71-2

IEC 1976

Tiu chun
IEC
quc t
71-2

xut bn ln th hai
1976

Phi hp cch in
Phn 2 :
Hng dn p dng

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Mc lc
Phn on1 : Mc ch v ti liu tham kho
1- Phm vi p dng :...........................................................................
2- Tham kho cc n phm IEC hin c............................................
Phn on 2 : Cc ng sut in p trong vn hnh
3. Tng qut......................................................................................
5- Cc qu in p tm thi...............................................................
6. Qu in p ng ct v qu in p st.................................
7. Xc nh cc mc qu in p d kin.......................................
Phn on3 : Mc chu ng ca cch in
8. Tng qut.....................................................................................
9. Tnh cht cch in tn s cng nghip v cc qu in p tm
thi.....................................................................................................
10. Xc sut phng in n tia ca cch in chu cc in p
xung...................................................................................................
11. ........................................................................ Thit b vi cc vng dy
......................................................................................................
Phn on 4 : Thit b bo v
13. Cc b chng st kiu in tr phi tuyn..............................
14. Cc b chng st kiu tng ra.................................................
15. Cc khe h phng in...............................................................
16. .................................... p dng cc kiu thit b bo v khc nhau.
......................................................................................................
Phn on 5 : Phi hp gia in p v bn
17. Thit k cch in cho in p vn tn s cng nghip v in
p tm thi. Cc vn nhim bn v ho gi................................
18. Nhim bn...................................................................................
19. ..................................................................................................... S lo ho.
......................................................................................................
Phn on 6 : Phi hp gia in p v bn hng A
20. La chn in p chu ng tn s cng nghip nh mc.. .
21. ........................ La chn in p chu ng xung st nh mc.
......................................................................................................
Phn on 7 : Phi hp gia in p v bn hng B
22- La chn in p chu ng tn s cng nghip nh mc v
in p chu ng xung st nh mc.....................................
Phn on 8 ; Phi hp gia in p v bn hng C
23. Thit k cch in theo in p tn s cng nghip v cc qu
in p tm thi................................................................................
24. Thit k cch in theo cc qu in p ng ct v qu in
p st.................................................................................................
25- S khi ca thit k v phi hp cch in ca mt thit tr
in..............................................................................................
A1.
A.2
B1.
B2.

Cc cng thc c bn..................................................................

Cc v d bng s.......................................................................
Cc gii hn tin tng ca nhng th nghim................................
Kim tra cc phng php th nghim khc nhau.......................

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IEC 1976

u ban k thut in quc t

phi hp cch in
Phn 2 : Hng dn s dng

li ni u
1- Nhng quyt nh hoc tho thun chnh thc v cc vn
k thut, c son tho bi cc u ban k thut trong c i din
cc u ban quc gia c quan tm c bit n vn tham
d, biu th s nht tr quc t cao v cc ch c xem xt.
2- Nhng quyt nh v tho thun c dng l cc khuyn ngh
cho vic s dng quc t v c cc u ban quc gia chp nhn
theo ngha .
3- Nhm thc y s thng nht quc t, IEC biu l s mong mun
l tt c cc u ban quc gia nn chp nhn vn bn khuyn ngh ca
IEC lm quy tc quc gia mnh khi iu kin quc gia cho php. Bt
k s sai st khc no gia khuyn ngh ca IEC v nhng quy tc
quc gia tng ng trong phm vi c th c cn c ch r trong
nhng quy tc quc gia .
li ta
n phm ny c u ban k thut s 28 ca IEC son tho, Phi hp
cch in. N to lp nn phn hai ca n phm IEC 71, phi hp cch
in v thay th n phm 71A (1962): b sung cho n phm 71, cc
khuyn ngh i vi phi hp cch in. Hng dn p dng
Nhng cng vic lin quan n Hng dn p dng c cp ti
trong hi ngh c t chc ti Milan nm 1971; nhng bn d tho
lin quan nhng phn on khc nhau ca vn bn c tho lun
trong hi ngh c t chc ti Athens nm1972. L mt kt qu ca
hi ngh ny, d tho, ti liu 27 (vn phng trung ng)42, c
trnh ln cc u ban quc gia chp nhn theo quy tc su thng"
vo thng 11-1973.
Nhng nc sau b phiu
chentina
Php
c
c
o
It- xraen
B

an Mch
H Lan
Phn Lan
Na Uy

r rng ng h n phm :
balan
Th nh k
Rumani
Lin x
NamPhi(Cng
Anh
ho)
M
Tybannha
Thu in
Thu S
Khi vn bn cui cng ang c sa i xut bn, th nhng
sa i b cun ht bi nhng thay i c mang vo vn bn d
tho ca n phm IEC 71.I. Ngoi ra nhng sa i v bin tp c
cc u ban quc gia ngh cng c a vo vn bn. Nhng iu
ny khng lm nh hng ngha ca vn bn gc.
Cc n phm khc ca IEC c trch dn trong n phm ny :
Cc n phm s 60 : Cc k thut th nghim cao p
71-1 : Phi hp cch in
Phn 1 : Cc thut ng, nh ngha, nguyn
l v quy tc.
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99-1 : Cc b chng st
Phn 1 : Cc b chng st kiu in tr phi
tuyn i vi h thng in xoay chiu.
99-1A : B sung th nht cho n phm 99-1
99-2 : phn 2 : cc b chng st kiu tng
ra
282-1 : Cc cu ch cao p. Phn 1 : Cc cu ch hn
ch dng in

phi hp cch in
Phn 2 : Hng dn p dng

Phn on mt - Phm vi p dng v tham kho cc ti liu hin

c ca IEC
1- Phm vi p dng :
n phm ny cung cp mt vi hng dn v la chn bn in ca
thit b, ca cc b chng st hoc cc khe h phng in bo v v
ca bin php trong t ra hu ch hn ch nhng qu in p
thao tc.
Mc tiu ca n phm ny khng phi cho cc quy tc cht ch i vi
phi hp cch in v thit k, nhng cung cp hng dn v tm kim
cc li gii hp l v kinh t.
Nh vy trong n phm hin ti ch xem xt vi trng hp c bn, r
rng l nhng thit tr to lp ln cc loi tr vi thit k tiu chun,
hoc c nm trong cc h thng c cc c trng ht sc c bit, s
i hi s nghin cu c bit c giao ph cho cc k s c kinh
nghim.
Bn hng dn p dng ny c da trn cc thit b kiu mu v c cc
c tnh nh mc ang dng ti thi gian xut bn. Bn hng dn
ny s khng c coi nh mt tr ngi cho vic chp nhn cc thit b mi
hoc biu trng nhng c tnh mi s xut hin v s c minh chng
sau ny.
Nh n phm 71-1, n phm 71-2 ch bao trm cch in pha vi t.
Nh n phm 71-1, n phm 71-2 x l ring l ba dy in p cao nht sau
i vi trang thit 7b :
- Dy A : trn 1kV v nh hn 52 kV
- Dy B : t 52 kV ti nh hn 300 kV
- Dy C : 300 kV v trn.
n phm bao trm cc thit tr loi v trong tt c cc v tr i hi
cc in p cao hn 1kV, d c phi phi by ra st hay khng; vi s
loi tr cc ng dy trn khng. Tuy nhin, nhng th tc th nghim
cng c p dng cho cc ng dy trn khng.
2- Tham kho cc n phm IEC hin c.

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Nhiu n phm ca IEC cho cc tiu chun c p dng ln lt cho cc

mc chu ng v bo v c xem xt ring l. Nh vy :
a) n phm IEC 71-1, Phi hp cch in, Phn 1 : cc thut ng, nh
ngha, nguyn tc v quy tc, cha ng nhng nh ngha ca cc
thut ng c tm thy y; phn 1 ny cho s ri cc gi tr tiu
chun ca in p chu ng xung ng ct v xung st nh mc,
nhng in p chu ng nh mc trong thi gian ngn tn s
cng nghip, cng nh nhng bng ca nhng t hp c khuyn ngh
gia in p cao nht i vi thit b v nhng in p chu ng
nh mc ny.
b) n phm IEC 99-1, Cc b chng st, Phn 1 : Cc b chng st kiu
in tr phi tuyn i vi h thng in xoay chiu, cho nhng c
tnh bo v di cc xung st ca cc b chng st kiu in tr phi
tuyn i vi cc in p nh mc ln ti 198 KV. Nhng gi tr tiu
chun ca in p danh nh trn 198 KV khng nm trong n phm
IEC 99-1. Tuy nhin, nhng gi tr hng dn c cho ti 396 KV.
Cc gi tr i vi cc xung ng ct ang c xem xt.
Nhng c tnh cho trong n phm IEC 99-1 tng ng vi
cc b chng st thng dng. Tuy nhin cc b chng st vi cc c
tnh bo v tt hn hu dng v vic tiu chun ho cc b hin
ti ang c xem xt.
n phm IEC 99-1A. B sung th nht cho n phm 99-1, cho hng
dn v la chn cc b chng st.
c) n phm IEC 99-2, Cc b chng st, Phn 2 : Cc b chng st
kiu tng ra, cho nhng c tnh xung ca cc b chng st kiu
tng ra. Khng thy mt tham kho no v kiu ny ca thit b
trong n phm IEC 71-1, nhng kiu thit b ny cn c s dng
trn vi h thng cung cp in, c bit l i vi cc in p
trong dy a.
d) n phm IEC 282-1, Cc cu ch cao p, Phn 1 : Cc cu ch hn
ch dng in, lit k nhng qu in p cc i c php trong
khi ct dng in s c bng mt cu ch cao p.
e) n phm IEC 60, Cc k thut th nghim cao p, m t nhng ph ng php sn sinh ra v o lng cc in p v dng in th
nghim v nhng th tc th nghim thch hp; n phm khuyn
ngh cc phng php cn chnh c v kim tra cc dng c o
lng.
Khng c n phm no ca IEC v cc c tnh bo v ca
cc khe h phng in.
Phn on hai - cc ng sut in p trong lm vic
3. Tng qut
Nhng ng sut in mi ln nhng ci cch in c phn loi nh
sau :
- Cc in p tn s cng nghip, trong cc iu kin vn hnh
bnh thng;
- Cc qu in p tm thi;
- Cc qu in p ng ct;
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- Cc qu in p st.
Trong n phm IEC 21-1, cc qu in p c xp loi theo dng ca
sng in p xc nh nhng tc ng ca chng ln cch in v
ln cc thit b bo v, m khng theo nguyn nhn ca cc qu
in p.
Thut ng "Cc qu in p tm thi" da vo cc qu in p chu
ng, hoc vo cc qu in p c nhiu nh lin tip, vi mt lng
gim bin nh th no nhng qu in p c th so
snh c vi mt qu in chu ng tn s cng nghip hoc
tn s hi.
Nhng thut ng "cc qu in p ng ct" hoc "cc qu in p
st" da vo cc qu in p nh ch l gi tr nh cao nht phi
c xem xt v c th c biu th cc lin quan n nhng tc
ng ln cch in v cc thit b bo v, bng cc xung ng ct
tiu chun c u sng di hoc bng cc xung st tiu chun c
u sng ngn c dng i vi cc mc tiu th nghim. Nhng tn
gi trn y c chn bi v cc qu in p nh vy thng - nhng khng phi lun lun - c to ra bi cc thao tc ng ct hoc
cc phng in ca st.
V d, ng in ln ng dy c mt my bin p cui ng
dy to ln mt qu in p c th c xem nh mt qu in p
"ng ct" hoc qu in p tm thi tu thuc vo sut gim ca
cc nh lin tip (ngha l tu thuc vo nhng tham s ca mch).
Mt s v d khc, mt s c pha vi t, mc d n l loi thao tc
ng ct (hin tng cng ging nh nu mt dy dn pha c ni
t bng mt thao tc my ct), c th cho sinh ra nhng qu in
p c u sng ng ging nh nhng qu in p do st; mt khc,
mt xung st c truyn qua mt my bin p bng ghp hp cm
ng gia cc cun dy c th sn ra cc sng c u sng di
pha th cp ca my bin p, tng t vi cc sng do cc thao tc
ng ct.

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4.Cc qu in p tn s cng nghip.

Trong nhng nghin cu phi hp cch in, v nhng qu in p
v cc in p xung c xc nh bng cc gi tr nh ca chng
vi t, cng thun tin s dng gi tr nh gia pha v t ca
in p lm vic ca li, gi tr l 2 / 3 = 0,816 ln in p
hiu dng gia cc pha thng dng.
Trong cc iu kin thao tc bnh thng, in p tn s cng
nghip c th thay i cht t v bin v c th c m t bng
mt nh lut phn phi xc sut xung qu gi tr trung bnh ca
in p vn hnh. Nhng thng s ca lut ny s khc nhau t mt
im ny sang mt im khc ca li. i vi cc mc tiu ca thit
k v phi hp cch in, tuy nhin in p tn s cng nghip c
gi nh l khng i l bng in p cao nht i vi thit b,
in p trong dy in p C thc t khng khc in p cao nht
ca li v do vi mt gi tr nh gia pha v t l Um 2 / 3 .
Trong dy A v trong dy B ln ti 72,5KV, in p cao nht i vi
thit b thc cht c th cao hn in p cao nht ca li in, nh
c ch ra trong ghi ch ca mc 5 ca n phm IEC 71 - 1. i vi
nhng nhu cu ca vic tiu chun ho, tuy nhin gi nh l cch
in ca thit b phi lun lun c kh nng vn hnh tho mn
in p cao nht i vi thit b ca mc ngay trn, nu khng
bng, in p cao nht ca li in.
5- Cc qu in p tm thi.
Tnh nghim ngt ca qu in p tm thi ch yu c c trng
ng thi bi bin v khong thi gian ca chng.
Tnh quan trng ca cc qu in p tm thi trong phi hp cch
in gp hai ln:
- V mt mt, nhng c tnh ca cc qu in p tm thi
nhng ch c lp t b chng st biu th mt tm quan trng ln
trong vic la chn b chng st;
- V mt khc, s lp li nhng nh k tip ca cc qu in p
c cc tnh i nhau, ngay c nu nhng nh ny khng t c
bin ca mt s qu in p khc, c th xc nh thit k ca
c hai cch in bn trong ca thit b cng nh cch in bn ngoi
(cc b mt c phi by ra nhim bn).
Cc qu in p tm thi do :
a) Nhng s c ni t;
b) S bin i t ngt ca ph ti;
c) Nhng hin tng cng hng v cng hng st t.
5.1- Cc s c ni t.
Qu in p tn s cng nghip trn nhng pha khng s c khi
pha khc b s c ni t, ti mt im cho ca h thng, ph
thuc vo tnh trng im trung tnh ca li i vi t, nh c
c trng bi h s s c ni t ti im .
Ghi ch : - Trong nh gi h s s c ni t, nhng lu y sau nn c xem xt :
- Ni chung, nhm nh gi h s ny ti im cho, n gin
gi nh l s c cng mt im; tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp
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c bit, c th mun nghin cu nh hng ca cc v tr s c khc

trn yu t ny.
- V nguyn tc, c nhiu gi tr c bit ca h s s c ni t ti
mt v tr cho theo cc cu hnh khc nhau c th ca h thng. H
s c trng a im xem xt l gi tr cao nht ca cc gi tr tng
ng vi cc cu hnh khc nhau ca li c th sy ra trong thc t.
- Cc cu hnh h thng phi c xem l nhng cu hnh tn ti
trong mt s c; nh vy phi xem xt nhng bin i trong li b to
ra bi chnh bn thn s c, v d, phi tnh n s lm vic ca
cc my ct.
- i vi nhiu li in, c th xem xt ch mt gi tr ca h
s s c ni t bao trm tt c nhng v tr s c c th trn h
thng;
- Cn lu n s tht l in p cao nht tn s cng nghip c
th xut hin trn mt pha khng s c trong mt s c ni t
c bit khng ch ph thuc vo gi tr c h s s c ni t
m cn vo gi tr in p gia pha vi pha ti thi im s c. in
p ny gia cc pha thng c ly bng in p cao nht ca li nh
cho.
Trong nh ngha 4 ca n phm IEC 71-1; nhng trong mt vi trng
hp nhm d on s lm vic ca cc thit b bo v v nhm xc
nh nhng c tnh ca chng, cn phi tnh n mt gi tr cao
nht ca in p gia cc pha c th xut hin im xem xt trong
nhng iu kin lm vic khng bnh thng khng c bao trm bi
nh ngha tham kho trn.
Trong dy A v trong mt vi trng hp trong dy B, nhiu li hoc cc
thit tr c vn hnh vi im trung tnh ni t ca chng qua mt
tr khng cao, mt cun dp h quang hoc vi trung tnh ca chng c cch t. i vi mc tiu phi hp cch in, do cn phi c
bit ch n h s s c ni t trong nhng trng hp ny.
c lp vi h s s c ni t, nhng qu in p c gi tr c bit
cao c th c sinh ra trn nhng li trong dy A v dy B trong trng
hp :
a) S c ni t trn li in c trung tnh ni t qua cun dp tt h
quang khi mch in thiu b.
b) Cc h quang gin on vi t trong mt li in c im trung
tnh cch t v i khi trong mt li in c trung tnh ni t qua
cun dy dp tt h quang.
5.2 Cc bin i t ngt ca ph ti.
Trong cc iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, in p gia cc pha
khng vt qu gi tr cao nht ca li nh c cho bi mc 4 lin
quan n cc nh ngha ca n phm IEC 71-1; nhng cc gi tr
cao hn c th c t ti tm thi trong trng hp ct t ngt cc
ph ti hu cng v v cng ln; nhng gi tr ny ph thuc vo cu
trc ca li sau khi mt ph ti v vo nhng c tnh ca cc ngun
(cng sut ngn mch ti trm, iu chnh tc v in p ca
cc my pht in...).
S tng in p ny c th c bit quan trng trong trng hp ct
ti u ca mt ng dy di (c hiu ng Ferranti). S tng in
p ny tc ng ch yu vo thit b ti trm c ni v pha ngun
ca my ct c m ra u bn kia.
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10

ghi ch : V quan im qu in p, phi xt n nhng

kiu khc nhau ca cc cu trc li in. Chng ta c th xem
xt nh nhng trng hp cc tr : nhng cu trc gm nhng ng dy tng i ngn v cc gi tr cao ca cng sut ngn
mch ti nhng trm u cc; nhng cu trc gm nhng ng dy di v cc gi tr thp ca cng sut ngn mch ca
pha ngun. Vi cc cu trc sau nh thng gp trong nhng
giai on u pht trin ca mt li in c in p siu cao,
nhiu qu in p cao hn tn s cng nghip c th sinh ra
khi mt ph ti ln b ct t ngt.
Do nhng c tnh ca li, cc qu in p loi ny khc nghit
trong dy in p C hn l trong dy in p B; cc qu in p loi
ny, trong dy in p A xy ra trong cc mch my pht - my bin
p.
5.3 Cng hng v cng hng st t.
Cc qu in p tm thi do nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xut hin khi
ng cc phn t in dung ln (cc ng dy, cc ng cp, cc ng dy
c b ni tip) v cc phn t in cm (cc my bin p, cc in khng shn) c cc c tnh t ho phi tuyn c np in, hoc do cc bin i ph
ti t ngt.
Nhng tnh trng ny thng c thy i vi cc li in trong dy B v C trong
cc trng hp sau :
a) Mt ng dy c mang ti nh, c cp hoc c tn cng bng mt my
bin p, v d c th biu l nhng dao ng iu ho (hi) v nhng qu
in p ng k nu tn s t nhin ca phn tuyn tnh ca li tng ng vi
mt trong nhng sng hi ca dng in t ho my bin p.
b) Nhng dao ng v qu in p phn hi (subharmonic) c th xy ra
trong cc li c b bng cc t in ni ni tip v c tn cng bi cc my
bin p lc mang ti nh hoc cc in khng shn nu in p c t
vo, in tr hiu dng ca mch b nh hng rt mnh bi cc my in
ng b, v dung khng ca mch nm trong cc gii hn no .
c) Nu cc b lc sng hi c ni vi mt li in gm cc phn t bo ho, cc
dao ng do cc cng hng gia nhng phn t ny v nhng t in ca
cc b lc c th pht trin.

