255-22-3

IEC

Tiu chun
IEC
quc t
255-22-3

xut bn ln th nht
1989

R le in
Phn 22 :

Th nghim nh hng
ca nhiu in n r le
o lng v r le bo v
on 3 : Th nghim
nhiu trng in t

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Mc lc

1. Phm vi p dng v mc tiu.................................

2. Cc ti liu tiu chun dng tham kho..................
3. nh ngha.............................................................
4. Th nghim v nhy cm vi trng bc x in t.
4.1. Cc mc nghim ngt ca th nghim........
4.2 Cc phng php th:..........................................
4.3 Cc iu kin th nghim................................
4.4. Cc th tc th nghim....................................
4.5. Tiu chun nghim thu......................................

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y ban k thut in quc t

Cc r le in
Phn 22. Th nghim nh hng in cho cc r le o lng v
thit b bo v
on 3 . Th nghim v nhy cm vi cc trng in t

Li ta
1) Cc quyt nh hoc tha c chnh thc ca IEC v cc vn
k thut, c son tho bi cc y ban k thut, trong
c i din ca cc y ban quc gia c bit quan tm n
cc vn , th hin s nht tr quc t cao nht v cc
ch c xem xt.
2) Cc quyt nh l cc khuyn ngh quc t c cc y
ban quc gia tha nhn nh l quyt nh ca mnh
3) Vi mc ch khuyn khch v thc y mt s thng nht
quc t, IEC mong mun rng tt c cc y ban quc gia chp
nhn vn bn ca khuyn ngh quc t IEc a vo cc
th l quc gia, trong chng mc m cc iu kin quc gia
cho php. Mi s khc bit gia khuyn ngh ca IEC v cc
th l quc gia tng ng, trong chng mc c th, cn c
lm sng t bng cc thut ng r rng trong cc tiu chun
quc gia.
Bn bo co ny do tiu ban 41B xy dng : R le o lng v
thit b bo v ca y ban k
thut
41 IEC : R le in
Vn bn ca bo co ny da trn cc ti liu sau:
Th l 6 thng
41B ( BC ) 46

Bo co v b phiu
41B ( BC ) 49

Nhng thng tin y v vic b phiu thng qua Tiu chun ny

c trong Bo co nu trong biu trn.

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R le in
Phn 22. Th nghim nh hng in cho cc r le o lng v
thit b bo v
on 3. Th nghim v nhy cm vi trng in t

1. Phm vi

p dng v mc tiu

Bn bo co ny c xy dng trn c s IEC 801-3, v dng

lm ti liu tham
kho khi n c p dng.
Mc tiu l mun t c kinh nghim cao nht trong ba loi
th nghim m t trong n phm ny v nu c th,
xc nh phng php th nghim thch hp s c s dng
trong mt tiu chun sau ny.
Bo co ny cho cc nt ln v i hi chung i vi cc th
nghim nhy cm vi cc trng in t ca cc r le o lng tnh v cc thit b bo v c, hoc khng c tip
im mch ra.
Mc tiu ca cc th nghim l khng nh rng, thit
b c th nghim khng tc ng sai khi n c cung cp
in v c t vo trng in t mt ngun bc x, ch
yu l cc ngun pht - thu hot ng trong gii tn s t 27
MHz n 500 MHz.
Cc quy nh k thut ch p dng cho r le v thit b bo
v ang trng thi mi.
Cc th nghim c trng trong bo co ny u l cc th
nghim mu.
Ghi ch : Khi xt l thch hp, cc th nghim ny cng c
th p dng cho cc r le in c, v d nh cc r le
in c loi nhanh v nhy
Mc tiu ca bo co ny l xc nh:
1) nh ngha cc thut ng c dng.
2) Cc mc nghim ngt ca th nghim.
3) Cc phng php th nghim.
4) Cc iu kin th nghim.
5) Cc th tc th nghim.
6) Cc tiu chun nghim thu.
2. Cc ti liu tiu chun dng tham kho
Cc tiu chun sau y cha ng cc iu khon, sau khi
c s tham kho, l cc iu khon ca tiu chun quc
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t ny. Ti thi im xut bn tiu chun ny, cc ln xut

bn c nu u c hiu lc. Mi tiu chun u l i tng ca mt s xem xt li, v cc phn cn c tha thun,
da trn tiu chun quc t ny u c khuyn khch tm
cc kh nng p dng cc ln xut bn mi nht ca cc tiu
chun nu ra di y. Cc thnh vin ca IEC v ISO u c
bn ghi cc tiu chun quc t ang cn hiu lc.

