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v 0
(7.1)
(7.2)
Consider the example shown in figure 7.1. A long cylindrical core of length, L, and
cross-sectional area, A, has applied pressure of p p(0) p( L) . The flow rate, q, is
constant and follows Darcys Law. Also allow permeability to be a function of position
as well as pressure.
P0
PL
X=0
X=L
k A p
L
(7.3)
where
L L dx
k 0 k(x)
where k is the harmonic mean permeability of the sample.
7.1
(7.4)
(7.5)
kk
b
1
( x ) p
(7.6)
b p
k p1
c
p L
where c is a constant, p
(7.7)
p(0) p( L)
and average permeability is given by Eq. (7.4)
2
q p
, where the flow
A
1
r v 0
r r
(7.8)
Assuming an incompressible fluid, isotropic media, and constant fluid properties results
in the following continuity equation.
1
r
0
r r r
(7.9)
(r ) C1 ln(r ) C2
(7.10)
7.2
if assume Pwf at rw and Pe at re then obtain Darcys steady state flow equation.
q
2kh ( re rw )
r
ln e r
w
(7.11)
if anisotropic,
( x, y )
k
2
q
ln x a 2 x ( y b) C
ky
4 k x k y h
(7.12)
Figure 7.2 Flow net for a simple flow system (Freeze and Cherry, 1979)
Constant hydraulic head, h, of 100 m and 40 m, exists at the left and right boundaries,
respectively. No flow boundaries occur at the top and bottom. As can be seen, the
7.3
For
homogeneous, isotropic media, flow nets must obey the following rules.
a. flowlines and equipotential lines are normal to each other
b. equipotential lines must intersect impermeable boundaries at right angles
c. equipotential lines must parallel constant potential boundaries
Notice the boundary conditions are special forms of flowlines or equipotential lines. For
a closed boundary the fluid velocity normal to the boundary is zero (See figure 7.3).
Since there is no flow across the boundary, the flowlines adjacent to the boundary must
be parallel to it, and therefore the equipotential lines must meet the boundary at right
angles (See fig. 7.2 as an example).
ln
Flux normal to boundary is zero
vn 0
0
ln
(7.13)
where n is the unit vector normal to the boundary and ln is the distance measured parallel
to n.
In the case of an open boundary, flux is continuous, therefore, the boundary is an
isopotential line, (= constant) and no flux exists tangential to the boundary. Figure 7.4
represents this condition.
7.4
h=0
The vertical impermeable boundaries are "imaginary"; they are created by the
symmetry of the overall flow system. The lower boundary is a real boundary; it
represents the base of the surficial soil, which is underlain by a soil or rock formation
with a conductivity several orders of magnitude lower. If the vertical axis is arbitrarily set
with z = 0 at the drain and z = 100 at the surface, then from h = p + z, and the h values
given, we have p = 0 at both boundaries. The soil in the flow field has an anisotropic
conductivity.
The influence of anisotropy on the nature of groundwater flow nets is illustrated
in Figure 7.6 for the previous problem. The streamlines are shown as the solid lines, the
lines of equipotential are dashed. Note, the most important feature of the anisotropic
flow nets is the lack of orthogonality.
7.5
kx
ky
kx
ky
kx
ky
1
4
impermeable
z
x
impermeable
y
vz = 0
7.6
p dp
gz
po
it is evident that pressure and density are dependent on the vertical direction, z, therefore
dp
g
dz
(7.14)
x x y
p
0
y
(7.15)
( x, y,z)
( x, y,0)
gz , where z=0
x x
kx
ky
(7.16)
2
2
p p
0
2
2
x
y
(7.17)
This solution is valid on the xy plane at a given depth, z. However, pressure is a function
of z as well, therefore to account for this dependency, introduce a new variable U
(Collins, 1961).
kxk y
p gz
(7.18)
0
2
2
x
y
7.7
(7.19)
Multiwell systems
The Superposition principle defines the net potential at any point in the multiwell
system as the sum of the potential contributions from each well computed as if it were
alone in the system. The linear combination of n source/sink terms in an isotropic and
homogeneous media can be expressed as;
( x, y )
n
qi ln x xi 2 ( y yi ) C
4kh i 1
(7.20)
For example, Figure 7.8 illustrates a two well system, a source and a sink. The desired
location for potential is at (x,y).
Sink
(x2,y2)
Source
+ (x,y)
(x1,y1
)
Figure 7.8 Schematic of a two well system for the principle of superposition
The flux in the x and y directions can be determined by using Darcys Law,
vx
k
?
x
(7.21)
permeability on opposite sides. Figure 7.9 illustrates the problem and the differential
equations on the surface of the discontinuity and in the two regions.
incompressiblethus density and viscosity are invariant.
7.8
The fluid is
kb
2
(-d,0)
cq
b
2
b 0
2
ka
(d,0)
2
2
a a
0
2
2
x
y
At discontinuity:
a (0,0) b (0,0)
a
b
ka
kb
x
a ( x, y)
q
2
2
2
2
ln x d y c ln x d y
4ka h
b ( x, y )
2
q
2
ln x d y D
4kbh
k
1 C D a
kb
and
1 C D
combine and substitute in Equations (7.22) and (7.23), results in
7.9
(7.22)
(7.23)
a ( x, y )
2 1 kb ka ln x d 2 y 2
2
ln x d y
4ka h
1 kb ka
b ( x, y)
2 2 kb ka
q
2
ln x d y
4k h
1 kb ka
b
(7.24)
(7.25)
Two limiting examples illustrate the utility of the above equations. If kb = 0, there exists
no potential in region (b) and therefore the discontinuity reduces to an impermeable
boundary. If kb , then the discontinuity becomes an equipotential boundary.
7.10