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11

Nhng hin tng cng hng st t ny c to ra bi ch qu

ng mch in c th c tnh lu di hoc ko di nhiu chu k
tn s cng nghip ph thuc vo hng s thi gian ca cc dng xung
in cho my bin p.
Trn cc li in ca dy A, nhng nguyn nhn cng hng v cng hng st t l :
a) Cng hng gia cc thnh phn cm khng v dung khng, v d khi
cc t in c dng ci thin h s cng sut.
e) Cng hng st t c th xy ra trong khi ng hoc ct khng
ng thi nhng pha ca mt my bin p m th cp ca my bin p
c mang ti ch bng mt in dung nh.
f) Cng hng st t xy ra trn mt bin p c phn th cp mt ph
ti in cm c li st nh mt my bin in p, c bit khi c
ng in.
g) Cng hng st t c th xy ra khi mt pha ca mt mch in cp
in cho mt my bin p m phn s cp khng ni t c m ra
c bit l nu mch l mt ng cp in. i vi nhng gi tr cao
nht ca in p trong dy A, in dung ca s xuyn ca my bin p
c th to ra cng hng st t trong nhng iu kin ny.
6. Qu in p ng ct v qu in p st.
i vi mc tiu ca bn hng dn ny, qu in p ng ct, nh nu
trn, c mt dng c th c m phng bng mt xung ng ct tiu
chun, ngha l mt sng khng chu k vi khong thi gian u sng
bc hng trm micr-giy v khong thi gian ui sng bc
hng ngn micr-giy. Cc qu in p ng ct ny tc ng cc
ng sut in mii ln cc phn khc nhau ca mt cch in trong
cng t l nh cc in p tn s cng nghip, nhng khng lp li v
gi tr ca ch mt nh ca cc ny hoc cc khc thng l ng
k.
Cc qu in p st l cc qu in p c th c m phng bng
mt xung st tiu chun, ngha l mt sng phi chu k vi mt
khong thi gian u sng bc mt micr-giy v mt khong
thi gian ui sng bc nhiu chc micr-giy. Do dc ca
u sng, nhng qu in p ny tc ng nhng ng sut in
mi mnh hn nhng ng sut in mi trn, cch in dc trc
ln cc cun dy cm ng, v bi v khong thi gian ngn hn
ca chng, mt ng sut thng cao hn mt cht bin bng
nhau c th c chu ng bi mt cch in cho. ln ca
hu qu ny ph thuc vo loi cch in ang c xem xt.
Nhng qu in p ny thng l :
a) ng v ng li mt ng dy in
b) Cc s c v loi tr s c
c) ng ct cc dng in dung v cc dng cm ng nh hoc
trung bnh
d) Ct mt ph ti.
e) Nhng c st nh (thnh phn th nht hoc cc thnh phn
theo sau ca mt c st nh).
Ghi ch : Nhng qu in p trong cc trng hp a) ti d) ph
thuc vo nhng c tnh ca thit b, c bit l ca cc
my ct in, cc my bin p v cc cun in khng sh n.
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12

Nhng qu in p ny c th c gim nh bng la chn

thch hp nhng ng c tnh ny, v d trong trng hp
a) bng cch dng cc bin tr hoc cun in khng shn
u xen vo pha trc, v trong trng hp c) bng cch dng
cc b chng st c u ni gia my ct in v my
bin p.
6.1 Cc qu in p ng ct do ng hoc ng li mt ng
dy in.
Cc qu in p do ng v do ng li mt pha v ba pha c tm
quan trng ln trong vic la chn cch in ca li trong dy C.
Nhng qu in p ny, tr trong cc trng hp c bit, khng
c bit quan trng trong nhng dy khc ca cc in p.
6.2 Cc qu in p ng ct do cc s c v loi tr s c.
Trong dy A v trong mt s tng i t trng hp ca dy B trong
nhng iu kin c lit k trong cc h mc a) v b) ca tiu mc
5.1, cc qu in p ng ct cao c th xut hin lc khi u
ca mt s c.
Trong tt c cc dy in p, cc qu in p cao c th c sinh ra do cc
s c vi t trong cc mch ghp hn hp bao gm cc ng dy trn
khng v cc my bin p c ni bng ng cp.
cc in p cao nht ca dy C, ta thng tm cch khng ch nhng qu
in p do ng hoc ng li nhng ng dy in. V l do ny, qu
in p ng ct do cc s c v loi tr s c (cc s c mt pha v hai
pha vi t v loi tr chng) cn xem xt cn thn.
6.3 Cc qu in p ng ct do ng ct cc dng in cm v in
dung.
Trong dy A, vic ng ct cc dng in cm hoc in dung c th to
ra nhng qu in p c th i hi ch , c v h thng phn phi cao
p v trong cc thit tr cng nghip v cc nh my in. Trong nhng
thit tr cng nghip, cc qu in p cao c th c sinh ra nu my ct
in loi tr ion kh nhanh to ra mt s qua gi - r sm trc ca dng
in, c gi l s cht t dng in.
c bit, nhng thao tc ng ct sau phi c xem xt :
a) Ct cc dng khi ng ca cc ng c;
b) Ct cc dng cm ng, v d khi ct dng t ho ca mt my bin p
hoc cun in khng;
c) ng ct v vn hnh ca cc l h quang v cc my bin p ca cc l
, trong qu trnh c th dn n vic cht t dng in.
d) ng ct cc ng cp in khng c ph ti hoc cc b t in.
e) Ct cc dng in bng cc cu ch cao p.
Trong dy B, cc qu in p do vic ct cc dng in dung (ng ct
cc ng dy khng ti, cc ng cp in khng ti, hoc cc b t
in) c th c bit nguy him bi v ta khng th lun lun da vo
s dng nhng my ct in khng ti phng in.
6.4 Qu in p ng ct do cc bin i t ngt ca ph ti.
Qu in p do cc bin i t ngt ca ph ti c th bt u bng
mt qu in p ng ct c theo sau bi mt qu in p tm thi.
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13

Cc qu in p loi ny c bit quan trng cc in p cao nht trong

dy C khi ta c gng t n mt mc khng ch cao ca cc qu
in p ng tr li.
6.5 Cc qu in p st.
Cc qu in p st c gy ra hoc bi nhng st nh trc tip ti cc
dy dn pha, cc phng in tr li, hoc di mt kt qu ca st nh
xung t rt gn ng dy to ln nhng qu in p st cm ng.
Nhng qu in p m cch in ca trm bin p chu ng lc ca n ph
thuc vo cu trc ca ng dy v cu hnh ca li in. S ca trm
ni ring c mt tm quan trng ln nu thi gian i qua ca qu in p
bn trong ca trm khng ng k trc khong thi gian u sng ca xung.
Tu thuc vo cu hnh ca li in, cc qu in p vi cc tham s thi
gian trong dy cc qu in p ng ct c th cng xut hin nh trong trng hp nhng st nh.
Cc phng in st to ra cc qu in p ng k trong cc dy B v C c hn ch nhng c st nh trc tip vo cc dy dn pha hoc cc c
st nh vo cc ct thp hoc cc dy t vi cc phng in ngc tip
sau.
Trong dy A, nhng qu in p st cm ng cng phi c xem xt. Ngoi
ra, trong dy ny, cc xung c truyn qua cc my bin p t mt li in
p cao hn cn xem xt cn thn.

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14

Xc nh cc mc qu in p d kin

7.1 Dy A
i vi cc qu in p nh hn 52 KV, qu in p ng ct ni chung khng
to thnh vn nghim trng i vi li cp in trn khng v s phi hp
cch in c da trn cc qu in p st.
Cc qu in ng ct c truyn t mt ng dy trn khng vo mt
nh my qua cc my bin p hoc cc chiu di ca cp ni chung c th
b qua v cng mt l do. Mt s loi tr l trng hp ca mt thit tr c
ni vi cc u ca in p thp hn ca mt ng dy cung cp mt my
bin p cao p, c bit l nu cng hng sy ra gia hai li in khi
ng in mt pha hoc hai pha.
Trong cc nh my cng nghip v cc nh my in, nhng bin v dng
sng ca cc qu in p ng ct c sn ra trong thit tr in bin i
trong mt di rt rng. Trong phn ln cc trng hp cc qu in p ln v cc
tc bin i ln c th xy ra. Nh vy nhng bin i t ngt ca
in p c th c to ra khi mt thit b ng ct nh la tr li; tc
bin i ca in p sinh ra c th bng tc bin i c to ra bi mt
c st nh mnh v gn.
C kinh nghim thc t rt ln thu c trong vn hnh cc thit tr in cng
nghip khc nhau v cc nh my in; suy ra rng nhng qu in p hoc
nhng bin i in p nguy him nht, thng c th trnh c bng cc loi
b cng hng v bng cch la chn ng n thit b ng ct c dng.
S miu t chi tit ca li ang xem xt trn my tnh s hoc trn my
phn tch li nhanh c th ch minh chng c v mt kinh t trong cc trng hp c bit cc mc in p ny bi v s miu t chnh xc l cn
thit c cc kt qu chnh xc v mt nh my phc hp thng gm
nhiu chi tit ca thit b v cc u ni in. V li, vn hnh vi kiu
thit b ng ct v cch hot ng h quang vi t l kh khn m
phng vi mc chnh xc y . Kinh nghim thng l hng dn tt
nht v trong cc trng hp c bit, cc th nghim ng ct thn trng
vi vic ghi ng thi (c tc cao v tc thp) s to ra thng tin gi
tr nht sao cho cc bin php sa cha c th c thc hin nh kt qu
ca cc tnh ton theo sau v ca cc th nghim khng nh.
Nhng bin , dng sng v tn s xy ra ca cc qu in p st trn cc li
trong dy A c th c c hn vi mt mc chnh xc hp l. V in p
phng in xung ca cc ci cch in c s dng trn cc ng dy in
trn khng trong dy ny hon ton thp so vi in p t vo mt ng
dy nh vy bi mt c st nh trc tip, nhng ng sut m thit b trm
c kh nng chu ng c ng sut ny c xc nh u tin bi kiu ca
xy dng ng dy. Nh vy bo v cn thn thit b ca trm c i hi
nu n c ni vi mt ng dy ct g vi cc x khng ni t. Vic bo v
c gim i l cho php nhng ni m nhng ng dy c dng
trn nhng ct thp, nhng ct b tng ct thp hoc nhng x bng
kim loi c ni t theo mt cch khc.
Nhng bin v nhng dng sng cng b tc ng bi nhng yu t sau
c trng s t thnh li in v b tr ca trm :
a) Tr khng sng ca cc ng dy v cc ng cp c ni vi trm. V
d khi ch mt ng dy c ni vi mt my bin p u cui, qu
in p c phn nh ti u cui v c gp i v bin in p; khi
n ng dy c cung tr khng sng c ni vi nhng thanh ci ca mt
trm, v nu l 2 u/n, trong u l bin ca in p xung c truyn
dc theo ng dy t xung st c khi pht; trong trng hp st ln
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15

cn trm, s phn x sng phi c xem xt v vic tnh ton c th chng

t l cn thit.
b) Cc ng cp in c v bc kim loi ni t, c t ni tip vi ng dy hoc c
ni gia thanh ci trm v thit b c bo v. Bt k
ng cp in no u c xu th gim nh dc ca cc sng i vo
trm, nhng chiu di ca dy cp phi t nht 1 hoc 2 km trc th n c
mt tc ng ng k ln bin ca xung. Trong trng hp mt c st
nh trc tip vo khong vt cui ca ng dy trc trm, mt on cp
gia ng dy trn khng v trm thc t khng mng li s gim nh no
cc ng sut b chu ng bi thit b ca trm. Nhiu chi tit hn c cho
trong tiu mc 21.4.
c) Cc dy t bo v trn cc ng dy trn khng ko di ti vi
kilomt cch trm; nhng dy ny c hiu qu chng li cc c st nh
vo ng dy gn trm, nhng c st nh ny l nguy him nht. iu
ny gi nh trc rng :

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16

l mn che bng nhng dy t c thit k kh tt ngn chn cc

st nh ti cc dy dn pha v l in tr t ca ct thp l kh thp
gim nh nguy c phng in ngc, nh cho trong h mc e) di.
d) Cc khe h phng in bo v hoc cc dy t bo v ko di ra trn
mt hoc hai khong ct trc trm; nhng khe h phng in ny c th
gim mt cch ng k nhng bin ca cc xung ti trn ng dy vi
cch in cao vi t, v d trn cc ng dy ct g c cch in hon
ton.
e) Nhng in tr v in cm ca cc dy i xung ni t ca cc ct
thp, c bit gn trm. Trong nhng trng hp cc gi tr cao ca in tr
hoc in cm ca dy i xung ni t ca ct thp hoc ct in,
mt c st nh vo mt ct thp hoc ct in nh vy hoc vo mt
dy t c th gy ra cc qu in p cao trn cc dy dn pha bi
phng in ngc qua nhng ci cch in ca ng dy ln mt hoc
nhiu dy dn pha.
Trong dy A, cc xung st c truyn qua cc my bin p cng quan trng.
Cc biu thc gii tch i vi cc thut ng tnh in v in t ca cc
in p c truyn c ly trong Ph lc A.
7.2 Dy B
Trong dy B, cng nh trong dy A, nhng mc cch in ni chung nh th
no qu in p ng ct ch rt him t ra mt vn ch yu,
v s phi hp cch in ch yu vn da trn nhng qu in p st xut
hin trn nhng li in bao gm nhng ng dy trn khng.
Ngoi ra, cng trong dy in p ny, ni chung khng c l do kinh t
khng nh hng vo s nghin cu chi tit cc ng sut do cc qu in
p.
Nh vy nhng xem xt trong Tiu mc 7.1 tip tc c p dng.
7.3 Dy C
i vi dy in p ny, tm quan trng ca qu in p ng ct trong
vic phi hp cch in tr thnh tri hn, v iu ny cng tng ln khi
mc in p tng ln. Chnh n minh chng s thay th mt th nghim
xung ng ct, c xem nh c tnh tiu biu hn, cho th nghim tn s
cng nghip truyn thng trong mt pht.
Gi thnh cao ca thit b cng bc vic xem xt cc thit k kinh t hn
ca phi hp cch in, trong khi b vo nhng hu qu nghim trng
ca mt s c i hi mt s nh gi chnh xc hn qu in p d kin.
Nhng hu qu ny phi c nh gi i vi mi kiu ca qu in p
quan trng trong mt h thng in c bit c xem xt.
V khi lng tnh ton cn thit, thc tin tt c nhng d kin v qu
in p phi c thc hin bng cch dng mt b phn tch qu ca li
hoc mt my tnh.
Kinh nghim thu lm c nh vo cc cng vic nghin cu tnh a dng
rng ln ca cc li in minh chng rng vic pht hin cc cng thc c tng qut ho v qu in p l kh khn bi v s lng ln cc tham s
nh hng n gi tr qu in p.
C hai k thut tnh ton tng t v tnh ton s ca li gii qu i hi
mt mc cao tinh thng ngh nghip trong gii quyt vn . Cc tinh
thng ny ch yu hu ch trong vic la chn cc trng hp c ngha (l
khng thc t nghin cu tt c nhng trng hp c th), trong vic rt
gn li in v mt s hp l cc thanh ci v cc ng dy (l khng thc
t biu th ton b li in hoc trn b phn tch qu ca li
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17

hoc li gii bng s) v trong vic m t cc hng s li in v cc c

tnh ca dng c.
Khi c th, cc th nghim hin trng kim tra tnh hiu lc ca cc
tham s c s dng l c khuyn ngh.
Trong cc phng php tip cn tinh vi v s phi hp cch in hin nay
cng ngy cng tr ln thch dng cho nhng gi tr cao nht ca in p,
nhng bin ca nhng qu in p c d kin ti mt v tr cho do
mt kiu cho ca bin c khng th c xc nh bng mt gi tr n
l (xem hnh 1, xem trang 106). Ch c th ch ra xc sut f0(U)dU

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18

rng mt gi tr qu in p c bao gm gia U v dU, f0(U) l mt xc

sut qu in p. Xc sut F 0(U') m gi tr U' c th b vt qu c cho bi
biu thc :
F0 (U ' )

U'

f 0 (U ) dU

(1)

