sherman A-T Act
b. “Magna Carta of Labor”
ii. Regulated Railroads
1. Hepburn Act
2. Elkins Act
3. Mann-Elkins Act
iii. Tariff reform
1. Reform means lower tariff
2. Progressive is not partisan
3. Underwood Tariff – lowered tariffs
iv. Conservation
1. Prior to now, We used Slash/burn farming, and other wasteful practices
2. 1890’s Turner’s Thesis led to more conservation of resources
3. Newlands Act
v. Pure Food/Drug Act
1. Result of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
vi. Income Tax
1. Previously only paid Property Tax
a. This meant that rich would pay little or no tax
2. Gap between rich and poor grew wider
3. Led to 16th Amendment which legalized income taxes
4. What kind of Rate?
a. Flat rate charges everybody the same percent
b. Progressive rate charges a larger percent as total income increases
c. We used Progressive
vii. Prohibition
1. Temperance Movement
2. Needed to be sober to make good reform
3. Roots
a. Anti-Saloon league, led by women
4. Leaders
a. Carrie A. Nation
5. WWI was high mark of Progressive Era, and it also brought about Prohibit
ion
6. Recap of Amendments
a. 13 – 15 Reconstruction Amendments
i. 13 – Freedom
ii. 14 – Citizenship
iii. 15 – Suffrage
b. 16-19 – Progressive Amendments
i. 16 – Income Tax
c. 17 – Direct Election of Senators
d. 18 – Prohibition
e. 19 – Women’s Suffrage
viii. Labor
1. Results
a. Wage increases
b. 8-Hour work week
c. zSafety codes/inspectors
d. Child labor
e. Clayton A-T – “Magna Carta of Labor”, said unions not prosecuted under a
ny A-T Act.
3. Leaders
a. Populists
b. Writers – many
i. Henry George – “Progress and Poverty
1. Single Tax
2. Belief that a single tax on unearned increment in value of land
3. Socialist idea that labor creates value
4. Therefore, we shouldn’t tax labor
ii. Edward Bellamy – “Looking Backward”
1. Socialist
2. Describes perfect socialist world
iii. Upton Sinclair – The Jungle
1. Socialist
2. Describes horrible capitalist world
3. Leads to Pure Food and Drug Act and FDA
c. Muckrakers
i. Pilgrams Progress described a man digging in dirt as a muckraker
ii. TR used this term to describe a group of journalists
iii. Refers to:
1. Journalists
2. Wrote sensational exposes
3. Were accurate
iv. Leaders
1. Ida Tarbell – McClure’s Magazine
a. “History of Standard Oil Corporation”
2. Lincoln Steffens – urban problems
3. Lewis Brandise – Banking and financing
d. Political Leaders
i. TR
ii. Taft
iii. WW
c. Presidents
i. TR
1. Background Information
a. Born in 1855, first post war president
b. Combined N and S because dad was N and mom was from GA
c. Harvard
d. Married Alice Lee
e. Republican
f. NY Legislature
g. Wife and Mother died
h. Fought a duel over honor
i. Goes west…has 3 results
i. Rough Riders
ii. Conservation
iii. Publication of Book “Winning of the West”
j. Eventually governor of NY
k. Election of 1900
i. R McKinley/TR defeat D Bryan
ii. McKinley is soon assassinated
l. Election of 1904
i. R TR defeats D Alton B. Parker Note TR only elected once
2. Characteristics
a. Modern President
i. National, not N/S
ii. Activist
iii. Manipulates press
iv. Slogan – “Square Deal”
v. Broad view of Constitution
3. Domestic
a. Trust Buster
i. Attacked Northern Securities Company
ii. TR doesn’t actually break up that many, instead he breaks up “Bad ones”
iii. Similar to Supreme Court Rule of Reason – size isn’t enough
b. Tariff
i. Doesn’t do anything
c. Regulating railroads
i. Hepburn and Elkins Acts
1. Both Broaden the ICC’s authority
a. Max Rates
b. Adherence to Public rates
i. No rebates/drawbacks
c. Given power to control pipelines
d. Conservation – came from TR in west
i. Gifford Pinchot – chief forester
ii. Newlands Act
1. Removes some land for preservation
2. Sets aside raw materials for public use
iii. Teapot Dome Scandal
iv. Navy needed oil, so some oil became government controlled
e. Pure Food and Drug Act FDA
f. Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
i. United Mine Workers led by John Mitchell
ii. Opposed by Owner Baer
iii. TR invites both sides to White House
iv. Arbitrating committee decides the case
v. TR appears as a president of the people
g. Bankers Panic of 1907
i. Henry Clay Frick, pres. of U.S. Steel goes to TR
ii. He says that if TR promises not to take A-T action, then this will overt
the panic
iii. It does
h. Miscellaneous
i. Muckrakers
ii. Teddy Bears
iii. Phonetic Spelling
iv. Nature Fakers
1. Argues with children’s book writer over “faking nature”
i. Black Americans
i. Brownsville Incident
1. Military was segregated
2. A black man in army killed someone while drunk, and they didn’t know who
it was, so TR dishonorably discharged everyone
ii. Booker T. Washington
1. TR invited BTW to has despite congressional disapproval
4. Foreign Policy – Big Stick Diplomacy
a. Caribbean – Canal Diplomacy
i. Platt Amendment
1. Gives U.S. Veto power over Cuban foreign policy
2. Gives us a naval base at Guantanamo Bay
ii. “Insular Cases”
1. Puerto Rico
2. Does constitution follow the flag?…No, we said
3. territories are only governed, they don’t get citizen rights
iii. Panama Canal
1. 1850 Clayton-Bulwar Treaty
a. Am-Br
b. Says that if there is gonna be a canal, we will both build it
2. France beat us to it, but never finished
3. John Hay
a. Hay Paunceforte Treaty nullifies Clayton-Bulwar treaty
b. We choose Panama over Nicuragua for canal because of Nicuraugan stamps s
howing volcano
c. Hay-Herran Treaty gives us the right to build. We accept it but Colombi
a denies it
4. Panama revolution
a. They revolt and we support so Panama becomes a country
b. Hay Burneau-Vanilla Treaty gives us a stretch of land 10x10 miles long
5. This overthrow of Colombia leads to hostility towards Americans and the
phrase “Colossus of the North”