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IEC 255.6 ( 1988 ): R le in. Phn 6: R le o lng v

thit b bo v.
IEC 801.3 ( 1984 ): S tng thch in t cho cc thit b o
lng v iu khin trong cc qu trnh cng
nghip. Phn 3: cc quy nh k thut lin
quan ti trng bc x in t.
3. nh ngha
V nh ngha cc thut ng chung, da vo bn thut ng
k thut in quc t (IEV) ca IEC - 50. Vi cc thut ng
ring xem mc 4 ca IEC 801-3
4. Th nghim v nhy cm vi trng bc x in t.
4.1. Cc mc nghim ngt ca th nghim

Bo co ny a ra cc mc nghim ngt khc nhau

tha mn cc iu kin khc nhau ca trng.
Mt bn hng dn chung s gip vic la chn mc nghim
ngt d dng hn, cho mc 4.1.2 di y.
4.1.1. Cc mc nghim ngt
Mc nghim ngt phi uc chn trong bng di y.
Trong bo co ny, cng trng th nghim c th hin
bng vn/mt
Mc
th nghim

Cng trng
( V/m)

0
I
II
III

1
3
10

4.1.2. Hng dn v la chn mc nghim ngt

Mc nghim ngt ca vic th nghim phi c chn, sao
cho cng d kin ca trng nhiu lon khng ln hn cng
trng th nghim thuc mc c chn. Li vn sau
y m t cc tnh hung c cng trng ca cc mc
nghim ngt khc nhau c th gp.
Mc .
L mi trng m cc bc x in t l khng ng k.
Mc I
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IEC

L mi trng t di cc bc x in t yu, v d t cc
trm v tuyn, truyn hnh a phng cch thit b trn
1km, hoc t cc trm pht-thu c cng sut yu.

Mc II
L mi trng t di bc x in t u, v d t cc trm
pht-thu xch tay cng sut trung bnh c th s dng gn
ni thit b, nhng khng t hn 1m.
Mc III
L mi trng t di bc x in t mnh, v d t cc trm
pht-thu c cng sut ln, c th s dng gn ngay thit b,
nhng khng nh hn 0,5m.
Vi cc tnh hung, cc mi trng c bc x in t rt mnh,
cc th nghim trong cc trng cao hn cc trng thuc mc
III phi l i tng ca mt s tha thun gia bn s
dng v nh ch to, hoc do nh ch to xc nh.
4.2 Cc phng php th:

Cc phng php th sau y c cp ti trong bo co

ny:
A. Th nghim trong mt bung bc thp.
B. Th nghim trong mt ng ten c mt song song.
C. Th nghim vi mt trm pht-thu xch tay.
Ba phng php th nghim ny khng c xem l tng ng
nhau. Trong ph lc B s cho gii thch v vn ny
4.3 Cc iu kin th nghim

4.3.1 Cc thng s ca in trng th nghim

- Dng sng : hnh sin
- Tn s : vi cc phng php th Av B: qut trn ton gii
tn s t 27 MHz n 500 MHz. Vi phng php th
nghim B, gii hn trn ca tn s c ch c xc nh bi
hnh hc ca ng ten c cc mt phng song song, cn
c xem xt. Xem mc 6.3 ca IEC 801-3
Vi phng php th nghim c, 3 tn s gin on, mi tn s
c chn bn trong mt ca cc di tn s sau:

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IEC
a)

68 MHz - 87 MHz.

b) 146 MHz - 174 MHz.

c) 420 MHz - 470 MHz.