Phn on ba- Mc chu ng ca cch in

8. Tng qut
8.1 Cch in t hi phc v cch in khng t hi phc
Cc mc 10 v 11, lin quan n nhng nh ngha ca n phm IEC 71-1
phn chia cch in thnh cch in t hi phc v khng t hi phc
theo cch hot ng ca cch in trong trng hp xy ra mt phng in
n tia trong mt th nghm in mi.
Vi loi cch in t phc hi, c th thc hin cc th nghim trong cc iu
kin i hi mt ri ro ng k ca cc phng in c t vo c nh
trong mt th nghim phng in ni tia c tin hnh cc in p trn
mc chu ng xung nh mc.
Vi loi cch in khng t hi phc, mt phng in n tia ph hu tnh
cht cch in ca vt liu cch in mt s lng ln cc xung in p
chu ng nh mc c th to ra mt s h hng dn dn ca cch in.
V nhng l do ny cch in khng t hi phc c th nghim bng p
dng mt s hn ch cc xung in p chu ng nh mc.
Lng thng tin c th nhn c trc tip v bn in mi ca thit b
nh vy c th cao hn nhiu i vi cch in t hi phc. Tuy nhin, trong
trng hp cch in khng t hi phc, tm quan trng kinh t i vi nh
ch to b ri ro c thit b b loi b c xu th bt buc h phi thit k
thit b vi mt xc sut tht bi rt thp trong th nghim. Xem xt hai yu
t ny ng thi, khng c s khc bit tin hnh trong n phm IEC 71-1
gia cc mc chu ng xung theo loi cch in hoc tnh cht ca th
nghim.
Trong khi cch in t hi phc khng mt hoc lm thay i kh
nng cch in theo sau mt phng in n tia trong mt th nghim
in mi, khng nn suy ra rng s h hi c th khng xy ra trong vn
hnh nu phng in n tia c theo sau bi mt h quang cng sut mnh
lit.
V li, s h hi c th cho thit b khng phi ch mt vic xem xt c gii
thiu trong la chn mt ri ro c th chp nhn ca phng in trong khi
lm vic, v hu qu trn s lin tc cung cp in cng phi c xem xt.
V d mt xc sut s c cch in c i hi trn thanh ci thp hn
nhiu so vi cc ng dy ring l.
Phi nhn mnh rng nhng cu trc cch in ca thit b lun lun bao
gm cc phn cch in t hi phc v khng t hi phc. Nh vy thng
khng th khng nh rng cch in ca mt thit b l t hi phc
hoc khng t hi phc. Nhng xc sut m cc phng in c th xy ra
trn hoc trong cc phn khng t hi phc khi c cc phn t hi phc c
th b qua theo nhng kiu khc nhau ca thit b hoc khng theo
nhng kiu ca thit b. Do nhng khc nhau gia cc c tnh in p thi gian phng in trong nhng cch in rn v nhng cch in
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19

trong khng kh, xc sut ny c xu th tng khi in p ca cc xung tng

ln : nh vy xc sut c th b qua in p chu ng nh mc, nhng c th tr thnh ng k xung quanh in p phng in n tia
50%.
8.2 La chn kiu th nghim
i vi vi kiu thit b, xc sut ca mt phng in trong mt cch in
khng t hi phc c th b qua trong min cc gi tr qu in p phi c
ti to li trong cc th nghim. Trong trng hp ny xc sut phng in
trng

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20

vi xc sut phng in ca nhng phn t hi phc v cch in ca n c

th c gi l "t hi phc v thc cht" hoc n gin hn, "t hi phc".
Cc dao cch ly c th c xem nh mt v d ca kiu ny; thc vy ngay c
khi p t cc xung trn in p phng in 50% trong mt th nghim
phng in 50%, cc phng in thng xy ra trong khng kh khng c s
chc thng no ca s. i vi kiu thit b ny, th nghim ca mc 52 ca
n phm IEC 71-1 l c th v c khuyn ngh.
i vi cc kiu thit b vi phn ch yu hoc phn ln l cc cch in
khng t hi phc, gi thnh cao ca phn cch in ny loi b cc th
nghim ca thit b hon chnh in p cao hn in p chu ng
nh mc. Do in p th nghim c hn ch in p chu ng
nh mc iu ny i hi mt qu cch in ca nhng phn khng
t hi phc sao cho xc sut phng in ln ti in p chu ng
nh mc thnh khng ng k.
Vi kiu ca cc thit b m mt phn cch in ca chng l t hi phc,
nhng khng th c th nghim mt cch tch ring khi phn khng t hi
phc v nh cc s xuyn v mt vi kiu my bin p o lng, s phi i
hi mt s lng ln cc xung chng t s tho ng ca cch in t hi
phc. Tuy nhin s cc xung phi c hn ch bi kh nng ph hu dn dn
ca nhng phn cch in khng t hi phc. Cch in ca kiu thit b
ny c th c gi l hn hp, phi c th nghim theo mc 53 ca n
phm IEC 71-1.
i vi vi kiu thit b vi phn ch yu cch in khng t hi phc, v d
cc my bin p lc, cch in t hi phc (v d cc s xuyn) c th c
th nghim ring l theo mc 52 ca n phm IEC 71-1. Loi thit b ny c
gi l "khng t hi phc v bn cht" hoc n gin "khng t hi
phc". Cch in ca loi ny c kim tra bng th nghim trong mc 54
ca n phn IEC 71-1.
Cc vic xem xt v tnh hiu lc ca nhng th nghim trong cc mc 52,
53 v 54 ca n phm IEC 71-1 c cho trong Ph lc B.

9.

Tnh cht cch in tn s cng nghip v cc qu in

p tm thi

Ni chung, s phng in in p tn s cng nghip trong cc iu

kin vn hnh bnh thng v cc qu in p tm thi b gy ra bi s
lm h hng dn dn ca nhng tnh cht cch in ca thit b hoc bi
cc suy gim c bit trong chu ng cch in do cc iu kin mi
trng khc nghit.
Trong trng hp sau cng ny (mi trng khc nghit) khi nim xc sut c
p dng cho mc nhim bn (xem mc 4).
V nhng kh khn b mc mu, khng dng cc khi nim thng k trong
bn hng dn ny c lin quan n tnh cht cch in cc in p tn
s cng nghip v cc qu in p tm thi (cng xem mc 17 v 18).

10.

Xc sut phng in n tia ca cch in chu cc in

p xung

Kh nng ca mt cch in cho chu ng nhng ng sut in mi

b gy ra bi p t mt xung c dng sng cho v gi tr in p U,
trong hu ht cc trng hp, l mt hin tng ngu nhin, ngay c nu chng
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21

ta xem xt mt khong thi gian nh ti mc (nh khong thi gian cn thit

tin hnh mt th nghim in mi trn thit b) cc iu kin
mi trng v cch in c th c xem l hng s, t nht ci c lin quan
n cc tham s nh p sut, nhit , m vv.... c th c o v c
dng xc nh cc iu kin mi trng v cch in trong cc th
nghim.
Xc sut phng in n tia ca cch in i vi mt xung c mt dng
sng v cc tnh cho, v i vi mt gi tr tnh U trong mt khong
thi gian ngn nh c xc nh trn (v d trong mt th nghim
in mi) c th c xc nh, nu cch in l t hi phc, bng cch p
t xung U lin tip N ln trong khong thi gian ny, v bng cch tnh s
N1
N1 phng in. T phn s
mt gi tr s th nhn c cho xc sut
N
ny cng chnh xc khi gi tr ca N cng ln.
nhng in p phng in ca mt m ng thit b c cch in khng
t hi phc c th c m t theo thng k nh mt ng cong phn b cho
quan h gia bin ca in p phng in v phn s m ng khng
chu ng bin in p . xc nh ng cong phn b ny, cc
th nghim phi c thc hin vi cc bin in p c tng ln ti nh
thng trn mt mu chun thit b ca m ng. S chnh xc trong xc
nh ng cong s c tng ln bng cch tng s lng thit b trong mu
chun.
Nhng v phng in n tia thng to ln s ph hu thit b trong th
nghim, s lng thit b trong mu chun phi c hn ch v cc l do kinh
t.
Hin ti ta khng bit phng php xc nh xc sut phng in ca
mt thit b duy nht c cch in khng t hi phc.
Nu chng ta xem xt hoc cc xung ng ct hoc cc xung st c cc
gi tr nh U khc nhau, chng ta c th kt hp mt xc sut phng in
Pt vi mi gi tr c th ca U, nh vy thit lp c mi quan h Pt(U) i vi
mt cch in cho trong mt khong thi gian ngn t hoc,
n gin hn thi gian t (xem hnh 2a, trang 107).
Nhng gi tr Pt(U) tng t mt xc sut gn 0 ti mt xc sut gn 100%
trong mt di hp nhiu hoc t ca cc gi tr in p. Ni chung, ng
cong tng hp c th c xc nh bng mt lut c hai tham s, mt tham
s c kt hp vi v tr ca di in p v cho mt s ch ca mc chu
ng.
Ni chung, trong mt phng th nghim, tham s xc nh v tr ca ng
cong xc sut c ly bng in p U t50 tng ng vi xc sut phng in
(hoc chu ng 50%). lch chun ca phn b ( t) c xc nh bi
cn bc hai ca tng bnh phng cc lch ca so vi trung bnh thng
c ly lm tham s biu th s phn ri. i vi mt phn b Gauss, n t ng ng vi na hiu s gia cc in p cho cc xc sut phng in ca
16% v 84%.
Trong lm vic, cc iu kin mi trng v cch in khng gi l hng s.
Nh vy ng cong xc sut phng in, nh c xc nh trn i vi thi
gian t, m thay i tt yu t lc ny sang lc khc (Pt', Pt''....) (xem hnh 2a).
i vi cch in bn ngoi, nhng bin i ny c gn ch yu vi cc
iu kin kh quyn.
Nhng iu kin mi trng v cch in c xem nh ngu nhin, s cn xem
xt i vi mi cch in, cng thm vi xc sut phng in P t(U) c xc
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22

nh trn, mt xc sut phng in ca cch in P2t(U) theo cc qu in

p c bin U c th xy ra bt k thi im no trong mt khong thi
gian di T ca vn hnh. chnh l phn b th hai ny l hu ch cho cc
vic nghin cu cch in (xem hnh 2c, trang 107).
Tng t vi Pt(U), Pt(U) c th c xc nh bi in p (Ut50 ) tng ng vi
xc sut phng in (hoc chu ng) 50%, v bi lch tiu chun
ca phn b T
Nhng bin i ca Pt(U) trong khong thi gian T c th c xc nh
thun tin hn bi mt xc nh Pn(Ut50 ) trong Ut50 c xem nh mt
bin s ngu nhin (hnh 2b, trang 107). Hm s cui cng ny c th n
lt mnh c c trng bi in p phng in 50%, U t50 v bi lch
chun ca n n
Trn gi nh n gin rng lch chun Tca Pt(U) l hng s trong
khong thi gian T, h thc sau l :
(2)
T 2t 2n
Trong n phm IEC-71.1, tham s xc nh v tr ca ng cong xc sut
P(U) c ly lm in p tng ng vi mt xc sut chu ung l 90%
(xem mc 26 ca n phm IEC-71.1), mc d in p phng in 50% c
tham kho trn l mt bin php thun tin cho cc b phn cch in c
th c chu ng th nghim phng in n tia 50%.
L do cho vic la chn ny l th nghim phng in n tia 50% c th
c p dng ni chung cho tt c cc loi cch in. Nh vy nhm c cng
nhng gi gi ca cc in p chu ng xung nh mc i vi tt c
kiu thit b, d cch in ca chng nh th no, v dng nhng gi tr
ny trc tip trong nhng nh ngha ca phn b thng k, c cho l
thch hp da vo mt gi tr cao hn (90%) ca xc sut chu ng,
in p chu ng xung nh mc U RW l ng nht vi gi tr cho php
thp nht ca in p chu ng xung thng k tng cc iu kin th
nghim quy nh Ut90.
i vi nh gi nguy c s c, tuy n thun tin biu th ng cong
xc sut ca phng in cch in nh vo in p phng in 50% v
cc lch chun.
Gi nh rng Pt(U) theo lut phn b Gauss vi mt lch chun t ,
hiu s gia in p phng in 50% (hoc chu ng) v in p chu
ng thng k (hoc 90%) c cho bi :
U t 90
U t 50
(3)
1 1,3 t

t ph thuc vo nhiu thng s (dng sng, cc tnh, cu hnh ca vt,

tnh cht in mi v v...). Tuy nhin, v thng tin hin ti, v i vi thit
b ca dy C trong khng kh, t c ly l 0,03 hoc 0,06 tu thuc vo
kiu ca xung, st hoc ng ct, nu khng c gi tr no khc c quy
nh bi U ban thit b tng ng (xem mc 52 ca n phm IEC 71.1).
Xc sut phng in P t(U) ca mt b phn thit b trong khi th nghim
ph hp vi ci c quy nh trong n phm IEC 71.1 c th c xc nh
theo in p phng in 50% v lch tiu chun ca n, nh sau :
U R W
U t 90
U t 50

1 1,3 t
1 1,3 t
(4)
Xc sut phng in P t(U) c xc nh bi nhng tham s trn, da vo
nhng iu kin th nghim khc nghit nht i vi thit b, bi v U RW
l in p chu ng xung ng ct hoc st nh mc. Do , nu cc
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th nghim xung phi c thc hin trong c hai iu kin kh v t, xc

sut Pt(U) thng da vo cc iu kin t.
Xc sut phng in trong lm vic P t(U) ca mt b phn thit b ch c
th c suy ra t cc th nghim hin trng ph thuc vo v tr lp t.
Tuy nhin, nh mt s ch rng, xc sut Pt(U) ca mt b phn thit b ph
hp vi nhng iu ch nh ca n phm IEC 71.1 c th c xc nh,
nh li phng trnh (2), theo in p phng in 50% v lch tiu
chun ca chng nh sau :
U R W
U T 50 k
1 1,3 T
(5)
T 2t 2n
Trong k l t s gia in p phng in 50% ca mt thit b cho
lm vic trong mt khong thi gian T v in p phng in 50% trong
nhng iu kin th nghim xung khc nghit nht i vi thit b (t
hoc kh, cc tnh dng hoc m).
i vi cc xung ng ct U c cc tnh dng, nhng gi tr ca k v n
lin quan n cc khong thi gian T thi tit kh p hoc cc
iu kin thi tit xu khc nhau khng biu th nhng khc nhau ng
k. Cng nh vy c th c ni v lin quan n mc nhim bn kh
quyn, t nht trong dy t cc iu kin sch s ti cc iu kin b
nhim bn nh.
i vi cc xung c cc tnh m, nhng gi tr ca k v ph thuc rt ln
v kiu thi tit trong khong thi gian t ang xem xt; s trng hp ca
thi tit xu (ma, tuyt, sng m dy c nhiu hoc t v vic...) v ca
nhim bn khng ng k dn ti mt gi tr thp ca k; thi tit xu cng
tng gi tr ca n.
Nhng gi tr ca k=1 v 5% c ngh trong bn hng dn ny i
vi iu kin bnh thng v mt khong thi gian T bng chu trnh ma
(mt nm) bao trm trng hp ca xung c cc tnh khc nghit nht.
Gi tr ny c n suy ra trong mt gi tr ca t thp hn 8% mt cht.
Cng nhng gi ca k v n cng c ngh i vi cc xung st. iu
ny cho mt gi tr ca T sp s bng 6%.
Thng tin cho trn c xem xt ch l c tnh ch dn mt cch rng
ri v c khuyn ngh da vo nhng s liu chi tit hn c rt ra t cc
th nghim trn li in v trong phng th nghim, nu c.

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24

Thit b vi cc vng dy

Mt thit b vi cc cun dy cao p, nh mt my bin p hoc cun in

khong, c dng ch chu ng cc th nghim ton sng, c th b tn
thng mc no vi mt xung c bin cao b ct ln cn, bi v
nhng ng sut ni cao hn ng sut trong cc iu kin ton sng c th
xut hin gia cc vng dy v cc cun dy bn cnh. Trong mt trm, tt c
cc phng in xung t sinh ra trong cc sng b ct c bin v dc
thay i. Nu, v dng cc khe h phng in bo v, nhng phng in c
th xy ra thng xuyn trong khi lm vic, bn chu ng ca nhng
cun dy chng cc xung c th c xc nh bng th nghim vi mt sng
b ct hp l. Vic chun b y cho mt th nghim nh vy c ginh
cho U ban thit b thch hp.
Khi dng cc b chng st kiu in tr phi tuyn bo v cc my
bin p, cc xung kiu sng b ct c xu th t khc nghit hn v t xy
ra; trong thc t, cc th nghim sng b ct ni chung khng cn thit.
i vi tt c cc kiu thit b c cc cun dy, nh cc my in quay,
cc my bin p v cc cun khng, cc in p thay i nhanh do nh
la tr li ca cc thit b ng ct c th cng sn ra cc phn b in
p phi tuyn tnh tng t vi cc phn b in p c gy ra bi cc qu
in p st. V l do ny, khuyn ngh l thit b nh vy d n c dng
hoc khng c trong cc thit tr in chu ng cc qu in p st
phi c th nghim vi mt in p xung st kim tra cch in cun
dy gia cc vng dy v gi cc cun dy.

Phn on bn-nhng thit b bo v

12.

Tng qut

Nhng thit b bo v c th nhm thnh ba loi :

- Cc b chng st c in tr phi tuyn;
- Cc b chng st kiu tng ra (ch dy A);
- Cc khe h phng in.
Va la chn ba kiu thit b ny, khng to ra cng mc bo v, ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau, nh tm quan trng cu thit b c bo
v, nhng hu qu ca mt ct in ca vic cp in v.v..

13.

Cc b chng st kiu in tr phi tuyn

Nhng thit b bo v ny phi c thit k v lp t hn ch

nhng ln ca cc qu in p, chng bo v thit b chng qu in
p ny sao cho in p tng cc u cc ca chng st trong khi tc
ng khng c vt qu mt gi tr chp nhn c. Cc b chng st c
xc nh v cc c tnh ca chng c cho trong n phm IEC 99-1.
in p nh mc ca cc b chng st c xc nh nh gi tr hiu dng
cho php cc i c quy nh in p tn s cng nghip gia cc u
cc ca chng, in p ny chng c thit k tc ng chnh xc;
in p ny c th c t lin tc vo cc b chng st khng lm thay
i c tnh tc ng ca chng. Thm vo kh nng c xc nh ny,
vi kiu cc b chng st 1 c th chu ng thnh cng hoc a) cao hn
1

Nhng b chng st kiu ny ch hu dng i vi dy C

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in p nh mc trong khong thi gian ngn quy nh, hoc b) mt s

cc quy nh phng in lin tip.
Trong tt c cc trng hp, mt yu t kim tra trong vic la chn b
chng st l kh nng ca n ngt dng k tc ti in p nh mc
ca n hoc trong trng hp cc qu in p tm thi, vt qu in p nh
mc ca n.