iv. Roosevelt Correlary to Monroe Doctrine
1. Caused by Venezuelan debt to Britain and Germany…we didn’t want them com
ing over here to collect it
2. Says we have “policing” right
b. Pacific – Balance of Power
i. Russio-Japanese War
1. If either wins, balance is disrupted
2. TR offers to mediate the war, and invites them to Portsmouth, NH.
3. Rus and Jap agree
4. Treaty of Portsmouth
5. TR gets Nobel Peace Prize
ii. Philippines
1. TR announces policy of eventual independence
2. We keep control until they are ready
iii. Great White Fleet
1. TR sends white fleet of ships around world on peace tour
2. Congress opposed it because
a. Threatening
b. Old Ships
3. Is successful
iv. Open Door Policy – John Hay
1. American foreign policy with China in progressive era
2. We are concerned about Philippines
3. John Hay’s Open door letters
a. Respect China’s territorial integrity
b. Respect mutual economic spheres of interest
4. End Result:
a. Everyone signs as part of diplomacy
5. Boxer Rebellion
a. Chinese nationalists launch revolution, but lose
6. Open Door remains the world policy until China overthrows its dynasty
c. Europe
i. If Europe fights, it endangers our colonies
ii. Algeceras Congress – in Spain
1. Settles French/German territorial dispute in Africa
2. We attend American presence
iii. Alaskan Border – “Seward’s Ice Box”
1. 1898, gold is discovered
2. Boundary finally determined by 3 man committee of Br, Am, and Can
3. Br sides with us and we get favorable boundary
d. Conclusion
i. TR places unique stamp on Foreign Policy
ii. Power, Navy, and American presence
ii. Taft’s Administration
1. Background
a. Election of 1908
i. R Taft defeats D Bryan
2. Characteristics
a. Narrow view of constitution
i. Was more legally minded
b. No political experience
c. No press
d. Sandwiched in between TR and WW
3. Domestic Policy – no slogan
a. Insurgents Revolt
i. Insurgents are new progressives in Congress
ii. They revolt against Speaker of House Joe Cannon because he had to much p
ower
iii. They are successful in restructuring the power of the house
iv. Taft does nothing
b. Payne – Aldrich Act
i. Tariff “reform”
ii. Payne passes reform tariff through House
iii. Aldrich in Senate amends the bill to even raise tariffs
iv. Taft describes it as “the finest tariff in American History” Bad
c. Trusts
i. Breaks up many trusts
ii. Tries to break up U.S. and Tennessee Coal and mining company, which TR h
ad promised to allow
d. Ballinger – Pinchot controversy
i. Ballinger sells mining reserves to companies, Pinchot is upset and has C
ongress investigate
ii. They find nothing
iii. Taft fires Pinchot because he continues to push the issue
iv. Pinchot complains to TR…
e. Miscellaneous
i. Mann Elkins Act
ii. Pensions for GAR
iii. 16 and 17th amendments
iv. New Mexico and Arizona enter as states
f. In conclusion, Taft has alienated progressives and TR
4. Foreign Policy – no real slogan, but “Dollar Diplomacy”
a. Philippine Independences
b. Lodge Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
i. Says no country can have a port in the Americas
5. Conclusion
a. Taft thinks he is a progressive, but others don’t see him that way
iii. Woodrow Wilson
1. Background
a. Election of 1912
i. D WW defeats R Taft and Prog TR
b. New Nationalism
i. TR’s campaign
1. TR’s confession of Faith speech
ii. Points
1. Expands Government
2. Welfare
3. National Planning
c. New Freedom
i. WW
ii. Points
1. More State power
2. Use government to limit private interests
2. Characteristics
a. Born in VA, raised in SC Southern
b. Presbyterian
c. Demanded loyalty
d. Quickly moved through ranks from Gov. of NJ to president
e. President of Princeton
3. Domestic Policy – New Freedom
a. Background
i. WW plays a very short part of the progressive era because of WWI
ii. WW marks the high point of the progressive era
b. State of Union Address
i. Starts to make public speech
c. Underwood Act
i. Tariff Reform
ii. 1st ever reduced
iii. WW had personal involvement to defeat Aldrich
iv. All Democrats and Progressives wanted a lower tariff
d. Clayton A-T act
i. Reforms Sherman A-T
ii. Magna Carta of Labor
iii. Federal Trade Commission – FTC
iv. Prohibits unfair business practices
e. Federal Reserve Act
i. Divides Nation into 12 Federal reserve districts
1. Forces Decentralization of money
ii. 7 man Federal Reserves Board – reports to president
iii. Regulates interests rates
f. No Black Legislation
g. Miscellaneous
i. Appointment of Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court
ii. 18th and 19th Amendments
iii. Labor Reform
4. Foreign Policy – “Missionary Diplomacy”
a. Caribbean
i. Virgin Islands acquired
ii. Mexico – “Watchful Waiting”
1. We don’t want to mess with them unless there is a problem
2. 2 Events:
a. Tampico – Naval port in gulf
i. Some U.S. soldiers caused some problems on shore, led to diplomatic prob
lems.
ii. Way too extreme for just an accident
iii. ABC powers arbitrate – Argentina, Brazil, and Chile
b. Pauncho Villa
i. Villa takes a group of marauders and attacks in Texas and Arizona
ii. JJ Pershing chases after him and defeats him
b. Pacific
i. Philippine Independence
ii. Recognize the China Republic
1. Begins shift form Japan to China
iii. Supports Big Navy
c. Europe
i. Bryan is Secretary of State
ii. He signs “Cooling off” treaties with Europe that say that they won’t sta
rt a war until having time to cool off
World War I
1. Causes (In Europe)
a. 5 Long Range Causes
i. Imperialism
ii. Nationalism
1. Italy, Austria, and Germany all recently formed
iii. Militarism
iv. Propaganda
v. Diplomatic system
1. Bismarck had created the Triple Alliance with Gr, A-H, and It (Was DEFEN
SIVE ALLIANCE)
b. Immediate Causes
i. The assassination of the Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip
of the Black Hand
c. Other mentioned things
i. Kaiser Wilhelm was born without a left arm and hated English because of
it
ii. 1907 Drednot brought Br and Gr naval strengths about equal
iii. Alliances switch during war
1. It becomes allied and Jap and U.S. join
2. Turkey joins Central Powers
2. American Causes
a. Background
i. Initially, WW had said America was “Neutral in thought as well as in dee
d” but several things changed us to ally with the British
ii. WW sends Colonel House to mediate the war, calling for “peace without vi
ctory”, but Gr and Br both refuse to quit
iii. Election of 1916
1. D WW dfts R Charles E. Hughes
b. Long Term Causes
i. Propaganda
1. Both Br and Gr used propaganda
a. English want us to join with them, Germany just wants neutrality
2. British have advantage
a. Similar language and kinship
b. Recent ties (marriages)
c. Lords write us