Cc tn s gin on nm ngoi cc gii tn c trng c th

l i tng ca mt s tha thun gia bn s dng v nh
ch to, hoc do nh ch to xc nh.
- Tc qut ca tn s: 1,5 10- 3 dcades/s hoc t
hn, i vi cc phng php th nghim A v B.
- Gi tr ca cng trng th: xem mc 4.1.1.
4.3.2. Cc khuyn ngh lin quan n thit b th nghim
4.3.2.1. Phng php th nghim A ( th nghim trong mt
bung bc thp )
- Bung bc thp phi c kch thc thch hp c th
duy tr mt khong cch t nht l 1m gia ng ten pht
v thit b cn th nghim. Cc kch thc khc ty theo cc
gi tr cho hnh 1.
- My pht tn hiu phi c kh nng ph di tn cn thit,
vi tc qut quy nh.
- B khuych i cng sut cung cp cho ng ten, nu
nh cng sut my pht khng tha mn.
- Cc ng ten c kh nng ph di tn t 27MHz n 500
MHz ( v d nh ng ten hai cc hai hnh nn t 27 MHz
n 200 MHz v ng ten xon logart hnh nn t 200
MHz n 500 MHz).
- B chuyn mch ng trc chuyn mch ng ten.
- Dng c o cng trng.
- Cc b lc trn cc dy dn ngoi nn c, gim hu
qu pht, dn trn cc dng c o bn ngoi.
- Thit b cung cp v gim st thit b ang c th
nghim.
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4.3.2.2. Phng php th nghim B (th nghim trong mt dn

ng ten c cc mt song song)
- ng ten c cc mt song song c m t trong IEC 801-3 (
cc hnh 2,3,4,5 )
- My pht tn hiu ph gam yu cu v tn s, v c kh
nng qut tng thch vi tc qut yu cu.
- My khuych i cng sut cung cp cho ng ten c
cc mt song song, nu nh my pht khng tha mn.
- Dng c o cng trng.
- C tng tr ti thch hp ni vo u vo v u ra ca
ng ten c cc mt song song.
- Cc b lc ( vnh khn phrit) trn cc dy cp ni ngoi
nn c, gim hu qu pht dn c th gy nn cho cc
dng c o bn ngoi.
- Thit b cung cp v gim st thit b ang c th
nghim.

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10

4.3.2.3. Phng php th ( th nghim bng mt b pht-thu xch tay)

- B pht-thu xch tay c ng ten ( xem hnh 2).
- Dng c o cng trng.
Thit b cung cp v gim st thit b ang th.
4.4. Cc th tc th nghim

Vic bc x da trn mt sng hnh sin lin tc. S iu bin

ca sng ny s l ch ca vic tha thun gia bn s
dng v nh ch to.
Khi cc th nghim c tin hnh bng mt b pht-thu xch
tay ( phng php th nghim C ), s iu chnh bin
( bng cch ng hay m ) s c thc hin vi mt tc ,
thp hn mt thao tc trong mt giy.
Cc th nghim phi c thc hin vi thit b t trong cc
iu kin chun, c xc nh trong tiu chun c dng ( v
d IEC 255-6 ).
Cc th nghim s c thc hin vi cc i lng cung cp ph,
v cc ph ti t vo cc mch thch hp, vi cc gi tr
nh mc ca chng.
Cc gi tr ca cc i lng u vo phi c chn, cng gn
cng tt vi trng thi qu ca r le, nhng khng gn hn
l bin thin do nhiu lon ca trng bc x gy nn (xem cc
th d ph lc A).
Cc lng iu chnh c dng, v l bin thin do nhiu lon
trng bc x gy nn, do nh ch to cng b.
i vi cc r le, m cc iu kin nh mc ph ti l nh th
no m i lng cung cp u vo thp hn nhiu so vi gi
tr thao tc ca r le, vic th nghim ch c thc hin
theo cc gi tr nhit lm vic lin tc.
Ghi ch:
nhit.

1) Cn xem xt kh nng chu ng cc cng bc

2) V rng kh c kh nng trng hp mt nhiu lon
v tuyn in vi mt s c, nn hu qu ca trng
bc x trn mt r le trong cc iu kin qu ,
hoc iu kin vn hnh khng c xem xt. Tuy
nhin cc th nghim nh vy phi c thc hin
theo tha thun gia bn s dng v nh ch to,
xem nh l cc th nghim c bit.

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11

Trc khi thc hin th nghim cho mt thit b, cn phi kim

tra xem trang b o lng c s dng c chu nh hng ca
my pht bc x khng.