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im quan trng l in p c sinh ra nhng u cc b chng st

bt k lc no trc v trong vn hnh phi c xem xt trong vic xc nh
mc bo v xung ng ct v mc bo v xung st.
13.1 Mc bo v xung st
Mc bo v xung st ca mt chng st c c trng bi cc in p
sau :
a) in p phng in i vi mt xung st ton sng tiu chun (xem
bng VI ca n phm IEC 99-1)2;
b) in p (phng in) d dng danh nh tiu chun c la chn
(xem bng VII ca n phm IEC 99-1);
c) in p phng in trn u sng (xem bng VI ca IEC 99-1)
i vi nhng nhu cu phi hp cch in, ly lm mc bo v cc xung
st c ly gi tr cao nht ca ba gi tr sau :
- in p phng in cc i vi xung 1,2/50;
- in p d dng quy nh;
- in p phng in trn u sng cc i c chia cho 1,15 (xem mc 33
ca IEC 71-1)
Vic nh gi mc bo v ny cho mt gi tr quy c biu th mt s gn
ng ni chung, c th chp nhn. i vi mt xc nh tt hn ca bo v
u sng bng mt b chng st, nn tham kho n phm IEC 99-1.
13.2 Mc bo v xung ng ct
Mc bo v xung ng ct ca mt b chng st c c trng bi cc
in p sau :
a)in p phng in cc i i vi dng sng tiu chun c quy nh
trong tiu mc 61-4 ca n phm IEC 99-1
b)in p tng cc u cc ca b chng st c duy tr bi b
chng st trong khi cc phng in qu in p ng ct.
Mc bo v i vi cc xung ng ct l gi tr cao hn cu a) hoc b)
cho ti khi mt th nghim tiu chun i vi b) c quy nh bi U ban
k thut s 37 ca IEC, cc b chng st, nn tham kho cc nh ch to b
chng st.

14.

Cc b chng st kiu tng ra

Nhng thit b bo v ny tc ng hn ch cc qu in p v ct
cc dng k tc trong nhng gii hn ca cc c tnh nh mc ca
chng. Cc in p d ca chng nh. Nhng c tnh ca nhng thit b
ny cho trong n phm IEC 99-2.

Nhng bng c k y cho i vi mi in p danh nh ca mi b chng st nhng gii hn

trn ca cc in p khc nhau trn y. Nu ng c tnh tt hn ng c tnh c quy nh
trong IEC 99-1 hu hiu, nhng in p thc i vi b chng st c bit s nhn c t nhng nh
ch to. Nh vy khuyn ngh l cc in p thc i vi nhng c tnh bo v ca b chng st c
s dng cho cc vic nghin cu phi hp cch in.

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Nhng c tnh phng in xung gn ging nh nhng c tnh

phng in xung ca khe h phng in bo v, nhng ni chung thp hn
bng phng hn i vi cng khong cch phng in.
Cc b chng st ny c th khng hn ch mt cch ng k bin
ca dng k tc trc khi ct n, v nhng c tnh danh nh ct dng
phi c so sanh vi dng s c gi nh v in p hi phc qu gi
nh ti im lp t.

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15. Cc khe h phng in.

Khe h bo v l mt thit b bo v chng qu in p bao gm mt khe
h khng kh ngoi tri gia mt in cc c np in v mt in cc
t.
Trn mt li in cung cp vn hnh cc in p ln ti 245 KV, cc khe h
phng in chng t tho mn trong thc t mt s nc vi hot ng
st n ho. Vic hiu chnh cc gi tr chnh nh khe h thng l mt
tho hip gia bo v v lin tc lm vic, nhng kh khn ny c th c vt qua bng cch dng t ng ng li nhanh.
in p phng in v thi gian phng in ca khe h ph thuc ch yu
vo khong cch gia cc in cc; chng b nh hng bi dng ca nhng
in cc v cng bi s b tr v khong cch ca chng vi cc phn k
cn mang in v c ni t.
Nhm ci thin tc ng ca mt khe h phng in chu cc xung c u
sng dc v nhm to ra mt c tnh in p - thi gian phng in
bng phng hn, cu trc hnh hc ca vic b tr in cc thanh - thanh
n gin c th c thay i, v d bng cc dng thch hp ca nhng
in cc v bng b tr ca mt in cc ph trung tm. Trong dy A, cc
khe h phng in kiu khong cch kp cng t ra thun li trong cc
min chim mung hoc cc ng vt nh hay gy rc ri.
15.1 Cc c tnh bo v ca mt khe h phng in.
Bi v :
a) S tn mc in p phng in ca mt khe h khng kh.
b) S tng in p phng in khi bin ca qu in p c t vo
trong trng hp phng in xy ra trn u sng,

Bo v t c mt khe h phng in chu xung (ng ct hoc

st) c c trng bng gi tr 50% v lch tiu chun ca in
p phng in ca n trong nhng iu kin c tiu chun ho ca
cc th nghim trong phng th nghim. Bi v cc khe h phng
in to thnh cch in t hi phc kiu mu, nhng ni dung ca
mc 10 cng p dng cho cc khe h ny. Hn na, v nhng l do
cho trong cc ha mc b trn, s hiu bit thi gian - phng in
ca khe h phng in i vi cc gi tr ca nhng xung c t
vo cao hn gi tr phng in 50% nhiu thng l cn thit (xem
ph lc C).
15.2 Cc gii hn s dng cc khe h phng in bo v.
a) Khi khe h phng in tc ng do mt qu in p v mt h quang
cng sut c hnh thnh, h quang ny thng c duy tr cho ti khi n b
ct bi tc ng ca nhng thit b bo v s c ca li; iu ny to ln
mt s c pha ni t trong trng hp ca mt li in c trung tnh trc
tip ni t, nhng ng lc c trong nhng phn khc nhau ca cc thit b
li in v c th gy nhiu lon cho cc h dng. Do v tr ca khe h
phng in c quyt nh theo nhng tc ng ca chng trn h thng
bo v v vn hnh.

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b) Khe h phng in khng th chp nhn c t quan im tnh lin tc lm

vic nu nh s c mt ca n tng s ngng in ca mch mt cch ng k
min l nhng phng in ny khng t dp tt c, chng b gin on bi
nhng my ct in ct nhanh c theo sau bi s ng li nhanh.
c) Tc ng ca khe h gy ln s ct sng, nh vy tng xc sut to ra cc
sng b ct gn nhng u cc ca thit b c bo v. iu phi c
xem xt i vi cch in ca cc cun dy cao p (cng xem mc 11).
d) H hng cho thit b c th gy ra bi h quang cng sut qua khe h phng
in nu nh khe h phng in ny khng c lp t mt v tr thch
hp. V d, nu mt khe h phng in c lp trn ci cch in xuyn (s
xuyn) ca mt my bin p hoc my ct in, khong cch ca n t b
mt ca ci cch in xuyn c th kh hn ngn nga mt h quang cng
sut thi vo ci cch in.
e) Vic b tr tng i nhng khe h phng in ca mi mt ca nhng pha
phi c la chn sao cho gim thiu nguy c ca mt h quang m rng sang
cc pha bn cnh, nguy c ny s bin s c mt pha thnh mt s c ba pha.

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16. p dng cc kiu thit b bo v khc nhau.

16.1 Bo v vi cc b chng st kiu in tr phi tuyn.
Khong cch tch ly vt c bo v ca b chng st lm gim hiu qu ca
b chng st . Thc vy, khi b chng st c tch ly khi vt c bo
v, vt ny chu ng mt qu in p vt qu mc bo v ca b chng
st. S tng ln ny l do, th nht l s ging in p cm ng trong
nhng mi ni ca b chng st v trong dy ni gia b chng st v
thit b c bo v; th hai l, nu nh khong thi gian truyn gia b
chng st v thit b khng c b qua so vi khong thi gian ca u
sng ti, do mt s tng ngn hn ca in p cc u cc thit b so vi
mc bo v ca b chng st. Nh vy, mt quy tc chung l lp t b
chng st cng gn thit b c bo v cng tt. c bit, tt hn l,
hoc lp t b chng st trn thng ca my bin p, hoc ni u cc
cao p v u cc t ca b chng st vo my bin p bng nhng mi
ni ngn nht c th.
Tng t nh vy, cc b chng st nn c lp t gn nhng u ni ca
dy cp nu nhng u ni ny cn thit bo v, v t nhng mi ni
ngn nht c th gia nhng u ca b chng st vi ln lt dy dn
pha v v bc kim loi ca cp.

Ghi ch :
- Trong trng hp cc b chng st gn thit b c bo v, cc
h s an ton sau c khuyn ngh :
a) Dy A. - i vi thit b ca s-ri I, ly mt h s an ton sp
s 1,4 gia mc chu ng xung st ca thit b c bo v
v mc bo v xung ca b chng st (xem cc mc 41 v 42
ca n phm IEC 71-1). i vi thit b ca s-ri II, cc h s
xung ti 1,2 l chp nhn c i vi cc trng hp c bit.
b) Cc dy B v C. - Thng ly cc h s an ton ti thiu l 1,2
i vi cc qu in p st.
c) Dy C. - Cc h s an ton ti thiu l 1,15 i vi cc qu
in p ng ct v 1,25 i vi cc qu in p st thng
c chp nhn.
Nhng xem xt trong n phm IEC 99-1A cng nn c tnh
n.

Vic lp t cc b chng st gn thit b c bo v c th c thc

hin trong dy in p A d dng hn trong cc dy in p B v C.
S tng do c hai h s ny ph thuc vo mt s iu kin : Khong cch
ca b chng st, v tr lp t ca n ng trc hoc ng sau
thit b c bo v, nhng c tnh ca ng dy, in dung ca thit
b c bo v, cu hnh ca trm v dc ca sng ti. S tng ln ny c
th b hn ch bi tt c cch b tr hn ch ca xung ti trm (ko di
cc cp bo v, in dung ti ch, cp (ngay c ngn), s lng ln cc ng
dy c ni vo).
16.2 Bo v bng cc b chng st kiu tng ra.
Nhng b chng st ny thng c dng trn cch mch in phn phi cao
p khng lp t cc dy bo v chng st (dy A).
c tnh in p - thi gian phng in xung ca mt b chng st nh vy
bng phng hn ng c tnh in p - thi gian phng in xung ca
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khe h thanh c cng khong cch phng in, nhng khng hon ton bng
phng nh ng c tnh ca vi kiu thit b, v d mt cun dy
my bin p hoc mt ng cp.
V l do ny, mt h s an ton thch hp l cn thit khng nhng i vi
nhng in p phng in xung st ca b chng st v ca thit b c
bo v, m cn i vi nhng in p phng in trn u sng tng
ng.
Vic thc hin nhng iu kin ny c d dng bi thc t thng
dng ca vic lp t nhng b chng st kiu ny gn thit b c bo
v.
i vi cc thng tin rng hn lin quan n p dng nhng thit b ny, nn
tham kho n phm IEC 99-2.
16.3 Bo v bng cc khe h phng in.
Cc c tnh in p - thi gian phng in xung ca mt khe h phng
in thng cong hn ng c tnh (in p - thi gian) ca mt vi
kiu thit b khc c bo v nhiu, c bit l cc ng c tnh
ca cc my bin p v ng cp.
Do dng cong ca c tnh in p - thi gian ca mt khe h phng
in, khong cch m bo v c m bo trn khong cch i vi tt
c cc xung l rt nh, thng khng qu vi mt. Nu mt khe h phng
in c t bo v
chng nhng xung c mt dc u sng b hn ch (thp hn ng k
dc ca cc sng in p th nghim xung st tiu chun), mt khong
cch nhiu chc mt gia khe h phng in v vt c bo v khng c
lm thay i ng k nhng iu kin i vi bo v chng xung nh vy.
Nh vy mt khe h phng in c th hot ng kh thng xuyn di tc
ng ca cc qu in p st v i khi di tc ng ca cc qu in p
ng ct nhng bin ca cc qu in thp hn in p chu ng
xung st ca thit b c bo v. Trong mt s ln cc trng hp, tc ng
ca khe h bo v gy ln mt s mt in nu khe h pha ca dao cch
ly m. Nu nh ngun cp in c th c hi phc nhanh bng t ng
ng li tc cao, chnh nh khe h phng in c th c hiu chnh
sao cho m bo mt mc bo v chp nhn c cho thit b khng
gy ln mt s qu ln vic ngng cung cp in phin phc cho cc ngi
tiu th in.
Ghi ch : - Cc h s an ton bc cc h s cho i vi b chng st
ni chung bo m bo v tho mn, vi iu kin l s xut hin cc xung
s c u sng dc c loi tr (xem ph lc C).
phn on V - phn phi gia cc ng sut v bn
Cc xem xt chung cho cc dy A, B v C

17. Thit k cch in cho in p vn tn s cng nghip

v in p tm thi. Cc vn nhim bn v ho gi.
Nhng mc 38 v 39 ca n phm IEC 71-1 giao cho u ban thit b c
thm quyn m t nhng th nghim tn s cng nghip thi gian di, c
dng minh chng cch hot ng ca thit b theo s ho gi ca cch
in ni b hoc theo nhim bn bn ngoi. Hng dn chung c ginh cho
u ban thit b; c ch ra rng v in p trong cc iu kin vn hnh
bnh thng, cch in phi chu c vn hnh lu di in p cao nht
i vi thit b.

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18. Nhim bn.

i vi cch in c kh nng chu nhim bn, vn quy nh mt phng php th nghim thch hp v cc mc khc nghit nhim bn hin ti
ang c xem xt trong cc u ban thit b khc nhau. Khi cc th nghim
lm nhim c thit lp, c on trc l k s h thng s quy nh mt
mc khc nghit ca nhim theo nhim cu mi trng trong
thit b c lp t.
Bng I, trang 95, cho mt ch dn tm thi cho k s h thng thit lp
mt xp loi cc mc khc nghit nhim.
Mt thang c xc nh bng cc s hng nh lng c tham kho mt phng php th nghim nn c kt hp vi mi mt trong nhng mc khc
nghit khc nhau ca nhim t nhin i vi cc kiu ci cch in khc
nhau. Phng php th nghim khng nhng phi ti sinh m cn trong mc
c th tho mn nhng yu cu hp thc, ngha l m phng mt cch
tho ng nhng iu kin t nhin trong thit b c lp t.
Nh vy, nhng th nghim tho mn nht c la chn trong chng hin ti
c chp nhn, c th khc t trng hp ny sang trng hp khc.
Cn phi nhn mnh rng Bng I khng bao trm vi tnh trng mi trng,
nh cc vng sa mc cc thi k di kh c k tip bng ngng t hoc
ma nh.
Nh l mt v d, Bng II, trang 97, cho mi lin quan gia nhng mc
nhim bn t nhin v nhng m phng nhng mc nhim bn ny trong
cc phng th nghim theo hai kiu th nghim. Bng cng cho nhng
ch dn ca ng r in cn thit, tuy c tha nhn l nhng tnh
cht ca cch in b mt b nh hng rt mnh bi hnh dng ci cch
in. Ngoi ra, trong tnh trng nghin cu hin ti, nhng ch dn ny
ch c hiu lc i vi nhng ci cch in kiu ng c tn.

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Cc s liu trong Bng II c dng bao trm nhng tnh cht ca thit b
in p mt pha thch hp, l U m/ 3 . Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ca mt
h thng c th vn hnh vi mt pha ni t trong cc khong thi gian
di, nhng s ny c gi tr i vi in p pha - pha U m.
Nu cc qu in p tm thi l thng xuyn v khc nghit, c th cn
tnh ton cc qu in p ny trong quy nh th nghim nhim.
Trong trng hp cc trm vi mt mc nhim bn cao, khi khng c th hoc
v cng t i hi nhng tnh cht cn thit ca thit b trong cc
iu kin nhim bn, nhng phng thc bi m hoc ra nhng b mt
cch in nn c xem xt.

19. S lo ho.
i vi cch in c kh nng lo ho, vn quy nh cc ph ng php th
nghim thch hp hin cng ang c xem xt trong cc u ban thit b
khc nhau.

chng su - phi hp gia cc ng sut v chu ng

trong dy in p a

20. La chn in p chu ng tn s cng nghip nh

mc.
Nhng bng cc gi tr c tiu chun ho i vi s - ri I v II trong n
phm IEC 71-1 ch ra, mt gi tr duy nht in p chu ng tn s cng
nghip i vi mi mt in p li in Um.

21. La chn in p chu ng xung st nh mc.

Bng I ca cc gi tr c tiu chun ho i vi s - ri I trong n phm IEC
71-1 vic la chn m gia hai in p chu ng xung st nh
mc, tng ng vi bn lit k 1 v lit k 2. Bng II i vi s - ri II ch ra cc
gi tr tiu biu ca in p chu ng xung st nh mc ph thuc vo
cng sut ca thit b di hoc bng 500 KVA, hoc trn.
Nhng in p chu ng xung st nh mc c gim nh ca s - ri I, lit
k 1, c a vo vi mc tiu c tha nhn lm nhng gi tr ny c
th chp nhn c cho tt c cc u ban thit b.Cc in p chu ng
xung st nh mc c gim nh c s dng vi cc kt qu tt trong
nhiu quc gia v i vi mt di rng thit b trong cc khong thi gian
di. Cc th nghim hon chnh cng c thc hin trn cc kiu thit
b khc nhau i vi di in p ny xc nh nhng in p chu
ng xung ca cc thit b, c hai i vi cc xung st v cc xung ng
ct tiu biu. c bit, c thy l in p ph hu cch in di cc
xung ng ct kiu mu lun lun cao hn nh in p th nghim tn
s cng nghip. y l mt l do v sao khng thy cn thit a vo
mt th nghim chu ng xung ng ct ring l trong dy in p A.

