Power Quality and Harmonic Mitigation

Power Quality and Harmonic
Mitigation
AccuSine
Add photo in this area
Make the most of your

energy
Make the most of
SM
your energy
Agenda
Overview
Harmonic Basics
IEEE 519
Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
AccuSine PCS
Applications & Installation Notes
Specification Recommendations
Summary
Schneider Electric
- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009
Schneider Power Quality Correction Group
Power Factor Correction and

Harmonic Filtering:
Capacitor Systems
LV & MV up to 15 kV
Fixed, Standard and
Detuned Auto Banks
AccuSine PCS
Voltage Regulation:
Hybrid VAR Compensator
Electronic Sag Fighter
Schneider Electric
Harmonic Basics
Resultant
Waveform
What are harmonics?

Proliferated by power semiconductor devices
Converts power (AC to DC)
A harmonic is a component of a periodic wave
having a frequency that is an integer multiple of
the fundamental power line frequency
Characteristic harmonics are the
predominate harmonics seen by the power
distribution system
Predicted by the following equation:
Hc = np +/- 1
hC = characteristic harmonics to be expected
n = an integer from 1,2,3,4,5, etc.
p = number of pulses or rectifiers in circuit
Schneider Electric
3rdHarmonic
7thHarmonic
5thHarmonic
Harmonic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
:
19
Fundamental
Frequency
60Hz
120Hz
180Hz
240Hz
300Hz
360Hz
420Hz
:
1140Hz
Sequence
+
0
0
0
0
+
:
+
Multi-pulse Converters
Hc = np +/- 1
Hc = characteristic
harmonic order present
n = an integer
p = number of pulses
Schneider Electric
Hn
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
Harmonics present by rectifier design

Type of rectifier
1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 3 phase 3 phase
4-pulse
4-pulse 6-pulse 12-pulse 18-pulse
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
5
Harmonic Basics
Nonlinear loads draw it
Example: 6-Pulse VFD
Inverter
Converter
DC bus
A
B
C
Schneider Electric
Harmonic Basics
Why a concern?
Current distortion
Added heating, reduced capacity in :
Transformers
Conductors and cables
Heating effect proportional to harmonic order
squared
Nuisance tripping of electronic circuit
breakers (thermal overload)
Blown fuses
Detrimental to generators
Heating of windings
Detrimental to UPS
UPS cant supply the current
Schneider Electric
Ih
Loads
Vh = Ih x Zh
Harmonic Basics
Voltage distortion
Interference with other electronic loads
Faulting to destruction
Creates harmonic currents in linear loads
Generator regulators cant function
Shut downs
Ih
Not compatible with standard PF caps

Potential resonance condition
Excessive voltage
Overheating of PF correction capacitors
Tripping of PF protection equipment
Shutdown / damage to electronic equipment
Loads
Vh = Ih x Zh
Schneider Electric
Total Power Factor

TPF = (DPF) x (Distortion factor)
KW
DPF =
KVAf
= Cos
Distortion Factor =
= Cos
1 + THD(I)2
TPF = Total or true power factor

DPF = Displacement power factor
Distortion Factor = Harmonic power factor
Schneider Electric
Total Power Factor Example

Variable frequency drive (PWM type)
DPF = .95
THD(I) = 90%
(no DC choke & no input line reactor)
Distortion Factor =
= .7433
1 + .92
TPF = .95 x .7433 = .7061
Schneider Electric
10
How are harmonics handled today?

Mixed bag of objectives
Basis of compliance is mixed
THDi, THDv, TDD?
IEEE 519-1992?
Where is PCC?
What level of harmonics is to be attained?
How to obtain compliance?
Sometimes defined
Sometimes open ended
Validation
Poorly defined
By each equipment vendor
No Total Responsibility for harmonics
Has the User been protected where it matters inside the facility
Schneider Electric
11
Typical Present Situation

Specifications direct manufacturers of nonlinear loads to comply within
equipment specifications
Manufacturers of nonlinear loads have other concerns
Sell standard equipment at competitive prices
Leads to minimized harmonic solutions
Leads to misleading information about harmonic performance
Leads to operational difficulties
e.g. Cant operate on backup generators/UPS
Force the IEEE 519 discussion to the utility PCC
Many types of solutions are not compatible