d. German atrocity stories
e. Sabotage, etc
3. Germany tried to educate us instead of playing Br as the bad guy
4. Professor Albert – head of German spies in America
a. He left behind his briefcase with spy info that we later found
ii. Economic
1. Financially we can’t afford to have Britain lose the war
a. We have a lot of trade, especially with the war
b. We loan money we might not get back if Britain loses
iii. Neutral Rights on the High Seas
1. Both Britain and Germany violate NR
a. Britain tries continental blockade
b. German U-boats
2. Lusitania (1915) British ship that went from NY-London
a. Germans sunk it
b. It carried American passengers that died
c. WW writes ugly letter (Bryan resigns as Secretary of State and Lansing i
s appointed)
3. Sussex – French Ship
a. Also sunk, Americans die
b. Germany fears U.S. entering and thus signs the Sussex Pledge
c. Sussex Pledge says that Gr promises to “leash” their subs in order to ke
ep us from entering
c. Short Term Causes
i. Repeal Sussex Pledge
1. On February 1, 1917, Germans repeal the Sussex Pledge
2. This was a gamble that Germany could starve England before America could
mobilize
ii. Zimmerman telegram
1. Gr letter to Mexico that says if U.S. fights and German wins with Mexica
n help, then Mex. Would get back territory (Tx and CA)
iii. Russian Revolution ends Russian participation
iv. WW calls for War, using good rhetoric
1. War to End all Wars
2. Make the World Safe for Democracy
3. Mobilization
a. Draft (conscription
i. Selective Service Act
ii. Many Americans were idealistic about joining the war
iii. We noticed many problems while drafting:
1. illiteracy
2. poor nourishment
iv. This led to Education and Health reform after war
b. Labor – for those who remained at home
i. We needed more people to produce
ii. Blacks and Women got more/better jobs
iii. AFL
1. Gompers of AFL offers a no-strike policy
2. Gov’t gives Labor the right to strike
iv. War Labor Conference Board – arbitrates between management and labor
v. 8 hour days
c. Business
i. WIB – War Industry Board – Bernard Baruch
1. Was responsible to president
2. Planned Economy
a. Standardization
b. Fixed prices
c. Allocated materials
d. Controlled gov’t purchases, etc
ii. Dollar a year men – rich men worked for free, practically
d. Finance
i. 16th amendment – income tax
ii. Borrowing
1. 4 Liberty Bonds
2. 1 Victory Bond
iii. Average American discovers the benefits of investment and this leads to
normal people in the stock market
e. Propaganda
i. CPI – Committee on Public Information
ii. Espionage Act and Sedition Act restrict public speaking against the gove
rnment
iii. A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up foreigners and causes problems
f. Miscellaneous
i. Shipping
ii. Food – Herbert Hoover “Wheatless Mondays”
iii. Temperance – save grain for war
iv. Railroad – William McAdoo heads gov’t regulation
4. War
a. Navy
i. Convoy
1. Navel vessels accompany transport ships to keep them safe
b. Army
i. AEF – American Expeditionary Force
1. Led by JJ Pershing
2. Notice that we fight as a nation with Br and Fr, not as an allied force
together
ii. We arrive saying “La Fayette, we are here”
c. Russia
i. Kerensky’s government falls to the Communist revolution under Lenin
ii. They sign a separate peace with Germany
d. Germany’s final thrust fails
e. November 11, 1918 the Armistice is signed
i. Armistice means no more fighting
ii. Germany thought that with WW 14 Points that they would be treated ok aft
er the war..wrong
Peace after the War
1. WW and the peace negations before the treaty
a. WW
i. He is convinced that he gets part of the peace
ii. 14 Points – WW vision of a peaceful world
b. Errors in conference
i. Paris – not a neutral site
ii. Held too soon
iii. Everyone is invited (winners)
iv. Losers (Gr) is not invited
c. American Problems
i. WW went, first president to ever leave
ii. Takes no Republicans
iii. Takes no Senators
d. Conference of 10 (each major country had 2 delegates
i. Br – David Lloyd George
1. Naval Supremecy
2. Revenge – Khakis election – “squeeze germany”
3. Reparation
ii. U.S. – WW
1. Self Determination – “World safe for Democracy”
a. Each ethnic group needs to have its own government
b. Especially Austria Hungary should be split
2. League of Nations – “War to end all wars”
iii. Fr – Clemenceau – “Little Tiger”
1. Revenge
2. Security
3. Return of Alsace-Lorraine
iv. It – Orlando
1. Money
2. Irredentia – Italian areas that weren’t part of Italy
v. Jap
2. Treaty of Versailles
a. Territory
i. Self Determination
ii. Alsace Lorraine
iii. Cause problems
1. Ethnic minorities
2. Polish corridor – gave Poland the Dansig in order to have a seaport, Thu
s splitting Germany into two parts
b. Colonies
i. Mandates – gave the colonies to the league of Nations which gave them ba
ck to the winning powers
c. Military
i. WW wanted disarmament
ii. Germany only was demilitarized, no more than 100,000 in the army
iii. Demilitarized the German side of the Rhine
iv. Kaiser Wilhelm declared a war criminal
d. #231 and #232
i. 231
1. Germany is Totally responsible for causing the war
ii. 232
1. B/c Germany caused the war, they must pay the total cost of the war
2. Reparations was coined to refer to this payment
e. League of Nations
i. WW sacrifices many things to put the LoN in the treaty
3. Treaty in America
a. 3 Factions
i. Democrats – for the treaty
ii. Bitter Enders – opposed the treaty, led by William Borah
iii. Reservationalists – wanted amendments, led by H.C. Lodge
b. Debate focuses mainly on the League of Nations
c. WW goes on tour, has stroke, and never really recovers. In a sense, he
gave his life to the League of Nations
d. We never sign the Treaty of Versailles

Age of Normalcy
1. 10 Major Characteristics
a. Disillusionment
i. By Progressive reform that fixed everything and yet nothing
ii. About War, because we went to war to end wars, and now we have bickering
and red scare
b. Isolationism
i. Including refusal to join LoN
c. Prosperity
i. “Republican’s Prosperity
ii. Farmers still excluded
d. Republican control
i. Big Business and Laissez-Faire
1. Bruce Barton – “The man who nobody knows” – portrayed Jesus as a busines
sman
2. High Tariff
3. “Profiteering” – the money BB got from the war effort
ii. Anti-Labor
1. Boston Police Strike
a. CC sends telegram to Gompers saying they have “no right to strike agains
t the public interest anytime, anyplace”
iii. Anti-Foreign
1. Rise of nativism
2. WASP’s
3. Quota System
4. Red Scare
a. Result of Russian Revolution
b. A. Mitchell Palmer’s Raids
5. Sacco-Vanzetti case
a. Two Italian atheist, pacifist, anarchists were accused of robbing a man
near Boston.