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Vic la chn gia lit k 1 v lit k 2 c tin hnh ph hp vi mc 42 ca

n phm IEC 71-1 v nhng xem xt sau lin quan n cc iu kin s
dng thit b :
a) Thit b khng c u ni vi mt ng dy trn khng;
b) Thit b c u ni vi mt ng dy trn khng thng qua mt my
bin p;
c) Thit b c u ni vi mt ng dy trn khng hoc trc tip hoc qua
mt dy cp.

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21.1 Thit b khng c u ni vi mt ng dy trn khng.

Tnh a dng ca cc thit tr in c ph bi loi ny, v d : cc li cp
ngm ln trong cc thnh ph; nhiu thit tr cng nghip; cc nh my
in v cc thit tr tu thuyn.
Thit b nhng v tr nh vy khng chu bt c qu in p (st) ngoi
no, nhng c th phi chu cc qu in p ng ct (xem tiu mc 6.3).
Mc 42 ca n phm IEC 71-1 quy nh nhng iu kin i vi s dng
thit b theo lit k 1 trong cc thit tr nh vy. Trong tt c cc trng hp
khc, thit b lit k 2 nn c s dng v vi vi loi tr khng cn bo v
xung. Mt loi tr nh vy l mt thit tr l h quang in cc qu
in p cao c kh nng pht sinh do ct dng bng mt my ct in.
Vic bo v bng cc b chng st c bit c th cn thit trong mt trng hp nh vy cho c hai gia cc pha v gia cc pha v t.
21.2 Thit b c u ni vi mt ng dy trn khng thng qua mt my
bin p.
Cc xem xt chung.
Thit b c u ni vi pha in p thp hn ca mt my bin p c
cp in pha in p cao hn t mt ng dy trn khng trc tip
chu cc qu in p st hoc ng ct bt ngun trn ng dy trn
khng.
Tuy nhin, do s truyn in tnh hoc in t ca cc qu in p nh vy
t cun dy in p cao hn ti cun dy in p thp hn ca my bin p,
thit b nh vy c th phi chu cc qu in p c th vt qu in p chu
p chu ng ca n, trong mt s trng hp.
Biu thc gii tch i vi nhng s hng in tnh v in t ca in
p c truyn t c cho trong ph lc A.
i vi mt my bin p cho, nhng bin v dng sng ca nhng qu
in p c truyn ny ph thuc phn ln vo tnh cht ca mch in p
thp hn v v l do ny, nn xem xt vic la chn in p chu ng
xung st nh mc ca thit b v vic bo v thit b mt cch ring
r i vi hai loi thit tr chnh nh sau :
Loi 1 - Thit b c ni qu cc my bin p vi cc ng dy trn khng
in p cao hn v vi cc ng dy ni c chiu di va phi, ngha l
khng vt qu 100m, gia pha in p thp hn ca my bin p v thit
b, nh l t bng cung cp chnh ca li cp phn phi hoc ca mt thit
tr in cng nghip.
Loi 2 - Thit tr my pht in - my bin p.
b) hng dn c bn.
a) Thit b loi I.
Cc yu t c xu th lm tng bin ca qu in c truyn i vi thit
b nh vy l :
i) Mt my bin p c t s bin p cao v in dung cao gia cc cun
dy;
ii) Mt my bin p c tch khi ph ti ca n pha in p thp hn;
iii) Cc lin kt c in dung thp gia mt my bin p v thit b c kt
hp ca n;

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iv) Cun dy in p cao hn khng c ni t (v d tam gic,

hoc hnh sao khng ni t) hoc tm ca hnh sao c ni t qua
mt khng in cao (v d cun dy h quang);
v) Cc xung c u sng dc v cc xung c cc khong thi gian di;
vi) Cc xung ng ct do np in mt my bin p t mt im xa trn
h thng ng dy trn khng (ngha l ng in mt ng dy cp
in mt my bin p).
Cng xem ghi ch di y
Cc vic nh gi nhng bin ca cc qu in p c truyn v cc phng php tnh ton, c lm sng t bng cc v d, c m t trong ph lc
A.
Thit b loi I ni chung c th c bo v bng cc b chng st v
vic bo v nh vy l thc tin thng dng, khng cn thit tin hnh
nhng tnh ton ny. i vi cc trng hp khc, hng dn c bn c cho di
y da trn tnh cht ca cc in p c truyn, nh hng chung ca
cc iu kin mch in v tiu chun c th c dng xc nh nu
cc phng nga l cn thit.

Ghi ch - Qu in p cng hng : Nhng hin tng cng hng

gia hai h thng c ni bng mt my bin p c th gy ra
cc in p cao khng bnh thng c truyn qua my bin p.
Khuyn ngh nn kim tra nhng kh nng cng hng gia
nhng mch, v nn tin hnh nhng thay i cn thit
trnh cng hng.

Vic p dng cc qu in p ngn hn hoc c u sng dc cun dy

in p cao hn ca my bin p, v d mt st nh vo ng dy
truyn ti rt gn vi my bin p c th, qua ngu hp in dung, cho mt
"u nhn" in p ngn hn trn cun dy in p thp hn. in p c
th vt qu cc in p th nghim xung cho trong Bng I, lit k 1 v 2,
hoc Bng II ca n phm IEC 71-1. Mt khc, thi gian u sng c th
ngn nht, c xc nh bng tr khng xung ca ng dy v in dung
u vo ca my bin p, thng kh di sao cho c th b qua in p c
truyn bng ng in dung.
i vi thit b loi I, iu kin khc nghit nht xy ra nhng mch ph ti
b tch ra, ngha l pha my bin p ca t bng phn phi in p
thp hn, bi v vi ph ti c ni, in dung ca n thng bin
ca "u nhn" in p ban u c gim v mt gi tr an ton.
Nu in dung ca cc mi lin h gia my bin p v t bng phn phi
in p thp hn khng gim bin ca "u nhn" in p ban
u, hoc in dung b sung c th c ni gia cc u cc my bin
p v t, hoc thit b ph hp vi Bng I, lit k 2, hoc Bng II ca n
phn IEC 71-1, c th c s dng.
Cng c th mun b sung cc b chng st. Cng cn phi lu ti kh
nng tng cc qu in p c truyn bng con ng in cm bi cc
in dung b sung. S tng ln ny c th c gim i bng mt s - ri
bin tr cn du c gi tr in tr c hiu chnh cn thn.
p dng cc xung in p c thi gian di hn vo cun dy in p cao
hn ca my bin p, v d mt st nh vo ng dy truyn ti kh xa
my bin p hoc mt xung ng ct, qua ngu hp in cm, s cho mt
xung in p trn cun dy in p thp hn ca my bin p c mt
khong thi gian di hn v mt bin c th so snh vi gi tr nh
in p th nghim tn s cng nghip cho Bng I ca n phm IEC
71-1.
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Cc qu in p tm thi cao mt cch nguy him c th c truyn vo cc

cun dy in p thp hn ca my bin p qua ngu hp in dung vi
cun dy in p cao hn khi mt s c ni t tn ti trn l i in p cao
hn v khi im trung tnh ca li in p thp hn c ni qua mt cun
dp tt h quang hoc c tch ly vi t. Trong cc trng hp nh vy, vic
u ni cc in dung b sung gia cc u cc in p thp ca my
bin p v t l mt phng php bo v c s dng rng ri.
b) Thit b loi 2.
Nhng khuyn ngh v s cn thit bo v chng nhng qu in p
ca cc thit b my pht in - my bin p v v vic la chn cc kiu
thch hp ca thit b bo v cn c da trn s xem xt cc qu in p
ch c ngun gc kh quyn, bi v cc cng cuc nghin cu khng biu l
c cc iu kin khc nghit hn cc iu kin do s truyn cc qu
in p ng ct. Tng ng vi u sng ca mt xung st ti, hoc sp
in p do ct sng, c th c mt in p c truyn bng con ng
in dung ngn hn ("u nhn" in p ban u). iu ny c lp vi
xung in p c khong thi gian di hn thng c truyn bi tc ng
t hp ca cc ngu hp in cm v in dung.
Bin cc i ca "u nhn" in p ban u ph thuc trong mt mc
ln vo cc chi tit ca thit k ca thit tr. Ti ni m nhng chi tit
ny c th tng cng s truyn c tnh in dung, c th chng minh l
ng thc hin cc th nghim bng cch a thm vo nhng rung h
p ln thit tr hoc ln t my pht - my bin p c ni vi mt mch m
phng my pht in v nhng mi lin h pha ngoi ca n.
Cc yu t c xu th lm tng bin ca cc in p c truyn i vi
thit b nh vy l :
i) in dung cao gia cc cun dy my bin p;
ii) Cc mi lin h in dung thp gia my bin p v my pht in;
iii) T s bin p cao ca my bin p;
iv) Cun dy in p thp hn ca my bin p khng c ni vi mt my pht
in;
v) Cc xung c cc u sng dc v cc xung c khong thi gian di.
Nu c cc ch dn l bin ca nh nhn in p ban u phi c
gim i, iu ny c th c thc hin mt cch c hiu qu bng cch ni
cc t in khng c t cm gia mi pha v t, tt hn l u cc
my bin p bng u ni c in cm thp.
Tuy nhin nn ch ti kh nng lm tng cc qu in p c truyn bng
con ng in cm bi cc t in b sung.
Sng c truyn c thi gian di hn thng ly dng ca mt in p mt
hng vi cc dao ng c xp chng c mt tn s nhiu ki-l-Hert v nu
s gim in p ny l cn thit, nn xem xt n vic b sung cc b
chng st.
Tuy nhin, s phn chia in p gia nhng in khng ca t my pht my bin p v my pht thng bo m rng bin ca sng c truyn
c thi gian di hn khng chng minh c vic s dng cc b chng st.
i vi cc thit tr sn xut quan trng, cc b chng st trn my pht ni
chung l khng chp nhn c v cc tnh ton kim tra nn c thc hin.
Ti chng mc m cc b chng st c th c p dng cho cc thit tr nh,
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khng cn thit tnh ton nhng qu in p c truyn. Nu my pht my bin p c th c cp in t li cao p khi my pht c tch ra, s
phn chia in p gia my pht v my bin p khng xy ra v ng
thi phi tnh n s tng cao bin ca sng c truyn c thi gian di
nh hng n phn ca mch in p thp hn vn duy tr c ni vi
my bin p.
Nhng hu qu p dng cc in p c thi gian di vo cun dy in p
cao hn ca mt my bin p v s truyn ca xung ny vo cun dy c
in p thp hn khi mt s c ni t tn ti trn li in p cao hn v
khi im trung tnh ca li ny c ni t qua mt cun dp tt h
quang, hoc nu im trung tnh c tch t, theo cng nhng xem xt
nh c m t i vi thit b loi I.
c) La chn mc cch in.
Vic la chn gia nhng thit b ca lit k 1 v nhng thit b ca lit k 2
ca Bng I ca n phm IEC 71-1 v bo v qu in p c cn thit hay
khng, v tr u tin phi c da trn kinh nghim lm vic vi cc thit tr
tng t. Cng c th hu ch thc hin cc php o trn mt thit tr tng t hin c, bng cch dng mt phng php a vo cc xung in p thp.
i vi mt thit tr my pht - my bin p ln m trn c nhng d liu
cn thit lin quan my bin p v thit b bo v, s hu ch thc hin
tnh ton cc qu in p chu ng thch hp ca thit b c bo v. iu
ny bnh thng c khuyn ngh ch i vi nhng mi lin h trc tip gia
my pht v my bin p v i vi cc cun dy th ba in p thp trn cc
my bin p ln ca li in. Nu mt my ct c lp t gia my pht my bin p v my pht c lin kt, phi xem xt hai trng hp ca khi my
ct ng v khi my ct m, mc du mt ph ti thng c ni vi cun dy
in p thp hn ca my bin p bi qu in p c truyn c th b
gim ngay c trong trng hp sau cng ny.
Nhiu phng php tnh ton c xut bn v v tng th, nhng phng
php ny hnh nh cho cc kt qu tng t. Tuy nhin khng c chnh xc
tuyt i, c th c cng b i vi bt k phng php tnh ton no, vic so
snh gia tnh ton v cc kt qu thc nghim v cc thit tr khc nhau
t ra ng tho mn. Tuy vy c coi l hp l lm sng t mt phng
php tnh ton nh vo hai v d bng s, bao trm ln l t loi 1 v 2. Nhng v
d ny c cho trong mc A2 ca Phu lc A.
21.3 Thit b c ni trc tip vo mt ng dy trn khng.
Thit b c lp t trong mt trm c ni trc tip vi mt ng dy trn
khng chu cc qu in p st trc tip hoc gin tip. Theo quy tc chung,
thit b nh vy phi ph hp vi cc in p chu ng xung st nh mc
c quy nh trong lit k 2 (Bng I) hoc s - ri II (Bng II) trong n phm IEC
71-1.
Tt c thit b v c bit l cc my bin p trong cc v tr nh vy i hi
bo v bng cc b chng st hoc cc khe h phng in.
Xem xt n c tnh in p - thi gian phng in xung bng phng ca
mt cun dy my bin p,
Cc my bin p nn c bo v thch hp hn bng cc b chng st kiu
in tr phi tuyn trong cc vng c hot ng st dy c. Trong cc vng
c hot ng st trung bnh, cc b chng st kiu tng ra c th c s
dng. Khi hat ng st nh, cc khe h phng in bo v t ra thch
hp, c bit l khi my bin p c u ni vo mt ng dy vi cc tay
x ni t hoc khi my bin p c dng chu ng cc sng b ct
trn u sng dc.
Nhng ci cch in xuyn ca cc my ct in, cc my bin p o l ng
v cc ci cch in ca trm c cc c tnh in p - thi gian phng
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in xung un cong. Cc xem xt lin quan vi khong cch gia thit b

bo v v thit b c bo v c trin khai trong tiu mc 16.1 cng
c hiu lc y.
Trong cc min c hot ng st trung bnh hoc thp, thit b c cc in p
chu ng xung st nh mc ph hp vi lit k 1 ca bng I ca n phm IEC
71-1 c th c s dng nhng, trong trng hp , cn phi lu ti bo v qu
in p thch hp. Trong mt li m trung tnh ca n c ni t qua mt
in tr nh, b chng st hoc cc khe h phng in c th c s dng
cho mc tiu ny. Trong mt li m trung tnh ca n c ni t qua mt cun
dp tt h quang, bo v qu in p thch hp phi c cp. Nu cc b
chng st c s dng, khuyn ngh nn chn nhng b c th chu ng cc
tc ng c lp li trong khi duy tr h quang vi t.
Khi khng c bt k thit b bo v qu in p no, cc xung st c a
vo mt ng dy trn khng b hn ch ch bi cc phng in trn ng dy nhng im yu nht m nhng xung gp phi trong khi chng
lan truyn. Nu khng c nh v ng n, nhng phng in nh vy
c th gy ra thit hi cho thit b nh mt kt qu ca cc phn x xung
gia im phng in v mt thit b d b thng tn, nh mt cun dy
ca my bin p.
Trong trng hp ca mt trm vi mt s cc ng dy bnh thng c ni
vo cc thanh ci, in p xung sy ra ti cc thanh ci c th c gim i
sao khng gy qu ng sut cho thit b trong trm (xem tiu mc 7.1).
Tuy nhin, mt li gii nh vy (khng c thit b bo v qu p) c th chp
nhn c trong thc t trn cc li cung cp in trn khng trong cc min
c hot ng st rt yu, t nht l khi dng mt thit b theo lit k 2 ca
bng I ca n phm IEC 71-1.
21.4- Thit b c ni vi ng dy trn khng qua mt dy cp vic phi
hp cch in, trong trng hp ny, khng nhng ch lin quan vi bo v
thit b ca trm m cn vi bo v ca ng cp. Khi mt xung xt c lan
truyn dc theo mt ng dy trn khng ng vo mt dy cp, xung c phn thnh mt sng c phn x v mt sng c truyn. Bin U2
ca xung dch chuyn dc theo ng cp c cho bi :
2Z2
U2 =
U1
Z1 + Z2
Bin UR ca sng c phn x c cho bi :
Z2 - Z1
UR =
U1
Z1 + Z2
Trong U1 = bin ca in p xung trn ng dy trn khng.
Z1 = tr khng sng ca ng dy trn khng; trong thc t,
400 ti 500.
Z2 = tr khng sng ca ng cp; trong thc t 24 ti 50,
nhng i vi vi kiu
cp n c th thp bng 5.
Xung ban u ny b phn x u cui trm ca ng cp ph hp vi
tr khng sng hiu dng thanh cc trm. Nhng phn x k tip hai
u ni ca ng cp tip tc b khng ch b nhng phng trnh trn
y, trong nhng phng trnh ny U1 v Z1 lun lun c lin quan vi
sng i ti im phn x, trong khi U2 v Z2 c lin quan vi sng c
truyn v UR lin quan vi sng c phn x.