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12

Cc th nghim phi c thc hin trn thit b trong cc iu

kin cng gn vi cc iu kin lp t cng tt. Vic ko
dy phi c tin hnh theo cc th tc m nh ch to yu
cu, v thit b phi c th nghim trong hp c np, nu
cn th th nghim ti ch. Tt c cc phn cn ni t phi
c ni t.
Nu cch u ni thit b khng c quy nh, phi dng cc
dy cp khng bc thp t di bc x in t trn chiu
di gia im u ni v thit b cn th nghim, t nht
di 1m. Khong 1m c t di bc x ch yu th hin cch
ni dy trong rnh, ngha l dy cp c t pha thit
b cn th nghim, ri trn hay di thit b ( theo s la
chn ca ngi thao tc th nghim ) cch b tr nm ngang
( hoc nm ng cho php thc hin th nghim trong cc
iu kin xu nht).
4.4.1. Phng php th nghim A ( th nghim trong mt bung
bc thp )
Thit b cn th nghim c t trn mt tr khng kim
loi nh ch hnh 1.
ng ten hai u cn c t cch thit b cn th nghim t
nht 1m. Cng trng cn thit, c xc nh bng cch
t dng c o cng ti v tr ca thit b cn th
nghim, v bng cch gim st dng c o lng qua mt
ci ch cng trng t xa, t ngoi bung trong thi gian
qut sng lin tc t 27 MHz n 200 MHz.
Trong vic iu chnh ny, cung trng khng c qua di gi tr cng , thuc mc nghim ngt c chn. Vic
phn cc ca trng do ng ten hai u cn gy nn, i hi
cc th nghim c ng ten c hai phi t thng ng v
nm ngang.
ng ten hai u cn dc thay i bi ng ten xon lgarit, v
th tc c lp li vi di tn t 200 MHz n 500 MHz, s
phn cc vng ca trng ng ten xon lgarit to nn s thay
i v tr ca ng ten mt cch khng cn thit.
Trong mt vi trng hp, v d do hin tng cng hng c th
cn phi di chuyn ng ten trong thi gian th nghim vi mt
vi tn s gin on, lm sao t c gi tr ti thiu ca
trng cp n trn y.
Khi dng c o cng trng c thay bng thit b cn
th nghim, vic qut tn s c lp li vi mi ng ten t
pha trc v pha sau thit b cn th nghim.

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13

V phng n dng c o ( hoc cc dng c o ) cng trng c th c t cng vi thit b cn th nghim, nh

m t mc 9.1 ca tiu chun IEC 801-3.
Cc tn s ti hn hoc cc tn s cn c quan tm c
bit, c th c phn tch mt cch gin on vi mt cng
trng tng ng vi mc nghim ngt ca th nghim
c chn.

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14

Nu nh thit b cn th nghim ln hn ng ten bc x, cng

c th cn di chuyn ng ten, sao cho ton b din tch ca
thit b cn th nghim c t di bc x, tng ng vi mc
nghim ngt ca th nghim c chn.
Vi cc kiu ng ten khc, cn phi thc hin cc th tc th
nghim tng ng.
4.4.2. Phng php th nghim B ( th nghim trong mt ng ten
c cc mt phng song song)
Mt thit b c kch thc ti a 250mm x 250mm x 250mm
c th c th nghim trong mt ng ten c cc mt phng
song song tng ng hnh v 2 ca tiu chun IEC 801-3. Ch
c thit b c kh nng vn hnh ngoi v tr thng ng
ca n l c th c th nghim hon ton theo phng php
ny.
Thit b cn th nghim c t ti trung tm phn hnh
khi ca ng ten c cc mt phng song song trn mt tr
khng kim loi, v d nh l dm mm cht do.
ng ten c hai mt phng song song c t cch cc tng
v mi linh kin bng kim loi t nht l 2m, lm sao
trnh c cc phn x.
Ngun cung cp v cc i lng u vo c ni vi thit b
cn th nghim qua cc b lc trung gian. Pha ngoi ng ten
c cc mt phng song song, cc dy cp phi c ko
thng ng mt on t nht 0,5m, ri ko ngang n v
tr ca thit b phi hp. Thit b ny phi c t cch trc
ca ng ten c cc mt phng song song t nht l 2m.
Cng trng yu cu, c xc nh bng s c in p
gia hai tm song song qua mt vn k ni vi u vo ca
ng ten c cc mt phng song song. Ga tr ny c chuyn
i thnh cng trng bng h s nh c.
H s ny c xc nh mt ln, s dng mi mi bng
cch t dng c o cng trng ti v tr ca thit b
cn th nghim, v bng cch cung cp cho ng ten lng cng
sut cn thit t c cng trng yu cu.
ng cong chuyn i nhn c, bng cch o din p t
vo ng ten c cc mt phng song song vi mt s lng
dng cc tn s gin on trong ton b di tn s.
Thit b phi c th nghim trong ba hng khc nhau, ti mi
hng di tn s c qut l t 27MHz n 500 MHz, nu cn,
c mt thi gian ngh chuyn mch my pht tn hiu.
Tn s ( hoc cc tn s) c quan tm c bit, c th c phn tch mt cch gin on vi cng trng ng vi
mc nghim ngt ca th nghim c chn.