b. Judge Webster Thayer was prejudiced against them
c. They were executed
d. Was a big deal, miscarriage of justice
6. KKK
a. Anti-black
b. Anti-foreign
c. “Upheld Moral Code” of America
e. Prohibition
i. Background
1. 18th Amendment
2. Noble Experiment
3. Outlawed the manufacturing, sale, or consumption of alcohol
ii. Evading law
1. Speakeasies replaced saloons (called Blind Tigers in Charleston)
2. Izzy and Moe (Federal Agents) were sent to find the speakeasies
iii. Degradation of Legal system
1. Evading law
2. People would vote for it and still didn’t obey
iv. Bootleggers, usually Big Business, smuggled the alcohol
f. Crime
i. Rise of Gang Wars
ii. Al Capone
iii. Provided other things, drugs, prostitution, etc
g. Automobile
i. Henry Ford’s Model T made it possible for everyone to get a car
ii. Governmental changes
1. Need for Highways, infrastructure
2. Need for Laws and rules
iii. Economic changes
1. Stimulated industry – rubber, steel, petroleum
2. Service stations
3. Car industry
iv. Social changes
1. Suburbs
a. Cities became more democrat, poor
b. Suburbs republican, rich
2. People moved more
3. Courting
a. Dating replaced coming to call
4. Sunday Drive
5. Movement of institutions farther away, especially churches
h. New Woman
i. 19th amendment – vote
ii. ERA – Equal Rights Amendment – didn’t pass
iii. War helps Blacks and Women
1. Women consolidate their gains, blacks lose it
iv. Still some discrimination, but less
v. Change in appearance
1. Bobbed hair – comes from word barbor
2. Flappers
3. High skirts
i. Cultural Renaissance
i. Literary – America emerges on world stage
1. Writers
a. F Scott Fitzgerald – Great Gatsby, TSOP
b. Earnest Hemmingway – Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls
c. Sinclair Lewis – Mainstreet, Babbit
d. John Steinbeck – Grapes of Wrath
2. Southern Writers
a. Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward Angel
b. William Faulkner – Sound and Fury
c. Margaret Mitchell – Gone with the Wind
d. Earson Caldwell – Tobacco Road
3. Poets
a. Robert Frost – Wall, Road diverged in the woods
b. Carl Sandburg – Chicago
c. T.S. Elliot – Old Possums book of Practical Cats
4. Harlem Renaissance
a. Langston Hughes – poems, Raisin in the Sun
5. Plays
a. Eugene O’Neil
6. H.L. Mencken – Literary Critic and Newspaperman (??)
ii. Fine Arts
1. Gutson Berghum – sculptor, carved Mt. Rushmore
2. Jazz – “The sound heard round the world”
a. Louis Armstrong
j. Conformity of the Mind – Example: Scopes Monkey Trial
i. Defense
1. John T. Scopes, a Bio teacher in Tennessee
2. Darrow – Defense Lawyer
3. scientists from U of Chicago
ii. Prosecution
1. William Jennings Bryan as lawyer
2. Bishop Usher, calculated the world was created about 4004 BC
iii. Judge threw out many of Darrow’s witnesses, Darrow crossed Bryan, who di
ed 2 days after trial
iv. Verdict: Guilty
2. Foreign Policy (ESSAYS: Foreign Policy Between the Wars or F.P. in Decad
e of Normalcy. Between the wars includes FDR)
a. Umbrella of Isolationism – LoN flag on top…on top because we didn’t join
, and not isolationist
b. 4 Exceptions to Isolationism
i. Disarmament – WW idealism
1. Public thinking
a. For: Moral virtue and Economic burden of army
b. Con: Preparedness, ability to defend, spending helps econ., National sec
urity
2. Acts and Treaties
a. Many meetings between 1919-35
b. Washington Conference of 1921 – NAVAL
i. Pushed by Charles Evans Hughes
ii. Treaty Points
1. Places limit on big ships
2. Established the ration of 5:5:3 (Br, U.S., Jap) Other nations got 1.75
iii. 10 Year naval holiday
iv. All the Number Power Treaties (4 Power, etc)
c. London Treaty
i. Extended Naval holiday for 5 years
ii. Said if any nation cheated, the others could build up in retaliation
d. Geneva Conference
i. HH suggests that everyone should reduce their military by 1/3
ii. Big Powers oppose it
ii. War Debts / Reparations
1. War Debts
a. They are what the allies owe us for loaning them money
b. Allies didn’t want to pay us b/c they thought that we were an ally, and
therefore our money was our contribution to the war effort. Obviously, we thoug
ht it was a loan
2. Reparations
a. They are what Gr owes the allies for the war
b. Germany is almost backrupt
3. Acts
a. Dawes Plan
i. We loan Germany money (we get a mortgage on the railroad)
ii. Forms a nice little circle, where we pay Gr, Gr pays allies, and allies
pay us
b. Young Plan (1929)
i. Said if U.S. reduced the War Debts then Allies would reduce the Reparati
ons
ii. Finally sets the price of reparations
c. Hoover Moratorium
i. Provides one year suspension for debts, in response to the Great Depress
ion
iii. Kellogg-Briand Pact (Paris Peace Pact)
1. 62 nations renounce war as an instrument of national policy – makes war
“illegal”
iv. Stimson Doctrine
1. In response to Japanese invasion of Manchuria
2. Said U.S. will not recognize territory seized by force
v. FDR (before 35) [Ends the essay of Normalcy, but is included in other es
says]
1. Good Neighbor Policy
a. Reverses the TR corollary
b. Says we well help in South America, but only to intervene when asked too
2. Recognizes USSR
a. Only diplomatic step, not improvement of communism
b. Lets us open trade
3. Tydings-McDuffie Act – Provides Philippine Independence in 10 years
a. Really happens in 46, because of WWII
3. Domestic Policy in the Decade of Normalcy
a. Harding
i. Background
1. Election of 1920
a. R Warren Harding with CC as VP dfts D Cox/FDR and Soc. Debs
2. Normalcy coined by Harding, was an error
ii. Characteristics
1. Mediocre
2. Professional Republican
3. Scandals
a. Mixed Blood Rumors
b. Nan Harding – “The Presidents Daughter”
4. Bad Grammar
iii. Foreign Policy
1. Washington Conference
2. Unknown Soldier
3. Apologized to Colombia for Panama
iv. Domestic Policy
1. Budget Bill – headed by Dawes
2. Quota Act
3. Vetoes Bonus bill (WWI Veterans benefits in 10 years) which passes over
him
4. Fordney McCumber Act – Raises Tariff
5. Scandals
a. Ohio Gang
b. Veterans Bureau
c. Treasury – Prohibition, bootlegging
d. Teapot Dome – oil reserve that Pinchot set aside that was given to the D
ept. of the Interior and then passed to oil companies
e. Elkhill, similar to Teapot Dome
f. Harding died before the scandals came out
b. Calvin Coolidge
i. Background
1. Became president after Harding
2. Election of 1924
a. R CC/Dawes dfts D John Davis/Charlie Bryan and CPPA La Follette
i. CPPA is Committee for Progressive Political Action
ii. Democratic Primary was deadlocked between Al Smith (N, Cath) and William
McAdoo (S, Prot)