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Vi iu kin t nht l mt ng cp sau c chiu di vi trm mt c ni

vnh vin vi thanh ci, in p xung m ng cp v thit b trm phi chu
l thp hn ng k in p trn ng dy m t xung c khi pht v
s gim in p ny cng ln khi tr khng sng ca dy cp cng nh.
i vi mt trm c t nht hai ng cp c ni vo, mt quyt nh v tnh
hp l ca mt thit b theo lit k I ca bng I ca n phm IEC 71-1 hoc s
cn thit i vi bo v qu in p c th c xc nh t phng trnh trn.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mt trm u cui, nhng bin cui cng ca
in p xung c pht trin cc u ca ng cp do cc phn x k tip
l mt hm s ca bin v khong thi gian ca in p xung st ban
u trn ng dy, chiu di ca ng cp v nu st nh kh gn ng cp, cng nhng phn x t im st nh. i vi cc ng dy vi
nhng tay x c cch in hon ton, nhng bin in p tng qu
cao, m ngay c vi mt thit b ca trm v mt ng cp m cc in p
chu ng xung st l in p ca lit k 2 ca bng I ca n phm IEC 711, cc b chng st phi c dng ch ni ng dy trn khng/ng cp
ngm. Nh mt v d, nhng chiu di cp cc i c v thnh s trong
hnh 3, trang 108, i vi nhng chiu di ny ng cp v thit b trm c
th c bo v bng cc b chng st ch ch ni ng dy trn
khng/ng cp; hnh chng minh li ch ng k ca vic s dng mt cp
c tr khng sng thp. Vic bo v l hon ton hu hiu chng vi cc
xung st trc tip v gin tip v cc phng in ngc min l nhng xung
ny cch ch ni ng dy trn khng/ng cp vi khong ct. Nu
chiu di cp vt qu nhng gi tr c ch ra trong hnh 3, cc b chng
st b sung c i hi u cui trm ca ng cp. Nu cc b chng
st vi cc in p phng in thp hn cc in p c quy nh trong
n phm IEC 99-1 c s dng, nhng chiu di cp c ch ra trong hnh 3
c th c tng thm mt cch t l vi nhng khong cch c ch ra bng
cch so snh, v d mt b chng st 10,5kV vi mt b chng st 12 kV.
Tuy vy nu ng cp ch cp in cho mt my bin p u cui, sng ti
s c gp i v bin ti my bin p. Do cc phn x lin tip c hai
u ng cp, vic tng in p ny c tip tc ln gp hai ln bin
cho ti khi sng ban u khng sn ra nng lng na.
i vi cc ng dy vi cc cnh tay x ni t cp in cho mt cp vi
my bin p u cui, in p phng in xung xung t ca cch in
ng dy ch cao hn gi tr tng ng trong lit k 2 ca bng I ca n
phm IEC 71-1. Trong mt trng hp nh vy, b chng st c th cn c
t ti mi ni ng trn khng/cp v cng c th cn s dng nhng b
chng st ny trm u cui ca cp.
Nhng xem xt trn y c hiu lc trong trng hp nhng c st nh trc
tip vo khong ct cch u cp. Vic bo v chng vi st nh rt gn ni
chung l khng th c.
Trong cc vng c hot ng st trung bnh hoc thp, cc khe h phng
in bo v c th c s dng thay th cc b chng st. Tuy vy, nu
nhng khe h phng in ti mi ni ng dy trn khng/cp c ni t
qua mt in tr thp (trng hp thng thng) v nu ng cp c kt thc
mt my bin p, cc in p sung nguy him c th xut hin trong lng
cc cun dy ca my bin p. Do nhng khe h phng in cc mi
ni ng dy trn khng/ng cp phi c ni t qua mt in tr nhiu
chc m, v l tng bng tr khng sng ca ng cp. Vic bo v c ci
thin ln c th c thc hin bng cch lp t cc khe h b sung qua cc
cch in ng dy trn cc ct th nht v th hai pha trc mi ni ng
dy in trn khng/ng cp v trong trng hp ny, in tr ni t ca
nhng khe h phng in b sung ny khng quan trng.

phn on by - phi hp gia cc ng sut v chu ng

trong dy in p b
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22- La chn in p chu ng tn s cng nghip nh

mc v in p chu ng xung st nh mc
Nhiu xem xt lin quan n cc in p trong dy A cng p dng cho dy
B. Tuy nhin s khc nhau v thit b v v tr khng ln nh trong dy A.

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42

Trong bng III ca n phm IEC 71-1, mt ti ba gi tr in p chu ng

gi tr xung st nh mc c kt hp vi mi gi tr ca Um. i vi mi
mt trong nhng gi tr ny, c mt gi tr n tng ng ca in p
chu ng tn s cng nghip nh mc. Do s c mt la chn i
vi in p chu ng tn s cng nghip nh mc v in p chu
ng xung st nh mc.
Vic la chn gia cc bin th i vi Um trn 72,5kV phi tnh n :
- Cc iu kin ni t trung tnh.
- Cc thit b bo v hin c, nhng c tnh ca chng v khong cch
ca chng vi thit b c xem xt.
Nhng h s an ton thng c dng trong p dng cc b chng st trong
dy B c thy trong tiu mc 16.

Phn on tm - phi hp gia cc ng sut v chu ng

trong dy in p c

23. Thit k cch in theo in p tn s cng nghip v

cc qu in p tm thi
i vi dy in p ny, cc th nghim tn s cng nghip c quy nh
bi cc u ban thit b thch hp, ph hp vi nhng xem xt trong phn
on nm v ng thi tnh n l cc qu in p pha - t tm thi ni
chung s khng c vt qu 1.5 p.u trong 1 giy mi khi chng xut hin.

24. Thit k cch in theo cc qu in p ng ct v qu

in p st
n phm IEC 71-1 ngh hai phng php i vi phi hp cch in theo
cc qu in p ng ct v st : mt phng php quy c v mt phng
php thng k.
24.1 Phng php quy c
Phng php quy c c da trn nhng khi nim bit ca cc qu in
p cc i gy tc dng ng sut ln cch in v ca bn ti thiu ca
cch in (cc nh ngha trong cc mc 24 v 27 ca n phm IEC 71-1).
Khi nim ca bn ti thiu v khi nim ca qu in p cc i hi
tu tin bi v mt quy tc cht ch c th t khi c tun theo trong vic
nh gi cc gii hn trn v di ca bn cch in v gi tr qu in
p v bn cht l nhng bin s ngu nhin.
La chn cch in c tin hnh theo cch l dnh ra mt bin l gia
qu in p cc i v bn ti thiu. Bin l ny c dng bao trm
c nhng khng chc chn ca nh thit k trong vic nh gi qu in
p cc i v ca bn ti thiu v khng tm cch nh gi v l ng
nguy c h hng ca cch in.
Nhng h s an ton thng c dng trong p dng cc b chng st trong
dy C c thy trong tiu mc 16.
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24.2 Phng php thng k

Phng php thng k c gng nh lng nguy c h hng i vi vic s
dng nh mt ch s trong thit k cch in.

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Thit k cch in hp l ca mt li chuyn ti phi c da trn ti thiu ca

chi ph u t cng vi chi ph vn hnh hng nm v chi ph s c hng nm,
chi ph s c ny c tnh ton nh gi c nh chi ph ca h hng cch
in c nhn ln vi s k vng trung bnh ca cc h hng cch in tng
nm.
Nhm nh gi s k vng trung bnh ca cc s c tng nm ca mt phn
cch in c t ti mt im cho ca li do cc qu in p, tt c
nhng bin c lm tng qu in p c th nh hng thit k cch in phi
c xem xt. Ri i vi mi mt kiu bin c c xem xt, cn bit tn s
xut hin hng nm v mt phn b thng k ca cc bin qu in p t ng ng.3
Tuy vy, mt qu trnh thit k v phi hp cch in, nh c m t trn,
i hi qu nhiu kh khn. Tuy phng php thng k c xt y c gii
hn kim tra xem nguy c h hng cch in do bt k kiu bin c d kin
trc no gy ra cc qu in p trong li nm trong cc gii hn chp nhn c.
Nhng gii hn ny ph thuc vo tn s xut hin kiu bin c v vo nhng
hu qu h hng mt phn cch in c xem xt.
May mn l, nhng kiu bin c c ngha trong thit k cch in thng
kh t v con s cho php mt phng php gii tch. V d, chu ng ca
cch in vi cc xung ng ct ca nhiu phn t cch in ca cc thit b
trong mt li in, ni chung c xc nh ch yu bi cc qu in p ng
li.
Nu nhng phn b xc sut xut hin cc qu in p b gy ra bi mt
kiu bin c cho v bn cch in tng ng bit c, th nguy c h
hng c th c biu th bng s, nh s c ch r di.
Gi nh l bn chu ng ca mt phn t cch in trong mt khong
thi gian cho T c xc nh bi xc sut P T(U) ca phng inn tia ca
cch in khi n chu ng mt qu in p c gi tr U (hnh 4, trang 109).
Hn na gi nh phn b ca nhng qu in p tc ng ng sut ln cng
phn t cch in i vi kiu bin c c bit xem xt c xc nh bi
mt xc sut 0(U). Xc sut m mt qu in p c gi tr nm gia U' v
U' + dU c th sy ra l 0(U')dU. Do mt xc sut h hng cch in do
mt qu in p c gi tr U' l tch s ca mt xc sut xut hin ca mt
qu in p c gi tr U', vi xc sut h hng cch in chu mt qu in p
c gi tr U'. Nh vy :
dR = 0(U') . PT(U')dU
(6)
Xc sut h hng i vi mt gi tr ca U c ly ngu nhin, ngha l nguy c
h hng R i vi mt bin c ca kiu c xem xt, s l :

R =0

0(U).PT(U). dU

(7)

R rng l nhng bin ca tt c cc qu in p xy ra trong mt li in khng th

c t hp trong mt phn b, nhng ch cc qu in p c nhn dng bi cng v tr v
nguyn nhn c th c xem l ng nht thng k. Thc vy, bi v tnh khc nghit
ca qu in p khc vi cc dng sng c th so snh ln l t vi mt xung st v vi mt
xung ng ct (xem ghi ch ca cc mc 21 v 22 ca n phm IEC 71-1), bin qu
in p c th ni l ng nht ch nu c nhn dng bi cng mt v tr, nguyn nhn
v dng sng. Tuy nhin, cc qu in p do cng nguyn nhn mt v tr cho c mt
dng tng t i th v do cc qa in p c nhn dng bi cng nguyn nhn v
v th n gin, c th c coi l ng nht. Nu cc vn tiu chun ho ca
thit b ca ton b li in c gii quyt, mt m rng khi nim ca mt nhm ng
nht cc qu in p c th ni l ng nht nu nhng qu in p xy ra trong cc v
tr tng t ca li do cng nguyn nhn. V d cc qu in p ng li ln cc thanh ci
(u gi) ca bt k trm no ca li in c th c xem l mt nhm ng nht ca cc
qu in p.

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45

Biu thc ny lm sng t nguyn tc chung ca phng php m xc sut h

hng c th c nh gi bng phng php ny. Biu thc gi nh l 0(U) v
PT(U) khng tng quan.
Ghi ch. -V nguyn tc, cng thc (7) ch c p dng cho mt phn t mt
pha. Nu nhiu phn t ca thit b c ni song song trn cng pha, chu
ng cng qu in p th c th c gi nh l nguy c tng th bng
nguy c ca ch mt phn t thit b c nhn bi s cc phn t song song.
iu ny c gi tr nu chng ta xem xt s tht l nguy c h hng c th chp
nhn i vi cch in ca trm thng rt thp.

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46

i khi cn nh gi nguy c h hng ca t nht mt pha ca mt vng ba pha ca mt li do

mt thao tc ng ct (v d thao tc ng). Nguy c ny c th nhn c bng cch
nhn vi ba nguy c c nh gi theo cng thc (7) nu mt xc sut 0(U) ca nhng
qu in p c th c gi nh l bng nhau trn tt c ba pha.
Mt phng php khc c th l thit lp mt xc sut qu in p 0(U) bng cch ch
xem xt gi tr cao nht ca cc qu in p c gy ra trn ba pha bng mt thao tc
ng ct. Khi nguy c h hng c nh gi bng cch dng cng thc (7).
Phng php th nht cho cc gi tr nguy c cao hn cc gi tr thc; phng php th hai
cho cc gi tr nguy c thp hn cc gi tr thc. R rng hai phng php cho nhng kt
qu m t s ca n l thp hn 3.

M hnh ton hc c la chn xc nh tnh khc nghit ca mt qu

in p trong cng thc (7) c da trn mt vi n gin ho. Thc vy,
nhng gi tr sau c thc hin :
a) Cc nh khc vi nh cao nht trong dng ca qu in p u b qua.
b) Nhng dng sng ca tt c xung st v nhng xung ng ct thuc v
phn phi c xc nh bi 0(U) c gi nh l ng nht vi dng sng ca
qu in p cao nht.
c) Nhng nh cao nht ca cc qu in p c gi nh l tt c u cng
cc tnh, trong khi ng ct, c th gi nh trong thc tin mt s phn
phi cn bng gia hai cc tnh; gi nh ny dn ti tnh ton ri ro ln hn
ri ro thc, cho php tnh n tt c nhng phn t cch in, khng
n nhng khc nhau v tp tnh gia hai cc tnh. V pha an ton, cc
tnh khc nghit hn s c s dng.
i vi cc qu in p ng ct l cc qu in p qu c tm quan trng
ni bt trong thit k cch in ca cc h thng siu cao p (EHV), gi thit a)
dn ti tnh ton mt ri ro c tnh ton ca h hng thp hn ri ro thc. Gi
thit c) dn ti mt ri ro c tnh ton cao hn ri ro thc, i vi l do c
ch ra v bi v nhng dng c tiu chun ho ca nhng sng c la chn sao
cho tng ng vi chu ng cc tiu ca thit b (xem mc 51 ca n phm IEC
71-1).
Ni chung, xem xt nhng tc ng i khng ca nhng gi thit lm, ri ro
h hng c tnh ton bng cng thc (7) cho nhng gi tr ri ro ln hn t 0,5 ti 1
theo thang o l-ga-rt (3 ti 10 ln) hn nhng gi tr thc. Nh vy bnh thng
cng thc (7) l bo th. Nh ni trn, cng thc (7) c th c dng i vi tt
c cc kiu bin c c bit c ngha trong thit k cch in.
Ngoi ra, r rng rng chnh xc trong tnh ton h hng ri ro ph thuc
rt ln vo chnh xc trong s xc nh cc qu in p v xc sut phng
in n tia ca cch in (xem cc ph lc C v D). Bi v chnh xc ca
nhng tnh ton ny rt him khi tho mn, chnh xc ca ri ro c tnh
ton ca h hng c th tng ng t i.
Tuy nhin, ri ro h hng c mt ngha vt l chnh xc (tri ngc vi h s an
ton). Do bng cch s dng cc phng php thng k c th phi hp
nhng mc an ton ca nhng phn khc nhau ca li theo nhng hu qu
ca mt s c. Ngoi ra, c th tin hnh phn tch nhy (v d nh gi
nh hng ca mt thay i tnh khc nghit ca cc qu in p hoc kh
nng chu ng cch in trn xc sut ca cc s c). Do nhng php
thng k cho php ngi k s a ra mt nh trn mt c s hp l.
Theo phng php thng k, cch in c la chn theo cch nh vy c
mt xc sut c tnh ton ca h hng thp hn, hoc bng mt gi tr c xc
nh trc c trng mc an ton cn thit. Theo hnh 4, trang 109, mt thay
i trong mc cch in chuyn dch ng cong biu th xc sut phng
in ca cch in P T(U) dc theo trc U vi mt thay i hu qu ca din
tch A c t m biu th xc sut h hng R i vi mt gi tr ngu nhin ca U.
Phng php thng k c th cn mt s-ri k tip cc thit k th v cc nh
gi ri ro, cho ti mt li gii c tm thy tng ng vi ri ro c xc nh trc.
Cng thc (7) cng c th c p dng xc nh xc sut h hng ca mt
cch in c bo v bng cc khe h phng in hoc cc b chng st,

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47

nu PT(U) c ly l xc sut phng in ca cch in khi c thit b bo

v.
Nu thi gian phng in ca thit b bo v c th lun lun c coi l
ngn hn thi gian phng in ca cch in c bo v, mt phng
php cng c hiu lc v n gin hn l dng cng thc (7) v ly 0(U) l
mt xc sut qu in p c thay i bi thit b bo v (xem ph lc
C).

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48

S dng cc my tnh s lm d dng vic nh gi ri ro h hng v do

thit k cch in, khi m phn phi qu in p thng k v ng cong xc
sut phng in ca cch in l bit.
24.3 Phng php thng k c gin n ho
Cc phn tch nhy v cc nh gi ng ca nguy c h hng c th c
thc hin trn c s cc phng php thng k c n gin ho trong
nhng tnh ton c tin hnh mt ln v i vi tt c bng cch chp nhn
vi gi thit chung c lin quan n nhng nh lut ton hc m nhng
phn b thc ca nhng qu in p v xc sut phng in ca cch in
c biu th bng cc lut ton hc . V d gi nh nhng lut nh ny
l Gauss vi cc lch chun bit.
Vi nhng gi nh ny, phn b hon ton ca qu in p v ng cong
xc sut phng in ca cch in c th c xc nh bng ch mt im
tng ng vi mt xc sut tham kho cho v c gi l trong n phm IEC 711 "qu in p thng k" (mc 23) v "in p chu ng xung thng k" (mc
26). Ri ro h hng c th tng quan vi bin l gia hai gi tr ny nh vy phng php thng k tr thnh gn tng t vi phng php quy c.
Hnh 5, trang 111 lm sng t bng th phng php ny. Hnh 5a ch r
cc phn b tn sut ca qu in p v bn cch in, khi qu in p
thng k c ch nh bng Us v in p chu ng thng k bng U w. Trong
hnh 5b, phn b qu in p v phn b bn in c xp chng i
vi ba gi tr 1.0, .12 v 1.4 ca h s an ton thng k c ly bng t s
Us/Uw. Tng quan gia h s an ton thng k v ri ro h hng R c cho trong
hnh 5c.
Xc sut tham kho ca nhng qu in p c la chn trong bn hng dn
ny l 2%. Nhng l do cho s la chn ny c cho di trong mc ny. Xc
sut tham kho ca in p chu ng c la chn bng 90% trong n phm
IEC 71-1 v nhng l do c m t trong mc 10 ca bn hng dn ny.
i vi cc xung ng ct, cc hnh 6, 7 v 8 cc trang 112, 113 v 114 lm
sng t mi quan h gia ri ro h hng v h s an ton thng k i vi cch
in khng kh trong cc trng hp khc nhau.
ng cong xc sut phng in ca cch in c gi thit l Gauss nh ch
ra trong mc 10 vi k [cng thc (5) trong mc 10] bng 1 v T [cng thc (2)
trong mc 10] bng 6%, 8% v 10% (ln lt cc hnh 6, 7 v 8). Nu k c ly
khc 1, h s an ton thng k cho i vi k = 1 phi c nhn ln vi 1/k.
Hnh 6 c p dng cho cc iu kin phng th nghim, trong khi hnh
7 ni chung c p dng cho cc iu kin lm vic. Hnh 8 c th c
s dng i vi cc iu kin c bit khc nghit [cc gi tr cao ca
n trong cng thc (2)]. Trong c ba trng hp, nhng phn b qu in p
c gi thit l phn b Gauss c cht ra ta ba v bn ln lch tiu
chun s , hoc khng c cht ra v vi lch tiu chun bng 10%,
15% v 20%. Cc hnh 6 ti 8 cho s t ng quan trung bnh gia h s an
ton thng k v ri ro h hng cng nh nhng hnh bao trn v di ca
nhng tng quan nhn c khi xem xt chn phn b qu in p suy t
tt c nhng t hp c th ca cc gi tr lch tiu chun v ca
im, nhng ng cong xc sut b cht ra trong phn trn ca
n.
La chn mt phn b Gauss xc nh tnh khc nghit qu in p
khng c ngha l cc phn b khc (v d cc phn b gi tr cc tr) c th
khng cho nhng gn ng tt hn, nhng n gin l cc phn b Gauss
xng hp vi cc phn b thc mt cch hp l tt trn di quan tm.
Tng quan gia h s an ton thng k v nguy c h hng xut hin ch
b nh hng nh bi cc thay i v hnh dng ca phn b qu in
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49