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15

4.4.3. Phng php th nghim C ( th nghim vi mt b thupht xch tay )

Khong cch t ng ten ca b thu-pht xch tay pht ra cng
trng yu cu c xc nh bng cch dng dng c o cng trng ti ni t thit b cn th nghim. Vic xc
nh ny cn c tin hnh vi ng ten t ti cc v tr
khc nhau theo cch s dng thng thng ca b thu- pht,
xem hnh 2.

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16

Dng c o cng trng khi c thay th bng thit b

cn th nghim ang c t di bc x ca ng ten vi cc
khong cch, v cc v tr khc nhau, c xc nh trc
. Thit b cn th nghim s c t di bc x t pha trc v t pha sau. Nu thit b cn th nghim ln hn ng
ten bc x, th ng ten cn c dch chuyn sao cho ton b
b mt thit b cn th nghim ln lt c t di bc x,
ng vi mc nghim ngt ca th nghim c chn.
V iu kin ca c quy ca b thu pht c nh hng ti
cng sut bc x, vic xc nh cng trng phi c lp
li, sau khi th vi dng c o cng trng t ti v tr
ca thit b cn th nghim.
4.5. Tiu chun nghim thu

Trong qua trnh th nghim, khng c xy ra mt thao

tc sai no. Cc thng tin sai qu do cc dng c ch cung
cp, nh it pht sng, v.v... c b qua.
Sau khi th nghim, r le phi lun tha mn cc yu cu k
thut vn hnh.

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17

cc dng c th nghim, nm
ngoi bung bc thp, v d nh
dao ng k, my khuch i
cng sut
ng bc thp
tr cch in
cc dy cp ni
vo thit b cn
th nghim

Hnh 1.
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18

dng c cung cp v
gim st
thit b cn th nghim
my pht- thu
xch tay
tr cch in
mt phng ni t chun

Hnh 2. Th nghim vi mt b pht-thu xch tay

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19

ph lc A
Mt vi v d v tr s t ca r le v cc gi tr
i lng u vo dng xc nh
cc iu kin tc ng v, khng tc ng
trong cc th nghim nhy cm v cc trng bc x in t.
Mc tiu ca th nghim l khng nh rng thit b cn
th nghim s khng tc ng sai, khi n c cung cp v
t trong trng bc x t mt ngun, c bit l t mt b
pht-thu xch tay.
Cc th d sau y ch lp lun la chn cc th nghim.
Nh ch to phi cng b cc gi tr th nghim.
A1. R le c dng in cc i vi thi gian c lp
A1.1. Quy nh k thut ca r le
- Dng in nh mc

5A

- Gii hn dng in t

2A 10A

- Dng qu ti lu di

10A

- Tr s t v thi gian

0,3s - 3s

- bin thin trong trng bc

x in t c cng b
dng in t

10% ca

A1.2 Th tc th nghim
Cc tr s t sau y v dng in v thi gian s c
chn cho r le.
- Dng in

5A

- Thi gian

0,3s

Cung cp cho r le bng mt dng in c gi tr thp hn

gi tr tc ng, mt lng bng bin thin c cng b.
Phi kim tra cho r le khng tc ng sai trong qa
trnh th nghim.
A2. R le c in p cc tiu tc thi
A2.1 Quy nh k thut ca r le

100V

- in p nh mc

100V

- Gii hn t

50V -

- in p qu ti lu di

120V

- bin thin trong trng bc x in t

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20

c cng b

10% ca

gi

tr t

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21

A2.2. Th tc th nghim
Tr s t v in p ca r le s c chn nh sau:
- in p

100V

Cung cp cho r le mt in p c gi tr ln hn gi tr vn
hnh mt lng bng bin thin c cng b. Kim tra xem
r le c tc ng sai trong qu trnh th nghim khng.
A3 R le c tng tr cc tiu ( c thi gian c lp )
A3.1. Quy nh k thut ca r le
- in p nh mc