ii. Characteristics
1. Indian Blood
2. Governor Mass.
3. Boston Police strike
4. Not Corrupt
5. Quiet – “Silent Cow”
iii. Foreign Policy
1. War Debts Dawes Act and Young Act
2. Kellogg-Briand Pact
iv. Domestic Policy
1. No Important Measures Passed
2. Vetoed:
a. McNary – Haugen Bill Later AAA
i. Farm Support Bill, Federally subsidized farmers
b. Mussel – Shoals Bill Later TVA
i. Would have built dams to make Mussel-Shoals in TN navigatable
c. Herbert Hoover
i. Background
1. Election of 1928
a. R HH dfts D Al Smith
b. Radio is used
c. South Breaks with the Democrats, votes republican
ii. Characteristics
1. Orphan
2. Did the Food thing during WWI
3. Organizational ability
4. Never Previously elected
5. Quaker
iii. Foreign Policy
1. Stimson Act
2. Hoover Moratorium
iv. Domestic Policy [Before The Great Depression]
1. Harley-Smoot Tariff – Highest tariff ever even to present day

The Great Depression

1. Causes
a. Long Range
i. Bad Distribution of Income
1. 5% owned 1/3
ii. Technological Unemployment
1. Caused by machines replacing man-labor
iii. Corporate Structure
1. Stock manipulation gave false information
iv. No Government Regulation
v. International Trade
1. G.D. was not unique to us, it was a world-wide depression
b. Immediate
i. Collapse of the Stock Market in 1929
1. Kinds of people affected
a. Some companies were just made of air
b. Even sturdy companies fell
c. The stock market was encouraged by the war bonds
2. Margin – buying on credit
3. Way it crashed
a. People buying on margins could pay
b. Brokers couldn’t collect
c. Banks couldn’t collect
d. Savers couldn’t collect
e. Less Purchases Econ down Unemployment
f. Was a vicious cycle
2. Hoovers Response
a. Voluntary Response
b. BEF – Bonus Expeditionary Force – veterans want their benefits, McArther
puts them down
c. RFC – Reconstruction Finance Corporation – gives aid to business and ban
ks
d. Difference in theories between FDR and Hoover
i. Drip Theory (Hoover) – He wanted to give BB money that would drip to the
people through investment and employment
ii. Peculator Theory (FDR) – He wanted to give money to the people who would
spend it, thus business would pick up, etc
iii. Pump-Priming Concept – They would put “Primer” into the economy which wo
uld result in pump flow
e. Election of 1932
i. D FDR/John Garner dfts R HH

FDR and The New Deal

1. Background
a. Election of 1932
i. D FDR/John Garner dfts R HH
b. Election of 1936
i. D FDR/Garner dfts R Alf Landon
ii. First ever poll
iii. FDR shifts toward the left
2. Politics – New Democratic Coalition
a. Was a switch from the Republican control from 1860-1932 to the Democrati
c control until the more or less present day
b. Contained many different groups:
i. Rural South
ii. Urban North
iii. Elite – “Brain Trust”
iv. Farmers
v. Black Americans
1. Switched as FDR had a more colorblind administration and black leaders i
n politics. Also, his action with Marian Anderson, a operatic soprano
vi. Unions
1. AFL – led by William Green
a. Still craft union
2. UMW – John Lewis
a. Favored industry-wide unionism
b. Unskilled workers
3. CIO – Congress of Industrial Organizations – John Lewis, again
4. Achievements: 44hour work week, $.25 minimum wage, and child labor legis
lation
c. His cabinet reflected all of these groups
i. Cordell Hull – Secretary of State, from TN
ii. Tim Farley – Postmaster General
iii. Francis Perkins – Secretary of Labor
iv. Henry Wallace – Secretary of Agriculture
d. 2 Political errors
i. Court Packing Bill
1. Because the Supreme Court killed many of his bills, he proposed a plan t
hat said if a justice was over 70, he could put others in to help them do their
duty
ii. Midterm Elections of 1938
1. FDR goes into states and supports certain democrats
2. Ex. SC’s Cotton Ed Smith
e. 3 Ways of Looking at New Deal
i. Revolution
1. That the New Deal was the 3rd American revolution
a. The 1st was in 1776 and the 2nd was the Civil War
2. Expanded government, federal authority, and understanding of being an Am
erican
ii. Evolutionary
1. Every proposal had previous roots in politics
iii. John Maynand Keynes
1. British Economist
2. Introduced Keynesian economics, the 3rd (and last) economic style of Ame
rican history
3. 3 Points:
a. Government is responsible for economic stability
b. During a Depression, the government should “spend into prosperity”, or
use deficit spending, or pump priming
c. Manipulate interest rates
f. Administration characteristics
i. 3 R’s – Relief, Recovery, and Reform
ii. 100 Days – the first 100 days of FDR’s administration where a lot of leg
islation was passed…plays off of Napoleon’s hundred days
iii.
3. Characteristics
a. Wealthy NY, became NY Governor
b. Married Eleanor, a distant cousin
c. Ran with Cox in ‘20
d. Polio
4. 1st New Deal (100 Days)
a. Early Amendments
i. 20th – “Lame Duck amendment” - Changes inauguration date to January inst
ead of March
ii. 21st – End Prohibition
b. Banking Legislation
i. Declares Bank Holiday
ii. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1. Federal Gov’t guaranteed safety of banks
2. Revolutionary b/c it was gov’t in business
3. Evolutionary b/c gov’t should do it
iii. SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission
1. Regulates stock market
2. guarantees information about stock market
3. regulates margins
iv. RFC – Reconstruction Finance Corporation
1. Held over from HH – Evolutionary
c. CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps
i. Put young men from cities to do rural conservation work if they sent hal
f of their money back home
ii. Most uncontroversial of all legislation
iii. E/R
1. Rev.
2. Evo. – Newlands act
d. AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Act
i. 1st Domestic Allotment program
ii. Limited the production of certain products in order to raise prices for
farmers
iii. Guaranteed price supports
iv. Also happened with livestock
v. Declared unconstitutional in U.S. v. Butler
1. “Similarity at local conditions doesn’t justify breaking states rights”
vi. Later, the second AAA passed
e. NIRA (NRA) – National (Industrial) Recovery Act
i. Provided aid to BB, provided cooperation not competition – un-L-F
ii. Codes
1. Manufactures had business codes that encouraged cooperation
2. Participants got to show Blue Eagle
iii. Section 7A
1. Guaranteed labor the right to bargain collectively
2. Guaranteed wage/hour limits
iv. Schecter case declared it unconstitutional
1. Sick Chicken case ruled not under interstate commerce
2. The act was not later passed again, however the Wagner act replaced Sect
ion 7A
v. Rev/Evo
1. Rev – SupC threw it out
2. Evo – WIB
f. TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority
i. Builds dams on the TN river to provide
1. Electricity
2. Navigation
3. Flood Control
4. Conservation
5. Recreation
ii. Providedd the “yard stick” by which private companies rates could be mea
sured for “reasonable” rates
iii. Was government competing against private companies
iv. Rev/Evo
1. Rev – almost socialistic
2. Evo – everything besides power is just internal improvements
5. Thunder on the Left – 3 Men that challenged FDR to shift left
a. Francis Townsend
i. The Townsend Plan
1. Would give old people 200 each month as long as they spent it within tha
t month
ii. Affected both old people and their children
b. Huey Long – LA “Kingfish”
i. Wanted to make every man a king by a new tax program
ii. It would “soak the rich” and distribute it to the people – robin hood mo
tif
iii. Assassinated in 1935
c. Father Caughlin – Catholic priest, new-populist
i. Wanted populist reform
6. 2nd New Deal (leftward)
a. Social Security
i. Old age pensions
1. Dole money was almost pity money from government
2. SS is tied to work, not Dole, so it is not charity
ii. Aid to children/disabled
iii. Provided unemployment insurance
1. If you lose your job by no fault of your own, the gov’t guarantees money
for a limited period
iv. R/E
1. Rev
2. Evo – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
b. WPA
i. Program of work relief
1. Employment of last resort
2. Bulk of money went into salaries
3. Criticized for boon doggling, just doing busy work
ii. Arts program – employs artists, actors, writers
1. writers did states history
2. artists painted walls everywhere
iii. NYA – National youth Administration
1. provided jobs for kinds in college for tuition
c. New Deal ends in 1938 as WWII leads to a more Conservative swing

1. FDR’s Foreign Policy before the War

a. Good Neighbor Policy
i. Recognized USSR
ii. Tyding-McDuffey Act
b. Isolationism
i. Nye Committee – investigated the causes of WWI, concluded that the cause
of it was munitions manufactures and BB
ii. Neutrality legislation
1. No loans without WWI debts paid
No munitions unless cash/carry (Pay with cash, not loans, and get it yourse
WWII
Leading up to WWII
2. FDR’s Foreign Policy before the War
a. Good Neighbor Policy
i. Recognized USSR
ii. Tyding-McDuffey Act
b. Isolationism
i. Nye Committee – investigated the causes of WWI, concluded that the cause
of -it was munitions manufactures and BB
ii. Neutrality legislation
1. No loans without WWI debts paid
2. No munitions unless cash/carry (Pay with cash, not loans, and get it you
rself)
3. Causes of WWII (Europe
a. Long Term
i. Economic Problems – reparations and the depression
ii. Failure of League of Nations
iii. Failure of Disarmament
iv. Failure to revise the Treaty of Versailles
v. Ethnic Minorities
vi. Rise of Nationalism
4. Rise of Ism’s
a. Types
i. Communism-0+9
1. Appealed to poor
2. Revolution
3. Equality
4. State Ownership
5. Internationalism
ii. Fascism
1. Appealed to Rich
2. Legitimate
3. Elite
4. State Capitalism
5. Nationalism
iii. Both result in a police state
b. In Countries
i. Russia – Communist under Stalin
1. Revolution led by Lenin, later Stalin became the leader
2. 5 year plans, purges, etc
ii. Italy – Fascism under Mussolini
1. Fascism was in response to Communism by bourgeoisie
2. March on Rome: when Mussolini takes gov’t (or king gives it, not violen
t)
3. Mussolini made the trains on time, fixed drainage, and reconciled with t
he Pope
iii. Germany – Nazis under Hitler
1. Came up through legitimate election
2. Wanted 3rd Reich
a. 1st was Charlemagne and HRE
b. 2nd was Bismarck before WWI
3. Hitler added ethnic superiority
iv. Japanese – Fascists under Tojo (?)