p. iu ny l do s tht l gi tr 2% c la chn nh mt xc sut tham

kho ca cc qu in p ri trong phn ca phn b qu in p v
phn cho ng gp chnh yu vo nguy c h hng trong di nguy c
c xem xt. Nu ngc li, mt gi tr thp hn nhiu hoc cao hn
nhiu c la chn, nh hng ca hnh dng ca phn b qu in p s
rt r rt.
Cc hnh 6 ti 8 cho nguy c h hng ca mt thit b mt pha (v d ci cch
in trm). Nu nguy c h hng ca nhiu thit b l cn thit, nn tham
kho ghi ch tiu mc 24.2 trn.
V d, nu s cc thit b mt pha c t mtu vo ca ng dy l
bng 21 (7 trn mi pha) v nguy c h hng mi mt ng li ba pha l 10 -4,
th nguy c h hng i vi ton b u vo ng dy s rt gn 2.1.10-3.
Tnh ton n gin ny ch c hiu lc iu kin nguy c thp (xem ghi
ch ca tiu mc 24.2) v s nhng thit b u song song khng qu ln.
M rng phng php ny cho cc ng dy trn khng l c th nhng t ra
cc vn c bit l i vi cc ng dy di m bn hng dn ny khng
cp n cc vn .
Phng php ny c th c p dng cho cc xung st, ghi nh trong u nhng
hn ch thc tin c ch ra trong ph lc D. Thc vy, phng php ny
hin ti khng c dng. Cc tng quan tng t gia h s an ton thng k v
nguy c h hng c cho trong cc hnh 9, 10 v 11 cc trang 115, 116 v
117 ch vi cc mc tiu so snh, i vi cch in khng kh chu cc xung
st.
Cc gi nh tng t vi cc gi nh ca cc tiu mc trc c thc hin
i vi ng cong xc sut phng in ca cch in vi ccung st.
Cc phn b qu in p st c gi nh l Gauss v khng b cht, vi cc
lch chun bng 40% v 60%. c ngh rng cc phn b nh vy sp x cc
phn b qu in p st thc hon thnh tt quanh gi tr 2%.
Cc hnh 9, 10 v 11 cho mi tng quan gia h s an ton thng k v ri ro
h hng i vi c hai phn b qa in p v i vi cc lch chun ca
bn cch in bng ln lt 3%, 5% v 7%.
Ghi ch : - Cc tng quan gia h s an ton thng k v ri ro h hng cho trn
ch p dng cho cch in t hi phc. Tuy nhin, chng c th c xem xt l
chp nhn c i vi ton b thit b trong hu ht cc tr ng hp v nhng l do
sau :
Nhng th nghim c m t trong cc mc 52 v 53 ca n phm IEC 71-1 c dng
xc nh bn chu ng xung ln lt ca thit b c cch in t hi phc
v thit b c cch in t hp. Cc th nghim nh vy khng cho php bt k s
phng in no trn cc phn khng t hi phc ca thit b. Do , khi c hai phn
cch in t hi phc v khng t hi phc ca cng thit b c thit k trn c s
cng nguy c lm hng th nghim nhng phn khng t hi phc phi c xc sut
phng in vn c thp hn xc sut phng in ca phn t hi phc i vi cc
qu in p c cng cc bin nh bin ca nhng xung c t vo trong
nhng th nghim.
Do , c th khng nh rng nguy c h hng ca cc phn khng t hi phc
ca thit b t hi phc (c th nghim theo mc 53) thp hn nguy c h hng
ca phn t hi phc nu s ng gp ch y vo ton b nguy c h hng c to
bi cc qu in p trong di U 50% 25.
i vi thit b c cch in t hp, phn khng t hi phc s c thit k vi mt
ri ro h hng thp ti in p th nghim. Trong cc tr ng hp khi phn ng gp
ch yu vo nguy c h hng (c tnh ton trn c s in p chu ng thng
k) c cho bi cc qu in p xung quanh in p th nghim, vic nh gi
nguy c h hng c th c tin hnh nh i vi cch in t hi phc.
Nhng xem xt trn y gi nh r rng l ct sng trong khi phng in bi
phn t hi phc ca cch in khng gy ra cc ng sut nghim trng trong
cch in khng t hi phc ca thit b v khng lm tng s lo ho ca cch
in.

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50

25- S khi ca thit k v phi hp cch in ca mt

thit tr in.
Phn ln cc d kin hoc phn tch cc mc qu in p li in gi thit
rng mt thit b (v d mt my ct in...) s vn hnh nh c thit
k. Trong cc trng hp khc, mt gii hn tu phi c t trn tnh khc
nghit "ng tin" ca cc xung nh c lm thng xuyn trong trng hp
st. R rng l cc mc xung c da trn cc gi thit nh vy s thng
xuyn b vt qu.
C hoc khng cn thit xem xt n lu ny, iu ph thuc ct yu
vo hu qu ca h hng sinh ra do cc qu in p cao khng bnh thng nh
vy. V d nhng hu qu ca h hng my bin p hoc cun khng qu
nghim trng n ni s phi hp cch in ca cc my phi thng tnh
n ngay c nhng iu kin cc tr. iu ny c thc hin bi t cc
b chng st cc u cc ca my. C cc kiu thit b khc nh nhng ci
cch in ca trm, nhng cu dao cch ly... hu qu s c khng qu
nghim trng minh chng dng cc b chng st.
Trong trin khai mt trnh t thit k v phi hp cch in ca mt li
in di dng mt s khi, thun li phn bit gia mt trng hp I
(thit b c bo v bng b chng st) v mt trng hp II (khng c b
chng st gn hoc ngay c xa). Mt s khi lm sng t ph ng
php c chp nhn c ch r trong hnh 12 trang 119.

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51

Bc u tin trong phi hp cch in (khi 5) chung cho tt c cc kiu thit

b, c mc tiu bo m kh nng ca thit b chu ng in p tn s
cng nghip trong cc iu kin vn hnh bnh thng v trong khi cc qu
in p tm thi. K s h thng in phi quy nh mt mc th nghim
khc nghit nhim bn tng ng i vi cch in c th chu nhim
bn; tuy nhin, khng c quy nh c bit no s c cho i vi cch in
d b lo ho (xem mc 23).
Nu cc qu in p tm thi pha vi t d kin (khi 3) khc nghit hn cc
qu in p c xem xt bi U ban k thut thit b thch hp trong quy nh
cc th nghim tn s cng nghip c tho lun trong mc 39 ca n phm
IEC 71-1, cn quy nh cc mc in p hoc cc khong thi gian khc nhau
ca th nghim hoc chp nhn cc cch hoc th tc vn hnh thch hp
gim cc qu in p tm thi trong li (phn hi t khi 5 sang khi 2, ng
t on).
Thit k cch in theo cc in p vn hnh v cc qu in p tm thi
dn ti mt chu ng chc chn ca thit b vi c hai xung ng ct v
xung st. V d nu t vo mt ci cch in mt chu ng cho
trong nhim bn c mui, suy ra mt khong cch ti thiu trong khng kh
thay i t kiu cc cch in ny sang cc cch in khc. Do
thit b s c mt chu ng chc chn vi cc xung ng ct do cc yu
cu c t ra b cc in p vn hnh v cc qu in p tm thi.
Nhng nh hng ny c ch ra trong hnh 12 bng cc ng chm chm
(v d t khi 5 sang khi 7 v khi 8).
lc cn xem xt trng hp I v trng hp II ring l. Cc v d la chn
in p chu ng xung ng ct v xung st c cho trong ph lc D.
i vi thit b kiu th nht (trng hp I), vic la chn cc in p chu
ng xung ng ct v xung st thng c tin hnh nh sau :
1- La chn in p nh mc ca nhng b chng st trn c s cc qu
in p tm thi (khi 6); nh vy nhng mc bo v ca nhng b chng
st vi cc xung ng ct v xung st cng s c xc nh t nht trong
cc gii hn chc chn.
2- La chn cc qu in p chu ng xung ng ct v xung st ca
thit b trn c s cc h s an ton c a ra bi cc kinh nghim (xem
tiu mc 15.1 v 16.1).
3- Chp nhn cc bin php thch hp trong thit k li in hoc ngh
cc th tc vn hnh gim cc qu in p tm thi nu c th minh
chng v kinh t mt s gim nh nhng mc cch in (xut pht li t
khi 2).
Th tc ny ca la chn in p chu ng xung ng ct v st ca
thit b khng n tnh khc nghit ca cc qu in p ng ct
v st hin thc m thit b c ni song song vi cc b chng st c th
b chu ng sut bi cc qu in p bi v th tc ny ch c da
vo mc bo v ca cc b chng st.
Nhng mc cch in ca thit b ca trng hp II thng c chn theo cc
bc sau :
1) La chn in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc ca thit b trn
c s mt ri ro c th chp nhn c c th c nh gi trc tip trn
c s nhng phn phi k vng ca cc qu in p v ca cc in p
phng in (phng php thng k), hoc bng cc tng quan cho trong
tiu mc 24.3 gia ri ro h hng v h s an ton thng k (phng php
thng k n gin ho). Thc vy, nhng tng quan ny ch p dng cho
cch in t hi phc, nhng bnh thng c th c coi l chp nhn c
i vi ton b thit b (xem ghi ch trong tiu mc 24.3).

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Ghi ch : Bo v chng qu in p ng ct c bo m bi cc
b chng st c lp t gn vi thit b trong trng hp I v cc
khe h phng in c lp t ti cc u vo ng dy lun
lun c th c b qua i vi thit b ca trng hp II v nhng l
do sau :
a) Hu ht nhng kiu thit b thuc v trng hp II (c bit l
nhng thit b u vo ng dy) c th mi thi gian c tch ly
khi cc b chng st c lp t trong trm bo v thit b trng hp I.
b) Vi k thut hin thi ca cc b chng st, mc bo v chng cc
xung ng ct thng ln hn, hoc bng qu in p ng ct cao
nht c th sy ra vi lm vic ng ca thit b li in. Do cch
in phi c thit k chu ng cc qu in p ny.
c) Cc khe h phng in khng th cp mc bo v
chng vi cc xung ng ct nu cc phng in khng mong mun
c trnh. im ny cho trong ph lc C.
Do , trong hnh 12, khi gia khi 4 v khi 8 c ch ra bng cc
ng t on.

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53

2- Chp nhn cc cch thch hp trong thit k h thng gim cc qu

in p ng ct, nu c th v nu mt khuyn khch kinh t tn ti
trong gim in p chu ng xung ca thit b. Khng c khuyn khch
kinh t no c th tn ti trong gim nh cch in; v d, nu s chu
ng cc in p vn hnh bnh thng v cc qu in p tm thi i hi
"cch in cao hn" xung ng ct (ng chm chm gia khi 5 v khi
8).
3- Chng minh rng in p chu ng, tng ng (trong bng IV ca n
phm IEC 71-1) vi in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc c xc
nh trn (h mc 1 v 2), bo m mt cch hot ng tho mn ca
thit b di cc qu in p st. iu ny phi c thc hin trn c s
phn phi k vng ca cc qu in p st v ca cc in p phng in
hoc bng tng quan cho trong tiu mc 24.3, nhng n gin thng c tin hnh trn mt c s quy c (xem ph lc D).
Xt thy rng ch gi tr cao nht ca in p chu ng xung st nh
mc ca mi mt ng dy nn c dng cho thit b khng c bo v c
hiu qu bi mt b chng st (xem mc 49 ca n phm IEC 71-1).
4- D kin nhng phng tin cn thit gim bin ca cc xung st 4
(phn hi t 12 v 10 trn s khi ca hnh 12) hoc chn mt in p
chu ng xung st nh mc cao hn in p c xc nh trn c s
ca bng IV ca n phm IEC 71-1 nu mt nguy c h hng vi qu in p
st qu cao suy ra t iu khon 3. Trong trng hp sau cng ny, gi tr ca
in p xung st nh mc phi c la chn t sri cho trong iu
khon b) ca mc 46 ca n phm IEC 71-1.

Xem cc thay i c th trong thit k ng dy nh ni t cc ct thp v

nhng dy cp bo v, lp t cc chng st khc vi cc b chng st c dng
bo v cc thit b ca trng hp I v ca dng cc khe h phng in bo v.
Mc thc ca bo v c m bo bi cc khe h phng in c tho lun
trong ph lc C.
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54

ph lc A
S truyn xung qua cc my bin p

A1. Cc cng thc c bn

A1.1 nh nhn in p c tnh in dung ban u
Trong nhng iu kin ca mt xung st, trong mt chu k ban u
khong 1s, my bin p c th c biu th gn nh ch trong hnh
13a, trang 120, nh b chia in p in dung ca t s s, s < 1. Nu
Ct l tng ca nhng dung khng ca nhng cnh tay in p cao hn v
in p thp hn ca b chia ny, s truyn ban u c th c m phng
nh trong hnh 13b, 13c v 13d, trang 120, bng mt mch ni tip gm mt
ngun Uo = sU1, mt dung khng Ct v dung khng hoc in tr ca li h
p bn ngoi. U1 l in p xung trn u ca in p cao hn trong trong
chu k ban u. in p ngun U o l in p c truyn ca mch m
(khng ti).
Nu li bn ngoi c th c biu trng bng mt dung khng C s nh trong
hnh 13c, mch tng ng l mt b chia in p c t s :

ct
ct cs

(8)

Nu trong sut thi k ban u, tr khng ca li bn ngoi l tr khng sng

ca mt ng cp hoc in tr ca ph ti, li ny c th c biu th
bng mt in tr R nh trong hnh 13d. Cc gi tr tiu biu l t 10 ti
vi trm ohms. Khi in p xung c truyn ph thuc vo dc cng
nh vo bin ca xung. i vi cc gi tr cao ca R, in p ban u xp
x Uo v i vi cc gi tr thp ca R, in p ban u c cho xp x bi
U2s = sSRCt, S l dc cc i ca xung tnh bng volt/giy.
Nhng biu thc trn khng tnh n hiu qu xp chng ca in p
xung trn in p tn s cng nghip. Cho php c th c thc hin
i vi in p tn s cng nghip bng cch thay th cho U 1 in p
nh thc U p v bng cch a vo h s p. i vi mt my bin p c
ni sao/tam gic hoc tam gic/sao gi tr ca p ni chung gn 1,15. Gi
tr ca p = 1,05 l tiu biu i vi mt my bin p c u ni sao/sao
hoc tam gic/tam gic. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr hi cao hn nhng gi tr
c th gp. i vi cc xung ng ct, gi tr ca p c th c ly bng
n v. Bin U p s c gii hn in p phng in trn u sng
ca b chng st hoc ca khe phng in pha in p cao hn ca
my bin p (xem n phm IEC 99-1).
Bin ca in p ban u "nh nhn" pha in p thp hn c
cho bi :
U2s = sp Up

(9)

i vi mt my bin p khng c cc u ni bn ngoi vi u cc in p

thp hn, gi tr ca h s s c th i t 0 ti t nht l 0,4 theo kiu b tr
cun dy. Gi tr ca s c th c o bng th nghim p ng xung in
p thp (v d : vi mt dao ng k lp li xung). Cc gi tr ca C ni
chung nm trong di 10-8 ti 10-9F.
Ghi ch Kh tnh ton nhng gi tr ca s v C t i vi cc thit k mi
ca my bin p, v nh ch to ch c th hy
vng
cho
mt
nh gi th khng m bo.
Nhng gi tr U2s phi c so snh vi in p th nghim xung thch hp
ca bng I, lit k 1 hoc 2, hoc bng II ca n phm IEC 71-1.
Bin ca xung c truyn c th c gim i bng cch :

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55

1) Dng mt b chng st c in p phng in trn u sng thp hn

pha in p cao hn ca my bin p;
2) Tng thm dung khng gia mi pha v t pha in p thp hn ca
my bin p
3) t thm mt b chng st pha in p thp hn ca my bin p
gia mi pha v t.
i vi v d bng s, xem mc A2.