Each manufacturer does his own thing without regard to other solutions
Approaches are for my equipment only
My simulation is for my equipment only I cant include the others
Total solution not achieved

User has system that exceeds specification objectives
Consulting engineers cant get overall compliance
Schneider Electric
12
ANSI Standard IEEE 519-1992

Issues addressed:
THD(V) delivered by utility to user (Chapter 11)
THD(V) must be < 5% [< 69 KV systems]
Defines the amount of TDD a user can cause (Chapter 10)
Based upon size of user in relation to power source
Table 10.3 for systems < 69 kV
Defines limits for voltage notches caused by SCR rectifiers Table
10.2
Defines PCC (point of common coupling)
Schneider Electric
13
IEEE 519-1992
Defines current distortion as TDD
Total Demand Distortion
Largest amplitude of harmonic current occurs at maximum
load of nonlinear device if electrical system can handle
this it can handle all lower amplitudes
Always referenced to full load current
Effective meaning of current distortion
Defines voltage distortion as THD

Total harmonic voltage distortion
Does not use THD(I)

Total harmonic current distortion
Instrument measurement (instantaneous values)
Uses measured load current to calculate THD(I)
Schneider Electric
14
IEEE 519-1992
TDD and THD(I) are not the same except at 100% load
As load decreases, TDD decreases while THD(I) increases.
Example:
Total I,
rms
Full load
Schneider Electric
936.68
836.70
767.68
592.63
424.53
246.58
111.80
Measured
Fund I, Harm I,
rms
rms
936.00
836.00
767.00
592.00
424.00
246.00
111.00
35.57
34.28
32.21
27.23
21.20
16.97
13.32
THD(I)
3.8%
4.1%
4.2%
4.6%
5.0%
6.9%
12.0%
TDD
3.8%
3.7%
3.4%
2.9%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
15
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3

Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution
Systems (<69 kV)
I sc / Iload
<20
20<50
50<100
100<1000
>1000
<11
4.0%
7.0%
10.0%
12.0%
15.0%
11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35

2.0%
1.5%
0.6%
3.5%
2.5%
1.0%
4.5%
4.0%
1.5%
5.5%
5.0%
0.2%
7.0%
6.0%
2.5%
h>=35
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
1.4%
TDD
5.0%
8.0%
12.0%
15.0%
20.0%
Isc = short circuit current capacity of source

Iload = demand load current (fundamental)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion
(TDD = Total harmonic current distortion measured against
fundamental current at demand load.)
Schneider Electric
16
Harmonic Standards
Most harmonic problems are not at the PCC with utility.
Typically harmonic problem occur:
Within a facility
With generator & UPS operation
Where nonlinear loads are concentrated
Need to protect the user from self by moving the harmonic

mitigation requirements to where harmonic loads are located
Schneider Electric
17
Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
Schneider Electric
18
Harmonic Mitigation Methods

Typically applied per device
Line reactors/DC bus chokes/isolation transformers
5th harmonic filters (trap filters)
Broadband filters
Multi-pulse transformers/converters
Active front end (AFE) converter
System solution
Active harmonic filter
Schneider Electric
19
Harmonic mitigation methods - (Applied per VFD)

Solution
Advantage
Disadvantage
Typical %
TDD
Typical Price
Multiplier*
Dependent
upon SCR***
Cost of transformer and

installation change out
Increase short
circuit capacity
Reduces THD(V)
Increases TDD
Not likely to occur**
C-Less Technology
Lower TDD
Simplified design
Less cost
Compliance is limited
Application limited
Size limited
30 - 50% TDD
0.90 - 0.95
Impedance (3% LR
or 3% DC choke)
Low cost adder

Simple
Compliance difficult
30 - 40% TDD
1.05 - 1.15
5th Harmonic filter
Reduces 5th & total

TDD
Does not meet harmonic

levels at higher orders^
18 - 22% TDD
1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter
Reduces TDD (thru

13th)
Large heat losses

Application limited
8 - 15% TDD
1.25 - 1.50
12-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
8 - 15 % TDD
1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Good for >100 HP
5 - 8% TDD
1.65 - 1.85
Active front end

converter
Very good TDD

Regeneration
possible
Very high cost per unit
High heat losses
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.

** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems.
*** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V).
^ Can be said for all methods listed.
Harmonic mitigation methods

Solution
Advantage
Disadvantage
Typical %
TDD
Typical Price
Multiplier*
Dependent
upon SCR***
Cost of transformer and

installation change out
Increase short
circuit capacity
Reduces THD(V)
Increases TDD
Not likely to occur**
C-Less Technology
Lower TDD
Simplified design
Less cost
Compliance is limited
Application limited
Size limited
30 - 50% TDD
0.90 - 0.95
Impedance (3% LR
or 3% DC choke)
Low cost adder

Simple
Compliance difficult
30 - 40% TDD
1.05 - 1.15
5th Harmonic filter
Reduces 5th & total

TDD
Does not meet harmonic

levels at higher orders^
18 - 22% TDD
1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter
Reduces TDD (thru

13th)
Large heat losses

Application limited
8 - 15% TDD
AccuSine
12-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Good for >100 HP
8 - 15 % TDD
1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Good for >100 HP
5 - 8% TDD
1.65 - 1.85
Active front end

converter
Very good TDD

Regeneration
possible
Very high cost per unit
High heat losses
AccuSine
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.

** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems.
*** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V).
^ Can be said for all methods listed.
Schneider Electric
21
Inductors/Transformers/DC Bus Chokes

Description:
Converter-applied inductors or isolation transformers.
Pros:
Inexpensive & reliable

Transient protection for loads
1st Z yields big TDD reduction (90% to 35% w/3% Z)
Complimentary to active harmonic control
Cons:
Limited reduction of TDD at equipment terminals after 1st Z
Reduction dependent on source Z
Schneider Electric
22
5th Harmonic Filter (Trap

Filter)
Inductor (Lp) and Capacitor (C) provide low
impedance source for a single frequency
(5th)
Zs
Must add more tuned filters to filter more

frequencies
Inductor Ls required to detune filter from

electrical system and other filters
Vs
Ls
Lp
C
Load
If Ls not present, filter is sink for all 5th

harmonics in system
If Ls not present, resonance with other
tuned filters possible
Injects leading reactive current (KVAR) at
all times may not need
Schneider Electric
23
Broadband Filters
L
~
Source
Load
Lp
C
Mitigates up to 13th order or higher

Each inductor (L) > 8% impedance
V drops ~ 16% at load
Trapezoidal voltage to load
Can only be used on diode converters
Prevents fast current changes (only good for centrifugal loads)
When generators are present, re-tuning may be required
Capacitor (C) designed to boost V at load to proper level (injects leading VARs)
Physically large
High heat losses (>5%)
Series device
Schneider Electric
24
Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three (18 pulse) input bridges
fed by a transformer with two or three phase shifted output windings.
Pros:
Reduces TDD to 10% (12 pulse) & 5% (18 pulse) at loads
Reliable
Cons:
High installation cost with external transformer

Large footprint (even w/autotransformer)
Series solution with reduction in efficiency
One required for each product
Cannot retrofit
Schneider Electric
25
Harmonic mitigation methods

VFD mitigation topologies
6-Pulse converter
12-Pulse converter
18-Pulse converter
Multipulse
Transformer
DC Link
Reactor
DC+
Line
Reactor
2
9
DC Bus
Rectifier Assembly
Load
Wye
AC Line
DC-
Delta
Transformer
Tertiary
Delta
C-less or 3% reactance min (if

included); small footprint,
simplified cabling
Large footprint, more steel

& copper (losses)
Externally mounted 3 winding

transformer; more wire and
cabling; complicated
100
100
100
6 pulse
12 pulse
18 pulse
0.0s
Current waveform distorted

TDD 30% to 40% with 3% reactor
(depending on network impedance)
Schneider Electric
Current slightly distorted

TDD 8% to 15% (depending on
network impedance)
0.02s
Current wave form good

TDD 5% to 7% (depending on
network impedance)
26
Active Front End (AFE) Converters