1. Ethnic superiority
a. Wanted to create Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, leads to U.S. Stimson Doctrine
c. Formation of Axis and Allies
i. Axis – Italy, Japan, Germany
ii. Allies – Russia, Britain, France, and the U.S.
d. Spanish Civil War
i. Overthrew Alfonzo the XIII
ii. Spanish Republic (new gov’t) redistributed the land/wealth, alienating t
he rich (clergy, nobility, and military)
iii. Franco leads the Nationalists (old gov’t??, rich?)
iv. We form the NIC – Non-intervention Committee
v. Gr and It help Franco, Rus helps Republic
vi. U.S. responds with Neutrality
5. Hitler-Steps to War
a. Rearms Gr
i. Army and Navy
ii. Violates Treaty of Versailles
iii. We (meaning mainly Fr and Br) don’t act because:
1. Depression
2. We realize that the Treaty may have been unfair and understand why Germa
ny might do these things
3. Alternative was War
iv. Appeasement Policy
1. Every time Hitler did something “bad” we just disapproved but did not st
and up
b. Remilitarized the Rhine
c. Anschluss (Union with Austria)
i. Germany wanted to annex Austria because they were ethnically Gr
ii. Gr sends in troops, has vote, and, surprise, Austria wants to join Germa
ny, so they are annex
iii. Also violates Treaty
d. Sudetenland
i. Munich Conference appeasement
1. Chamberlain, Mussolini, Hitler, Fr PM, but not Czech
e. Poland (Polish Corridor)
f. Hitler and Stalin signed non-intervention treaty
i. Ends communist push in America
g. Sept. 1939 Hitler invades Poland
i. He takes it quickly, USSR takes some land too
h. Br and Fr declare war
6. WWII Before the U.S.
a. Period of Phony War
i. Fr hide behind Maginot line
b. Hitler attacks France by going around Maginot line, takes it in 6 weeks
i. Dunkirk Evacuation: Br saved Fr and Br army
ii. Vichy government takes over in lower France, they collaborate
c. Japan
i. Taking China
ii. Blows up a U.S. ship
iii. We freeze Japanese assets
7. American Response to War
a. Hemispheric solidarity – Policy of North America and South America stick
ing together
b. Effort at Neutrality: legislation
i. Cash/Carry
ii. No loans
c. Isolationism
i. FDR’s quarantine speech
1. suggests quarantining aggressor nations
ii. America First Committee
1. Responded to by Committee to Save America by Aiding the Allies
d. Election of 1940: D FDR/Henry Wallace dfts R Wendell Wilkie (Me Too Repu
blican)
8. Measures Short of War
a. Exchange of Battleship for naval bases in Greenland
b. Peacetime Draft (1st ever)
c. Lend/Lease Program
i. FDR proposes that U.S. sell/loan/provide material for anti-axis-forces
ii. We become “arsenal for the allies”
d. Atlantic Charter
i. Churchill/FDR
ii. Proposal for postwar world
9. We enter the War
a. December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor
b. Political decision says that our priority is in Europe, despite Pearl Ha
rbor
i. By this time, Hitler has invaded Russian and they are our allies
ii. Unlike WWI, there is an allied supreme command, headed by Eisenhower
iii. We are only one to really fight Japan
10. WWII with America
a. Background
i. Can be divided up into two periods: Axis victory (1939-1942) and Allied
Victory (1942-)
b. Pacific
i. Axis Victory
1. Pearl Harbor
2. Phillipines attacked, we lose it
3. Doolittle Raid
4. Battle of Midway – turns the tide of the war, we destroyed their carrier
fleet and broke several codes
5. Guadalcanal – 1st American offensive
ii. Ally Victory
1. Leaders
a. Nimitz and Halsey – admirals
b. McArther –General
2. Liberate Philippines
3. Attack Japan
a. Iwo Jima – island, 1st attack on traditional Japanese territory
i. We bomb, eventually land and raise the flag on the mountain
b. Okinawa – enormous casualties
4. Nuclear Bombing
a. The bomb
i. Manhattan project was the Nuke project
ii. Oak Ridge – place A-bomb was developed
iii. Trinity – place A-bomb tested
b. Truman decides to do it because:
i. Waning American support for war
ii. Casualties
iii. Soviet Union had promised to help us in Pacific: we don’t want them “pol
luting” any more countries
c. Europe: Western Front
i. Axis Victory
1. Fall of France
2. Hitler attacks London, doesn’t work
a. RAF – Royal Air Force
ii. Ally Victory
1. Invasion of Italy – 2nd Invasion
a. Choosing the site: Sicily or Sardenia
i. “Man who never was” disguised as a chief agent
ii. We strike in Sicily
b. Emmanual kicks out Mussolini, but Mussolini still leads in the north
2. Invasion of France: 3rd Invasion, D-Day
a. Operation Overload or the invasion of Normandy
b. Again Gr guesses wrong
c. We liberate Paris and push them back
3. Defeat of Germany
a. Battle of the Bulge- Gr fails to break a line into the sea
b. Russians take Berlin first
c. V-E Day – Early May
d. Europe: Eastern Front
i. Axis Victory
1. Attack of Russia
2. Siege of Stalingrad: 4 million casualties
a. Failure to take marks some end in Eastern front
ii. Ally Victory
1. Russians start pushing Gr back
2. Guerrillas attack Nazis supported by Russia leads to conflict after th
e war
e. North Africa
i. Axis Victory
1. Gr attacks Fr and Br
2. Rommel leads Afrika Korps against Montgomery
3. Battle of El Alimaine, Br hold them
ii. Ally Victory
1. Operation Torch, the 1st invasion – led by Eisenhower
2. Practically no resistance in desert
11. Home Front
a. Mobilization
i. Draft and Recruitment
1. GI Bill – vets, opportunity and free education, speciall loans for home/
businesses
2. WACS – Women’s Auxilary Corps
3. Blacks
ii. Business
1. WPB – War Production Board
2. Labor: no strike policy
iii. OPA – Office of Price Administration
1. freezes wages/prices
2. system of rationing gas/tires/food
3. Black markets develop
4. Encourages Victory Gardens
iv. Technology
1. development of synthetic rubber, nylon, and margarine
2. Medical advancements
v. OCP – Office of Civil Defense
1. Practice drills if we were to be attacked
2. air raid sirens
vi. Propaganda
1. Disney
2. Movies
vii. Question of Civil Liberties
1. Relocation of Jap-Am, especially in California
2. redressed later by SupC
12. Mobilization for Peace
a. Background
i. Big Four (Three) – FDR, Churchill, Stalin and (Chiang Kia-sheck)
b. Atlanta Charter – FDR and Churchill
c. Casa Blanca
i. Program of Unconditional Surrender
ii. Churchill-FDR
d. Yalta Conference
i. Partition of Gr
ii. Controversial b/c of concessions to Stalin
e. Potsdam – in between V-E and V-J
i. Truman – Atlee (U.S. – Br)
f. San Francisco Conference of 1945
i. UN

After WWII
1. Background
a. El
2. Foreign Policy
a. Background
i. Truman and Eisenhower were the presidents
b. Truman
i. Containment
1. Contain communism
2. This was passive, not active because it prevented expansion
ii. U.N.
