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Chapter reading 9
Definitions and basic concepts
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Phase Diagrams
Background/Importance
Many material systems and alloy systems exist in more than one
phases depending on the conditions of temperature, pressure and
compositions. Each phase will have different microstructure which
is related to the mechanical properties. The development of
microstructure is related to the characteristics of phase diagrams.
Thus the knowledge and understanding of the phase diagrams is very
important for engineers . Proper knowledge and understanding of
phase diagrams will lead to design and control of heating procedures
for developing the required microstructure and properties.
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80
L
(liquid)
60
40
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)
+
S
(solid
sugar)
20
40
60 65 80
100
C = Composition (wt% sugar)
Sugar
20
Water
Temperature (C)
10 0
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watersugar
system
Temperature (C)
100
80
60
40
(liquid)
+
S
i.e., syrup)
(solid
sugar)
(liquid solution
20
00
2 phases
A (20C,C = 70)
2 phases
20
40
60 70 80
100
C = Composition (wt% sugar)
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Phase Equilibrium
Equilibrium
A system is at equilibrium if its free energy is at a minimum
under some specified combination of temperature, pressure,
and composition. On a macroscopic sense this means the
system is stable and its characteristics donot change over time.
Under conditions of a constant temperature and pressure
and composition, the direction of any spontaneous
change is toward a lower free energy.
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Phase Equilibrium
Metastable state: Equilibrium is the state that is achieved given sufficient
time. It is often the case in solid systems that they never achieve complete
equilibrium state because the rate to approach equilibrium is extremely
slow; such a system is said to be in a non-equilibrium or metastable state.
A system at a metastable state is trapped
in a local minimum of free energy that is
not the global one.
A metastable state or microstructure may persist
indefinitely, experiencing
only extremely slight and almost negligible changes as
time progresses. Often, metastable structures are of more
practical significance than equilibrium ones.
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Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagrama graphic representation showing the phase
or phases present for a given composition, temperature and
pressure. Also termed equilibrium diagrams.
Example of water: Three different phases. Phase boundaries: aO, bO, cO.
The two phases on either side of the boundary are in equilibrium.
For
details
Read page
86-87
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Unary Systems
Single component system
11
Solid()
Liquidus line separates liquid
from liquid + solid
12
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1600
L (liquid)
B (1250C,35)
Examples:
T(C)
1500
1400
1300
Cu-Ni
phase
diagram
1200
A(1100C,60)
1100
1000
20
40
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60
80
100
wt% Ni
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Composition of phase:
C=42.5wt% Ni57.5wt%Cu
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20
Mass Fraction
= 35 . %, = 31.5 . %
= 42.5. %,
= = 0.68
= = 0.32
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-- Ductility (%EL)
400
TS for
pure Ni
300
TS for pure Cu
200
0 20 40
Cu
60 80 100
Ni
Composition, wt% Ni
Elongation (%EL)
60
50
40
30
20
0 20
Cu
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60
80 100
Ni
Composition, wt% Ni
2424
25
26
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Cu-Ag
system
T(C)
1200
L (liquid)
1000
TE : No liquid below TE
CE : Composition at
temperature TE
Eutectic reaction
L(CE)
TE 800
8.0
71.9 91.2
a+b
400
heating
L +b b
779C
600
cooling
L+a
20
40
60 CE 80
100
C , wt% Ag
a(8.0 wt% Ag) + b(91.2 wt% Ag)
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cool
heat
33
Eutectoid transformation
Peritectic transformation + L
+
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37
38
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Development of Microstructure in
Iron - Carbon alloys
Microstructure depends on composition (carbon
content) and heat treatment. Here we consider slow cooling in
which equilibrium is maintained
Microstructure of eutectoid
steel
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Development of Microstructure in
Iron - Carbon alloys
Microstructure of eutectoid steel
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