Used in UPS and VFD
Replaces diode converter with IGBT converter
The hype
Permits current smoothing on AC lines (< 5% TDD)
Permits 4-quadrant operation of VFD
Maintains unity TOTAL PF
Meets all harmonics specs around the world
Input Filter
Required to
limit THDv to
<5%
A
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
VFD
IGBT
Filter
Schneider Electric
Converter
DC Bus
IGBT
Inverter
AC
Motor
27
AFE Converters
Significant harmonics above 50th order
American Bureau
of Shipping (ABS)
requires
examination to
100th order when
AFE applied
Higher frequencies
yield higher heating
of current path &
potential resonance
with capacitors
Schneider Electric
28
AFE Converters
Cons
200
KVA
rated
AFE
VFD
PWM
VFD
DC
Drive
PF
caps
100
KVA
rated
Schneider Electric
Larger and more expensive than 6 pulse drives

Approximately twice the size & price
Mains voltage must be free of imbalance and voltage
harmonics
Generates more harmonics
Without mains filter THD(V) can reach 40%
Requires short circuit ratio > 40 at PCC
Switched mode power supplies prohibited
Capacitors prohibited on mains
IGBT & SCR rectifiers prohibited on same mains
No other nonlinear loads permitted
29
Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
Schneider Electric
30
The System Solution

The System Solution:
Single point of responsibility for the total harmonics
One specification for harmonic definitions
One validation responsibility and guarantee
Standard nonlinear products

3% input line reactors on most non-linear devices, 3% DC bus choke okay for
PWM VFD
Limits rms current at load for diode rectifiers
Avoids interaction with snubber circuit for SCR rectifier
Best cost and performance
Compatible with all nonlinear products

Compliance with harmonic specifications
Controls harmonic levels with facility
Schneider Electric
31
Schneider Electrics Solution

AccuSine Power Correction System (PCS)
Active harmonic filter
Provides 5% TDD per load or system
Cancels everything from 2nd to 50th harmonic order
Used on any/all nonlinear load
Active reactive current correction
Does not use PF capacitors
Used to correct Displacement PF
In conjunction with or independent of harmonic control (dual mode)
High-speed reactive power
Schneider Electric
32
Active Harmonic Filter System Solution

Applied to one or many nonlinear loads
VFD, UPS, UV, DC drives, DC power supplies
Provides DPF correction

More cost effective for multiple loads
For two or more drives, AccuSine and 6 pulse drive combination
has lower initial and operating costs than 18 pulse drives
For installations with redundant drives, size AccuSine for the
operating drives only
Saves space
Lower heat losses
Not critical to operation
Parallel connected
Schneider Electric
33
Comparison of 18-P VFD to

AccuSine PCS + standard VFD
Footprint required
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
(w/autotransformer) for all conditions
Heat losses
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
Exception at single units of 50-75 HP, advantage 18-P VFD
Less costly to operate AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD

Less site cooling required with AccuSine PCS + Std VFD
Price (first cost)

When more than one VFD, AccuSine PCS + Std VFD always
beats 18-P VFD
If only one VFD involved, 300-500 HP sizes favor 18-P VFD
Schneider Electric
34
AccuSine Active Harmonic Filter
Is
CT
Ia
Source
AHF
Il
AHF
Load
Parallel connected
Is + Ia = Il
Ia includes 2nd to 25/50th
harmonic current
Is <5% TDD
Schneider Electric
35
AccuSine PCS
Power Diagram
IGBT Module
Pre-charge
Contactor
S1
S3
S5
DC Bus
Capacitors
Fuse
AC
Lines
Fuse
Line
Inductor
Fuse
Inductor
Filter
Board
S2
Schneider Electric
S4
S6
36
System Solution
AccuSine PCS Sizing Example
A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
Two 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR

Required AHF size = 84.4 amps
Three 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR

Six 125 HP VT VFD w/3% LR

(not 6 x 47.5 = 285 amps)
Schneider Electric
37
AccuSine Performance
At VFD Terminals
AccuSine injection
Source current
Schneider Electric
Order
Fund
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
TDD
AS off
AS on
% I fund % I fund
100.000%100.000%
0.038% 0.478%
31.660% 0.674%
11.480% 0.679%
0.435% 0.297%
7.068% 0.710%
4.267% 0.521%
0.367% 0.052%
3.438% 0.464%
2.904% 0.639%
0.284% 0.263%
2.042% 0.409%
2.177% 0.489%
0.293% 0.170%
1.238% 0.397%
1.740% 0.243%
0.261% 0.325%
0.800% 0.279%
1.420% 0.815%
0.282% 0.240%
0.588% 0.120%
1.281% 0.337%
0.259% 0.347%
0.427% 0.769%
1.348% 0.590%
35.28% 2.67%
38
700 HP Drive AccuSine ON OFF
Schneider Electric
39
Schneider Electric
40
Schneider Electric
41
Schneider Electric
42
Schneider Electric
43
Applications
Most common VFD sites
Centrifugal pumps and fans
Pumping Stations
Potable
Wastewater
Wastewater Plants
Water Purification (potable)
Disinfectant Systems
UV systems (ultraviolet)
Electronic ballasts 3
Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
Industrial in-rush support
Schneider Electric
44
AccuSine PCS Specifications
Universal Application
208 480 VAC
No user action required to set
Highly customized transformers for higher voltages (to 15 kV)
50 or 60 Hz
Fuse protected (200,000 AIC)

UL 508 & CSA approved
CE EMC - 400V
Logic ride through 1 to 10 minutes
Schneider Electric
45
Specification Discussion
Write a specification in Section 16 for an active harmonic filter
Specify any points of concern for insertion of AHF
Size of AHF
Located per electrical bus
Specify total responsibility for all harmonics in facility
Specify TDD levels desired at each location
5% TDD guarantees 5% THDv (caused by the loads) with any source
Specify compliance tests for each location
Write standard nonlinear load specification

Reduces harmonic incompatibilities and product interactions
Need 3% impedance on each nonlinear load
Universal solution
Good for all nonlinear loads
Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
Can attain 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant

Avoids harmonic problems both TDD and THD(V)
Write TDD specs not THD(I) at 5%

Schneider Electric
46
AccuSine Tools
Internet Tools
Active Filter Guide Spec (www.reactivar.com)
Stand alone spec section (Section 16)
Includes harmonic and PF correction requirements
Selection Program (www.squaredleantools.com)
Easy selection based upon loads not source (same
selection for utility or generator)
Simple tool to use
We guarantee results if used properly during
design/layout stage
Brochure
Application Notes
Water/wastewater and other applications
Installation Bulletin
Best/total information for consultant
MCC Selector
Schneider Electric
47
Product Package
Standard (UL only)
Enclosed NEMA 1
50 amp 48H x 21W x 19D, 250 lbs
100 amp 65H x 21W x 19D, 350 lbs
Wall mounted
300 amp 75H x 32W x 20D, 775 lbs
Free standing
Chassis & NEMA12 Also Available
Schneider Electric
48
Product Package
International enclosures
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54
50 amp 75(1905mm) x 31.5(800mm)
x 23.62(600mm)
Weight 661Ib(300Kg)
100 amp 75(1905mm) x
31.5(800mm) x 23.62(600mm)
Weight 771Ib(350 Kg)
300 amp 91(2300mm) x
39.37(1000mm) x 31.5(800mm)
Weight 1212Ib(550 Kg)
Free standing with door interlocked
disconnect
CE Certified, C-Tick, ABS, UL, CUL
Schneider Electric
49
Product Re-packaging
Maximum ambient into air inlet 400C
Must meet air flow at inlet of AccuSine
50 amp 300 CFM
100 amp 500 CFM
300 amp - 1250 CFM
Heat released
50 amp 1800 watts
100 amp 3000 watts
300 amp 9000 watts
DIM considerations required

On chassis
Remote with cable
Schneider Electric
50
Product Re-packaging
MCC Packaging
50 & 100 amp models only
Requires one vertical 20 x 20 section
Includes circuit breaker
Schneider Electric
51
AccuSine PCS Current Transformers

AC lines
Class 1
400 Hz
Four sizes
500:5/1000:5/3000:5/5000:5
Stock split core round units
Added to AccuSine (when parallel connected & source sense)

Use solid core at equal ratio as AC lines CT
Schneider Electric
52
AccuSine PCS Performance