iii. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1. Mutual Defense
2. USSR countered with Warsaw Pact
iv. MP – Marshall Plan
1. Provided that America would give money to any country to rebuild after t
he war
2. This contrasted to the war debts and Dawes’ loans
v. Truman Doctrine
1. Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey to fight communism
vi. Truman’s Point 4
1. Gives aid to 3rd World countries to fight communism
vii. Miscellaneous
1. Division of Germany into 3rd US, Br, and USSR) and then Br and US give F
r a share, too
2. Occupation of Japan by US only
a. Demilitarization
b. McArthur
c. We provide the military for Japan
d. We don’t sign peace treaty until 1951
3. Philippine Independence
4. Russians get A-bomb and end our nuclear monopoly
5. Chinese Revolution
a. Nationalist Chiang Kiasheck loses war to Mao Tseng and flees to China
b. We refuse to recognize Mao as the leader
6. Israel
7. Nuremberg War Criminal Trials
a. Grew out of Holocaust
b. At what level can you blame people?
viii. Berlin Crisis - 1948
1. West Berlin was a “Window on the West”
2. Berlin Blockade – closed railroads and Highways
a. If we do nothing, we look bad
b. Europe is also afraid that we will respond excessively
3. Berlin Airlift – every 3 minutes a plane lands giving food, clothing, et
c to the people
4. Allies make united West Germany with a capital at Bonn
5. This solidifies our position with the Allies
ix. Korean War
1. North and South Korea were divided at the 38th parallel
a. N was communist
b. S was not
2. 25th June, 1950 Korean war began (VN was gradual)
3. Again, the communists assumed that the U.S. wouldn’t fight
4. Truman presented it to the U.N and a joint force (unlike VN) declared No
rth Korea an aggressor nation and had U.N peace keeping force sent
5. US sends the most troops, and McArthur leads it
6. Limited War
a. Purpose Limited: only push communists out of SK, not surrender
b. Power Limited: we can’t nuke them
7. McArthur wanted Chinese invasion, Truman fires him
8. China comes into NK, we pump more in, have a war, etc
c. Eisenhower
i. Background
1. John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State
a. “brinkmanship” – brink of nuclear war to keep peace
b. Theory of Massive Retaliation
ii. End of Korean War
iii. Creation of SEATO
1. South East Asia Treaty Organization
2. This included Indo-China (VN) and Formosa (Taiwan)
iv. Eisenhower Doctrine
1. Promises aid to middle east to fight communism
v. Death of Stalin
1. Replaced by Krushchev, leads to a “thaw” in the Cold War
2. “Spirit of Geneva” – hopeful period
vi. Hungarian Revolution
1. We didn’t support the anti-communist revolution, because it was in alrea
dy communist areas
vii. Sputnik
1. Led to education reform
2. Race for Space
viii. Cuba
1. Rise of Fidel Castro who turned out to be Red
2. Limits of Power
3. Our policy really didn’t fit into Containment b/c Cuba was having an int
ernal revolution, not inspired by Russia
ix. U-2
1. A spy play shot down by the Russians
2. Francis Gary Powers – pilot
3. Russia cancels the summit
3. Domestic Policy
a. Background
i. Elections
1. El 1944
a. D FDR/Truman dfts R Tom Dewey
b. FDR dies soon
2. El 1948
a. D Truman dfts R Tom Dewey/Warren, Dixiecrat Thurmond, and Progressive He
nry Wallace
b. Dixiecrats and Progressives split from Democrats
c. Was an extremely close election
3. El 1952
a. R Ike/Nixon dfts D Stevenson
4. El 1956
a. R Ike/Nixon dfts D Stevenson (déjà vu)
ii. Amendments
1. 13 – 15: Reconstruction
2. 16-19: Progressive
3. 20-22: New Deal, just kinda random
4. 23rd – DC electors equal to that of the smallest state
5. 24th – Poll tax eliminated
6. 25th – Presidential Succession
a. Designed to provide what would happen if a president or Vice President w
ere to die
b. Had 2 points:
i. President can appoint a Vice President with the consent of Congress
ii. If the President is unable to function (declared by himself or a special
committee) then the Vice President takes over until he is able to function
7. 26th – 18 to vote, response to VN
8. 27th – payment for Congress
b. Truman’s Policy – Fair Deal
i. 1st Term
1. Republican congress doesn’t pass any Fair Deal legislation
2. Taft-Hartley Act – “Slave labor act”
a. Says that all labor unions must be anti-communist and they cannot contri
bute to political campaigns or parties
b. Declares unfair labor practices
c. Section 14B – “lets states have right-to-work laws”