100V

- Dng in nh mc

5A

- Dng in cho php gii hn lu di

10A

- in p chu ng gii hn lu di

130V

- Gii hn t tng tr

5 - 20

- Gii hn t thi gian

0,3s - 3s

- bin thin trong trng bc x

in t c cng b
tng tr

15% tr s t

A3.2 Th tc th nghim
Cc tr s t sau y v tng tr v thi gian cho r le
cn c la chn
- Tng tr

20

- Thi gian

0,3s

Cung cp cho r le mt dng in 5A v mt in p vi h

s cng sut bng 1, sao cho gi tr tng tr bng gi tr tc
ng cng vi mt lng bng bin thin c cng b.
Phi kim tra trong qu trnh th nghim r le khng tc
ng sai ln no.

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22
Ph lc B

Cc ghi ch gii thch cc th nghim

nhy cm vi cc trng bc x
in t cho cc r le o lng v cc thit b bo v
Phn ln cc thit b in t bng cch ny, hoc cch khc
chu nh hng ca bc x in t. Cc bc x ny thng do cc
my pht thu xch tay nh sinh ra. Cc my ny do nhn vin
vn hnh v cn b an ton, bo dng s dng. nhy cm v
bc x pht ra t cc my pht- thu xch tay ca cc r le o lng
tnh cng nh ca cc thit b bo v l l do chnh ca bo co
ny. Tuy nhin, cc ngun bc x in t khc nhau, nh s pht x
ca cc trm truyn thanh v truyn hnh c nh cng c cc
th nghim ny m nhn. Cc pht x ni trn gi thit l c cng trng yu hn phn ln cc my pht thu xch tay. Mi trng in t c xc nh bi cng ca trng in t. Cng
t trng khng th o c mt cch d dng nu khng c
mt dng c phc hp. Cng cng khng th tnh mt
cch d dng vi cc phng trnh v cc cng thc c in, do
hiu ng ca cc cng trnh xy dng quanh cng nh
cnh cc thit b khc c th lm bin dng v/hoc phn x cc
sng in t.
Cc phng php th c xc nh trong bo co ny o
hiu ng ca bc x in t trn thit b c xem xt. Vic m
phng v o cc bc x khng tuyt i ng cho vic nh lng hiu ng y. Cc phng php th nghim xc nh c cu
trc vi mc tiu chnh l xy dng kh nng lp lai thch hp
cc kt qu t c, vi cc phng tin th nghim khc nhau,
lm sao cho c th nhn c s phn tch nh lng cc hiu
qu. S khc nhau v cc phng php th nghim c th
dn ti s khc nhau t nhiu v kt qa ca cng mt th
nghim.
Th tc c xc nh trong bo co ny i hi s pht ra in
t trng, trong ngi ta t thit b cn th nghim, v ti
ngi ta quan st tc ng ca n. S m phng cc iu
kin tht i hi cng sut pht x ng k ca ng ten, v i
hi cng trng kh cao. ph hp vi cc th l quc gia, v
quc t, cm gy nhiu cho thng tin v tuyn in, v
phng cc s ri ro sinh hc n nhn vin lm th nghim,
bo co ny quy nh tt c cc th nghim phi c thc hin
trong mt phng bc thp, hoc trong mt ng ten c cc mt
phng song song, hoc ti cc tn s gin on nh mt my
pht-thu xch tay.
Bung bc thp cng bo v c cc dng c o lng cn cho th
nghim nh hng ca bc x. Cn c cc s phng nga cn
thit cho cc b lc lp trn cc dy cp u ni ca bung
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255-22-3

IEC

23

bc thp lm gim nh mt cch ng k s pht x truyn dn

v bo m cho cc tn hiu a vo thit b cn th, hoc t
thit b a ra c thun khit.

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255-22-3

IEC

24

Tuy nhin, vic s dng mt bung bc thp c th to nn cc

kh khn trong vic thit lp v duy tr cung trng quy
nh, do cc phn x ca bc x nng lng trn cc tng ca
bung . Cc phn x s l nguyn nhn ca vic tng cng
v vic hy b trng bn trong bung.
Kch thc ca bung bc thp cn c mt t l vi kch thc ca
thit b cn th nghim c th kim tra hu hiu cng
trng c thit lp.

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