Load(s)
DEFINITIONS
Source
XFMR
Is = source current
Is
Il
Ias = AccuSine current

Ias
Il = total load current

(vector representations)
AccuSine Logic
Is + Ias = Il
AccuSine injects the harmonics the loads want
Schneider Electric
53
AccuSine PCS Performance

Obtain 5% TDD (current distortion)
Overall 10:1 attenuation
Cos = .998
Obtain near unity lagging DPF (Cos )
Optional: Inject to obtain a user set point
Either or both functions
VAR compensation
100 second detect-to-inject
Dynamic response
cycle to full control for step load changes
Schneider Electric
54
AccuSine PCS Overall Performance

Harmonic compensation
2nd through 50th order
Includes inter-harmonics
Independent of source impedance
Selection and operation same whether on AC line or backup generator or UPS
output
Reactive current injection

Secondary function to harmonic mode
Defaults to unity lagging set point
Injects leading or lagging reactive current
Schneider Electric
55
AccuSine PCS Cos Performance

In dual mode (Cos + Cos )
Reactive current injection is secondary to harmonic mitigation
Activation of Cos in the field via DIM

Default to unity lagging Cos
Can enter a set point (i.e. 0.90 lagging)
Can inject leading (capacitive) or lagging (inductive) reactive current
Schneider Electric
56
Dual Mode Operation

Ias =
Ih2 + Ir2
Ias = rms output current of AccuSine

Ih = rms harmonic current
Ir = rms reactive current
Ias
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Schneider Electric
Examples
Ih
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
95.0
Ir
99.5
98.0
95.4
91.7
86.6
80.0
71.4
60.0
43.6
31.2
57
AccuSine PCS
Installation Considerations
(When in harmonic mode does not apply for reactive mode-only)
Schneider Electric
58
AccuSine PCS Installation Considerations

For Optimal Performance:
Impedance 3% input line reactors (minimum) on every nonlinear load
Transformer, 3% DC bus choke for PWM VFD or long power cables (not
encapsulated type) can substitute for line reactors
Standardizes selection of AccuSine
Diode rectifiers: Need to limit rms current at load (limits rise of Ihrms at load)
Thyristor rectifiers: Need to protect snubbers (capacitors) on thyristor
No capacitors downstream of CT
Schneider Electric
59
AccuSine PCS Installation Considerations

Main Left
Main Right
Main-tie-main
Tie
CBml
CTml
CTtl
CBal
AccuSine L
CBmr
CTtr
CTmr
CBar
AccuSine R
This configuration provides individual AccuSine

operation per side regardless of breaker positions.
Schneider Electric
60
Summary
Universal solution
Good for all nonlinear loads (3-phase)
Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
System Solution
Can attain 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant
Guarantees 5% THDv
Requires 3% impedance at loads
Selection based upon loads

Easy to use on-line tool
www.squaredleantools.com
Schneider Electric
61
Thank You
Questions?
Schneider Electric
62

Power Quality and Harmonic Mitigation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Quality and Harmonic Mitigation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Quality and Harmonic

Add photo in this area

Make the most of your

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Schneider Power Quality Correction Group

Power Factor Correction and

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

What are harmonics?

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Harmonics present by rectifier design

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Not compatible with standard PF caps

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Total Power Factor

TPF = Total or true power factor

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Total Power Factor Example

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

How are harmonics handled today?

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Typical Present Situation

Many types of solutions are not compatible

Total solution not achieved

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

ANSI Standard IEEE 519-1992

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Defines voltage distortion as THD

Does not use THD(I)

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3

11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35

Isc = short circuit current capacity of source

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Need to protect the user from self by moving the harmonic

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Harmonic Mitigation Methods

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009

Harmonic mitigation methods - (Applied per VFD)

Cost of transformer and

Low cost adder

5th Harmonic filter

Reduces 5th & total

Does not meet harmonic

Reduces TDD (thru

Large heat losses

Active front end

Very good TDD

* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.

Harmonic mitigation methods

Cost of transformer and

Low cost adder

5th Harmonic filter

Reduces 5th & total

Does not meet harmonic

Reduces TDD (thru

Large heat losses

Active front end

Very good TDD

* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD.

- Power Quality Correction Group May 2009