i. These laws meant not having to join a union to gain employment
ii. 2nd Term
1. Fair Deal continues
2. Red Scare!!
a. McCarthy and McCarthyism
i. Condemned without evidence
ii. Guilt by Association
b. Acknowledged espionage
c. People
i. Alger Hiss – accused
ii. Rosenbergs – Russian spies
3. Civil Rights Legislation – philibustered by Thurmond
4. Scandals
5. HH commission reorganizes branches of the government
c. Eisenhower’s Domestic Policy
i. Background
1. Military Industrial Complex warning
2. Middle of the Road Republican – (kind of Me Too Republicanism)
ii. Alaska and Hawaii enter as states
iii. Civil Liberties
1. McCarthyism
a. HUAN – House of Un-American activities committee
b. McCarthy vs. the Army – ends McCarthyism
iv. Civil Rights
1. Desegregated the Army (really under Truman)
2. Jackie Robinson
3. Adam Clayton Powell Jr – public letter by Black republican criticizing D
C’s segregation
4. Brown v. Topeka, Kansas Board of Education
a. NAACP ran it
b. Earl Warren is the judge
c. Says that Separate is inherently unequal: eliminates segregation, and ca
lls for it to happen with all deliberate speed
d. Response: white citizens councils try to evade the court
e. Briggs v. Elliot is SC case that is incorporated into Topeka case
5. Orval Faubes
a. Defies courts desegregation order
b. Ike sends in federal troops (1st time since Whiskey Rebellion)
6. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
a. Rise of MLK Jr. and SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference
b. Civil Disobedience
c. Brought National attention to the south
Sixties and Onward
1. Background
a. El 1960
i. D JFK/LBJ dfts R Nixon
b. El 1964
i. D LBJ/Humphrey dfts R Goldwater (AuH2O)
c. El 1968
i. R Nixon/Agnew dfts Humphrey and Am George Wallace “Dimes worth of differ
ence”
ii. Eugene McCarthy challenges LBJ on peace issue, and his success makes LBJ
pull out, then RFK assassinated
iii. Chicago police at Dem. Convention
d. El 1972
i. R Nixon/Agnew dfts D George McGovern (peace in VN campaign/ (xEagleton)
Shriver
ii. Watergate election
e. El 1976
i. D Jimmy Carter dfts R Ford
f. El 1980
i. R Reagan dfts D Carter and I Anderson
g. El 1984
i. R Reagan dfts D Mondale/Ferraro (1st woman on National ticket)
h. El 1988
i. R Bush dfts D Dukakis
i. El 1992
i. D Clinton dfts R Bush and I Perot
j. El 1996
i. D Clinton dfts R Dole
k. El 2000
i. R Bush Jr dfts D Gore
2. Domestic Policy
a. JFK – “New Frontier”
i. Space race
ii. Labor
iii. Civil Rights
1. MLK’s march on Washington and “I have a Dream”
b. LBJ – “Great Society”
i. 1st Term: Civil Rights Act of 1964: first Civil Rights since Reconstruct
ion
ii. War on Poverty
1. HEW – House Education and Welfare
2. HUD – Housing and Urban Development
3. Medicare – through Social Security, medical care for old people
4. Medicaid – medical care for poor
iii. Civil Rights
1. CR Act of 1965 – “Voting Rights Act”
a. In any state where less than 50% of eligible voters don’t vote, we assum
e that it is because they are discriminated against
b. Federal intervention, can’t be changed
2. MLK Jr. Assassinated
a. Violence
3. Watts Riot
a. Violence
b. Black Violence against Black Property
c. Caused by “rising expectations” that things would get better, but they d
idn’t for the average person
d. Leads to “Long Hot Summer”
c. Nixon – “Imperial Presidency”, “Law and Order”
i. Court Decisions of Earl Warren
1. Civil Rights
a. Brown v. TB of Edu
2. Civil Liberties
a. Giddeon v. Wainwright – 6th Am - says you have the right to a lawyer, to
know that right, and state providing a lawyer
b. Miranda v. Arizona – 5th Am – no person can be forced to testify against
themselves “Right to remain silent” and that you cannot be penalized for it
3. 1 man, 1 vote cases
a. Baker v. Carr
i. The State House of Representatives must represent approximately equal po
pulations
b. Reynalds v. Simms
i. Same thing, Senate
c. These increase Black and Urban Representation
ii. Watergate
1. Incident involving break-in at Dem. Convention
2. Bernstein and Woodward pursued the story
3. CREEP – Committee to RE-Elect the President, Att Gen was chairman
4. Pentagon Papers – commentary on VN that were given to press
5. Spearo Agnew –accused of taking bribes, resigns
6. Gerald Ford Vice President
7. Nixon resigns, Ford President
d. Ford
i. Presidential Pardon for Nixon
ii. Chooses Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President
iii. WIN – effort to fight stagflation
e. Carter
i. OPEC oil crisis
1. High prices
2. Limits of Power
ii. Economy
1. High Inflation
f. Reagan – “New Federalism”
i. Economic
1. Reaganomics – supply side econ or “trickle down” theory with a “safety n
et” at the bottom
2. Cut taxes business invests trickles down safety net supports peopl
e from falling through the cracks
3. Helped eliminate inflation, but increased Federal defecit
ii. Immigration
iii. AIDS
iv. Family Emphasis
v. Moral Majority
vi. Attempted assassination
g. Bush Sr.
i. Read my lips, no new taxes
h. Clinton
i. Medical reform
ii. It’s the economy, stupid
3. Foreign Policy
a. JFK
i. Space Race (military)
ii. Peace Corps
iii. OAS – Organization of American States
iv. Cuba
1. Bay of Pigs
a. Makes U.S. look bad internationally
b. “Colossus of the North”
2. Cuban Missile Crisis
a. Confrontation with Major Powers
b. Blockade of Cuba
c. “Hotline” between President and USSR
v. Berlin
1. Berlin Wall was erected
2. Limits of Power
b. LBJ
i. VN
1. Began in 1954 under Ike
a. Indochina divided
2. Differences with Korea
a. No specific start or event
b. Guerilla campaigns
c. Not a “war” but a civil struggle
d. Only U.S., not U.N.
3. Trauma and dissention
a. Favored
i. Containment
1. Domino Theory
ii. Patriotism
b. Opposed
i. Civil War not real war
ii. Cost of Victory too high
iii. Politicians and military are lying to us
iv. Change country when it is wrong is patriotic
v. Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight
vi. Humanity/War crimes
4. TV – showed killings in “living color”
c. Nixon
i. Visits Red China and recognizes it
ii. Has “Secret Plan” to end war
d. Ford
i. VN – gets to be a smaller problem, Vietnamization
ii. Kissinger – Secretary of State, Policy of Détente – moving to a relaxed
state in the Cold war
iii. Middle East
e. Carter
i. Human Rights
ii. SALT II
iii. Returns the Panama Canal
iv. Camp David accords – Israel and Egypt
v. Iranian Hostages
f. Reagan
i. Grenada Invasion
1. Off coast of South America
2. Makes Latin America uneasy
ii. Nicuragua
1. Contra-Sandinista conflict
iii. Iran Hostages released on Reagan’s inauguration
iv. Star Wars defense system
v. Gorbechev and the fall of the Soviet Union
1. Communism mixed
2. more freedom
vi. Lebanon
g. Bush Sr.
i. Berlin wall
ii. Panama – Noreiga
iii. Desert Storm in Middle east
h. Clinton
i. Bosnia

Themes of the 60’s and 70’s

1. Civil Liberties
a. McCartyism
b. Protests
c. Police – anything they do is “right” (or wrong)
2. Civil Rights
a. Dem. Convention of 1948
b. Population shift (Blacks move north)
c. Legislation
d. Violence
e. MLK Jr.
3. Violence
a. CR
b. Black Demonstrations
c. Wh – Bl and Bl – Bl
d. VN
e. Assassinations – RFK, JFK, MLK
4. TV
a. Army v. McCarthy
b. El 1960 Debates
c. MLK’s march on Washington
d. Violence and VN
5. VN
6. Generation Gap
a. Patriotism in VN – Canada and Draft card burning
b. Protests
c. Parents remembered depression
d. Hippies – marijuana
e. Sexual Revolution
American History Notes