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A1.2 in p c truyn c tnh cm ng

Truyn mt sc in ng bng ngu hp cm ng gia cc cun dy
trong mt my bin p ba pha hoc cc nhm my bin p c th c nh
gi i vi bt k u ni cun dy no bng cch xem xt in p xung
nh mt in p xoay chiu mt pha.
nh hng ca cun dy tam gic ln thnh phn th t khng ca in p
mt pha phi c xem xt n.
Hnh 14, trang 121 cho thy nhng kt qu i vi tm u ni khc nhau
ca my bin p, gi thit h s in p l n V trong xem xt tn s
cng nghip tng t, cc in p c truyn ti cc u cc c xc nh
bng sc in ng v bng phn chia in p gia tr khng ni ca
my bin p v tr khng mch ngoi. Sc in ng c th c gi thit
c cng dng sng nh xung trn li in p cao hn, nu nhng nh hng
ca cc dao ng ni b trong cc cun dy c b qua. p ng ca li
in p thp hn v sc in ng ny thng dng ca mt in p c
dng tng t vi xung ti vi mt dao ng c xp chng.
Bin ca in p c truyn bng cm ng cng ph thuc vo t s
in p v cc u ni ba pha ca my bin p v vo cc tr khng tng
i ca li in p thp hn v my bin p.
in p pha in p thp hn ca my bin p, nh c nhn thy trong
hnh 14, c th l mt in p pha vi t hoc pha vi pha, c cho bi :
U2 = pqr Up/N
(10)
Trong :
q = h s p ng ca mch in p thp hn vi sc in ng ca
xung c truyn.
r=
h s ph thuc vo cc u ni my bin p (xem hnh 14)
Up = in p nh pha in p cao hn.
N = t s in p (pha-pha) li in ca my bin p (t s bin i).
Gi tr q ph thuc vo dng sng ca xung v vo nhng tham s in ca
mch in p thp hn.
i vi cc xung st trn mt my bin p c thit b loi I (xem tiu mc
21.2), khng c ph ti ng k c ni vi pha in p thp hn, gi tr
ca q thng thp hn 1,3 nhng gi tr ny c th c vt qu. i vi cc
xung ng ct trn mt li tng t khng c ph ti ng k, gi tr ca q
khng c ln hn khong 1,8.
Ni chung, cc gi tr thp hn ca q c p dng nu mt ph ti ng k
c ni vo do s phn chia in p gia tr khng ti v cm khng d
ca my bin p (xem ghi ch di).
i vi cc thit b loi 2 (xem tiu mc 21.2), s phn chia in p c
hnh thnh gia cm khng d ca my bin p v cm khng siu qu
ca my pht,v nu nhng gi tr cm khng ny gn bng nhau, th q c
gi tr gn 0,9 i vi cc xung st v ng ct.
Cc gi tr ca r ch i vi mt xung trn mt pha (v d mt xung st) v
i vi cc xung c cc tnh i nhau trn hai pha (mt kiu ca xung ng
ct) c thy trong hnh 14 i vi tm u ni ba pha khc nhau ca my
bin p.
Gi tr c tnh ton ca U 2 l mt nh gi in p c truyn thi gian
di hn, trong thc t in p ny bao gm nhng nh hng thi gian di
hn ca s truyn bng con ng in dung v cc in p c truyn tng ng vi cc dao ng trong nhng cun dy. Bin ca n b gii hn
bi mc bo v ca b chng st hoc khe h phng in bo v.
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57

Trong trng hp ca b chng st, gi tr ny s cao hn gi tr phng in

xung st tiu chun v gi tr in p d i vi cc xung st (xem n phm
IEC 99-1). i vi cc xungng ct, tr khi my bin p c ni vi mt ph
ti c tnh in cm cao, nh mt ng c cm ng, cc qu in p
pha in p cao hn c th c gi thit l khng gy ra qu in p vt
qu 3 p.u (xem ghi ch).

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Gi tr ca U2 phi c so snh vi cc in p th nghim tn s cng

nghip thch hp ca bng I hoc bng II ca n phm IEC 71-1. C th cn
gim gi tr ca xung st hoc xung ng ct v pha in p cao hn
ca my bin p. B sung thm dung khng v pha in p thp hn c
nh hng nh ti bin ca in p c truyn theo ng cm ng, nhng
c th mong mun xem xt b sung cc b chng st.
Cc v d bng s c thy trong mc A2.

Ghi ch - Khi mch b ct pha in p cao hn ca mt

my bin p c th c mang ti pha in p thp hn
bng cc cun khng hoc bt k ph ti cm ng no khc,
th qu in p nguy him c th t c trong cc iu
kin bt thun li nht ca thao tc, nhng ni chung U2 khng
c vt qu gi tr nh ca in p th nghim tn s cng
nghip bi v q nh hn 1.0 c xt n s phn chia in
p gia my bin p v cm khng ph ti.
A.2 Cc v d bng s
A2.1 V d A : Thit tr loi I
My bin p ..................................145KV sao/12KV tam gic
in p chu ng xung st.............pha 145KV
= 550KV
in p th nghim xung................pha 12KV
= 60KV (gi nh
lit k 1 ca bng I ca n phm IEC71-1)
in p th nghim tn s cng nghip.........pha 12KV = 28 KV
B chng st trn pha in p cao hn ca my bin p:
in p nh mc
= 120 KV
in p phng in u sng
= 463 KV
in p Phng in xung 1.2/50 v in p d
= 400KV
a- Xung st trn mt pha
"nh nhn" in p ban u i vi my bin p khng ni vi ti :
U2s = spUp = 0,4 x 1.15 x 463 = 213KV
Gi nh mt t s 1,25 gia in p xung v in p lm vic, ngha l
60
48kV , in dung ca cc dy cp
i vi mt gi tr khng vt qu
1.25
ni vi my bin p phi c mt dung khng khng nh hn C s nh :

Ct
48

0,23
Ct Cs 213
Do Cs 3.44 Ct
Nh ch to my bin p ch ra i vi C t mt gi tr Ct = 10-8F in dung
ca dy cp mi pha khng c nh hn 4,32x10-8F
Nu ti c ni, th in p nh trn pha in p thp hn s phi c
gim.
Do s truyn bng cm ng qu in p s l :
U2 = pqrU1/N

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115
. 1.3 0.577 400
28kV
12.1
145
12.1
N
12

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59

T s ca 28 vi gi tr nh ca in p th nghim 28 2 =39,6kV l 1.4

sao cho cch in theo lit k 1 ca bng I ca n phm IEC 71-1 l tho
mn.
b- Qu in p ng ct c cc tnh i khng trn hai pha
Gi thit mt qu in p ng ct trn hai pha l 2.5 p.u v p=1.0, q=1.8
2
1,15 th :
v r
3
U2

10
. 18
. 115
. 145
3 12.1

2 2.5

= 50 KV

Trong trng hp ny, nh in p vt qu nh ca in p th nghim

(39.6kV) ca bng I (n phm IEC 71-1). cho php iu ny, hoc cch
in ca lit k 2 ca bng I (n phm IEC 71-1) nn c s dng (ngha l
cc in p th nghim vi in p chu ng xung st 75kV v in p
tn s cng nghip hiu dng l 28kV hoc nh l 39.6kV) hoc qu
in p ng ct gia cc pha trn li truyn ti in p cao hn phi c
hn ch, trong trng hp ny c th chn mt b chng st c mc bo v
thp hn pha in p cao hn ca my bin p hoc xem xt lp t
mt b chng st v pha in p thp hn ca my bin p.
A2.2 V d B : thit tr loi 2
My bin p ca my pht....................300kV sao/24kV tam gic
in p chu ng xung st..................pha 300kV = 1050kV
in p th nghim tn s cng nghip.......pha 24kV = 50kV
in p th nghim xung............pha 24kV = 125kV (theo lit k ca bng I
ca n phm IEC 71-1.
B chng st v pha cao p ca my bin p :
in p nh mc = 240kV
in p phng in u sng = 900kV
in p phng in xung 1.2/50 v in p d = 785kV
a) Cc xung st trn mt pha
"nh nhn" in p ban u trn my bin p c tch khi li 24kV :
U2s = spUp
= 0,2 x 1.15 x 900 = 207kV (cc i)
(Gi tr i vi s nhn c t nh ch to my bin p).
Gi tr ny r rng qu ln i vi cch in v pha in p thp hn.
T s gia in p th nghim xung v qu in p lm vic, ngha l mt
gi tr khng vt qu 125/1.25 = 100kV phi i hi b sung thm dung
khng ngoi. Trong trng hp ny :

Ct
100

0,48
Ct Cs 207
Do Cs 1.07 Ct
Gi tr ca Ct nhn c t nh ch to my bin p i vi mt dc sng
S = 1200kV/s (xem n phm IEC 99-1)
Nhng phng php khc c lit k trong bn ph lc ny gim nh
in p bng in dung (s dng cc b chng st) cng phi c xem
xt.
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60

Qu in p do truyn bng con ng cm ng l :

U2 = pqrU1/N
115
. 10
. 0.577 785

41kV
12.5
41kV nh hn gi tr nh ca in p th nghim 70.7kV (50 2 ) v
iu ny cho mt t s l 1.7 c th c xem l .
b) Cc xung ng ct c cc tnh i trn hai pha
Gi thit rng qu in p tnh bng n v p.u trn hai pha l 2, th s
truyn c tnh in cm ng l :

U2

10
. 10
. 115
. 300
12.5

22

= 45kV
Trong : p=1.0, q=1.0 v r

2
3

1,15 .

45kV gn bng s truyn bng ng cm ng ca xung st (41kV)

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61

ph lc B
hiu lc ca nhng th nghim trong cc mc 52, 53 v 54 ca n phm IEC
71-1

B1. Cc gii hn tin tng ca nhng th nghim

Cc th nghim ch c th cho cc nh gi t hoc nhiu chnh xc cc gi
tr thc v bn chu ng ca thit b
Mt s tng chnh xc c th nhn c bng cch nhn tng cc th
nghim. Tuy nhin vic nhn tng phi b hn ch v cc l do gi thnh, bi
v chnh xc tng chm hn s lng cc th nghim v v nhng hu qu
ph hu c th trn thit b. V cc l do ny, n phm IEC 71-1 m t ba phng php th nghim khc nhau trong cc mc 52, 53 v 54 theo kiu thit b.
im a) ca mc 52 x l th nghim phng in n tia 50%, ghi ch ni r
l "c mt s th tc hu hiu, v bt k th tc no c th c s dng min
l chnh xc ca vic xc nh nm trong mt na lch tiu chun vi
mc tin tng l 95%". C th ni rng c xc sut 95% m in p phng in
ca 50% ca thit b trong thi gian th nghim l nm trong cc gii hn c
cho bi gi tr c nh gi bng th nghim, cng hoc tr mt na lch
tiu chun.
Mt phng php th nghim tho mn yu cu ny l phng php th nghim
bi "cc on i ln v i xung" vi 30 xung.
chnh xc ca th nghim chu ng 15 xung l kh nh, nhng gii hn tin
tng 95% i vi xc sut phng in trong th nghim ny l :
i vi 0 phng in sp s 0 ti 0.213
i vi 1 phng in sp s 0 ti 0.32
i vi 2 phng in sp s 0.015 ti 0.40
i vi 3 phng in sp s 0.045 ti 0.48
i vi 4 phng in sp s 0.08 ti 0.54
i vi 5 phng in sp s 0.12 ti 0.61
Da trn cc gii hn tin tng 95%, c th thy rng t mt th nghim vi ch
15 xung khng th kt lun rng xc sut phng in nh hn 0.10, hoc xc
sut chu ng ln hn 0.90, ngay c i vi 0 phng in. Khi s cc phng
in vt qu 4, th nghim c ngha chng minh gi thit l xc sut chu
ng nh hn 0.90.

B2. Kim tra cc phng php th nghim khc nhau.

Chp nhn nhng gii hn c bn trn ca cc th nghim vi mt s nh cc
xung, ci sau kim tra tnh hiu lc ca cc phng php th nghim phng
in khc nhau v s cn bng gia ri ro cho nh ch to v khch hng, ghi
nh s cn thit thc t i mt s gii hn ca cc xung v i vi nh ch to
thit k sn phm ca h c mt ri ro c th chp nhn v mt kinh t
ca s tht bi trn cc th nghim.
n gin, trong ph lc ny gi thit l xc sut phng in P t (U) ca cc
thit b khc nhau trong mt m ng cho (cng kiu thit b chu th
nghim xung) theo lut Gauss vi mt lch tiu chun khng i t bng
nhau i vi tt c cc thit b.
Trong trng hp ny, ch mt tham s, K cho trong n v p.u ca t - (xem
hnh 15 trang 122) xc nh lch ca bn cch in ca mt
thit b "i" ti thi im t (Ut90) so vi gi tr quy nh (URW).
bn chu ng 90% ca mt thit b trong mt m ng thay i t
mu th nghim ny sang mu khc. Hnh 16 trang 123, chng t iu ny c
th c biu th mt cch thng k theo cc s hng ca K nh th no. Gi tr
ca p rt nh i vi cc kiu thit b (v d dao cch ly) c th c xem ch
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62

yu l cc cu trc cch in khng kh, bi v cc dung sai v kch c thng

rt nh.
m bo tnh lp li ca cc th nghim, cc iu kin mi trng v cch
in c gi l hu nh khng i trong cc th nghim (hoc cc h s hiu
chnh nn c s dng) v cc k thut th nghim c tiu chun ho phi c
chp nhn. Do v nguyn tc, xc sut phng in ca mt thit b
cho trong cc iu kin th nghim khng c
i
thay i. Ni cch khc, ng cong Pt (U ) (xem hnh 15) phi l mt i vi
cc th nghim khc nhau ca cc thit b cng kiu.

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63

Tuy vy, gi tr ca bn chu ng 90% ca cch in c khc vi gi

tr trung bnh c suy ra t nhiu th nghim c tin hnh bi cng
nhng phng php nh nhau trong cng mt phng th nghim cc thi
gian khc nhau hoc trong cc phng th nghim khc nhau, do s khc
nhau v cc iu kin mi trng v cch in, hoc trong cc mch th
nghim. Hnh 16b, trang 123, chng t khng chnh xc phng th
nghim c th c m t theo thng k nh th no khi xem xt gi tr trung
bnh ca bn cch in ca mt mu th nghim nh "gi tr thc".
Gi thit rng nhng phn b ca hnh 16a v 16b, trang 123 l Gauss vi
cc lch tiu chun bit v rng gi tr thit k ca U p c chn
bi nh ch to, mt xc sut lch ca bn chu ng 90% o
c trong m ng thit b c th tnh c (xem hnh 16c, trang 123).
Mt th nghim l tng phi nh th no ngn nga thit b, ti thi
gian th nghim, c hoc bn cch in thp hn bn c quy
nh kinh qua th nghim hoc mt in p phng in cao hn

in p c quy nh.
Mt cch in t hi phc, in p chu ng xung nh mc c
t vo trong th nghim, mt xc sut chu ng bng, hoc cao
hn xc sut tham kho (90%) phi c mt xc sut kinh qua th
nghim bng 1, trong khi cch in c mt xc sut chu ng thp
hn xc sut tham kho s khng phi c c hi no kinh qua th
nghim.
Xc sut kinh qua mt th nghim l tng, ngha l i vi xc sut
ny vic la chn phi c hon chnh i vi mt thit b m
bn chu ng ca n trong th nghim khc vi Kt ca gi tr c
quy nh, c biu th trong hnh 17, trang 124 theo hm ca K
bng ng cong nt y.
Nhng nhng th nghim thc khc vi th nghim l tng v dn ti
cc ng cong nh c biu th bng chm chm trong mt phng
(Q, K).
Hnh 17 biu th nhng ng cong i vi nhng th nghim c
ngh trong cc mc 52, 53, 54 trong n phm IEC 71-1 v i vi
th nghim c khuyn ngh im d) ca mc 27 ca n phm IEC
71 ((xut bn ln th t)5. Cc lin quan n th nghim ca mc 52,
ta xt mt th nghim theo phng php "cc on i ln v i
xung" vi 30 xung.
Mt xc sut lch bn chu ng o c (hnh 16c) ca
mt m ng cho c biu th trong hnh 18, trang 125, bng
ng cong 1. Bng cch xem xt xc sut kinh qua th tc th
nghim cho l theo K, cng nh nhng lch gia cc phng th
nghim, c ng cong 26.
Nh vy na mt phng c tung dng ca hnh 18 c chia
thnh nhiu phn m din tch cc phn ny c ngha sau :
1) Din tch (B + C) nm bn tri trc tung nm gia ng
cong 1 v hai na trc to , bng t s 7 thit b ca m ng
5 ()

6
7

Th nghim cui cng ny c xc nh nh sau : Mt sri nm xung c t vo. Nu

khng c phng in xy ra, thit b c coi l tt. Nu hai phng in xy ra, thit b
c coi l xu. Nu ch mt phng in xy ra, mi xung mi c t vo. Trong mt sri
mi khng c phng in xy ra, thit b c coi l tt. Nu mt phng in xy ra, thit
b c coi l xu.
()
Trong trng hp khi 1 = 0 t hp s c gim v tch cc tung .
()
Mt cng thc nghim ngt a vo y xc sut m mt thit b ca m ng phi
c mt xc sut chu ng thp hn 90%

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64

biu th mt xc sut thp hn 90% (h hng trong th nghim l tng).

2) Din tch (A + D) nm bn phi trc tung , nm gia ng
cong 1 v hai na trc tung , bng t s thit b ca m ng
biu th mt xc sut chu ng bng hoc ln hn 90% (th
nghim l tng thnh cng).
Ghi ch. - Tng s ca hai din tch A + B + C + D bng n v.
3) Din tch C bng t s thit b ca m ng m tu biu th
mt xc sut chu ng thp hn 90% l tho mn trong th nghim
thc; do l ri ro ca khch hng Rc

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65

4) Din tch B bng t s thit b ca m ng biu th mt xc

sut thp hn 90% v khng tho mn vi th nghim thc t.
5) Din tch D biu th t s thit b ca m ng c mt xc sut
chu ng bng hoc ln hn 90% v tho mn vi th nghim thc
t .
6) Din tch A biu th t s thit b ca m ng c mt xc sut
chu ng bng hoc ln hn 90% v tuy khng tho mn vi th
nghim thc t; do l nguy c ca nh ch to Rm.
Tng s cc din tch A + B bng t s thit b ca m ng
khng tho mn vi th nghim thc t, khng tnh n xc sut
chu ng ca n.
Theo quy tc nh ch to thit k cch in W ca sn phm h
theo cch nh vy lm cc tiu cc din tch A + B c th c gii
thch l xc sut Pt ca h hng trong th nghim thc t.
Bng tnh ton lp li ca Rc v Pt i vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca gi
tr d nh ca bn cch in (W), cc ng cong c th c
xy dng biu th quan h gia nguy c ca khch hng chp nhn
mt sn phm c thiu st v xc sut Pt ca nh ch to sn phm
ca h tht bi trong th nghim.
Hnh 19, trang 126, ch ra cc ng cong nh vy vi gi thit l cc
lch tiu chun p, 1 v t l nhng ng cong c ch ra trong
li ch gii ca cc hnh.
Hnh 20, trang 127 cho s tng quan gia Rm (ri ro ca nh ch to)
v Rc (ri ro ca khch hng) i vi cc trng hp c xem xt trong
hnh 19.
Nn ghi ch l nu p v 1 bng 0 (m ng ng nht v khng
c sai st do phng th nghim), mt trong hai ri ro b trit tiu.
Thc vy, nu thit b ph hp vi nhng c im k thut, l
Rc (ri ro ca khch hng) bng khng; nu thit b khng ph hp,
l Rm (ri ro ca nh ch to) bng khng.
Ni cch khc, ch c mt ri ro hoc i vi khch hng hoc i vi
nh ch to. Nguy c ny cng nh gi tr ca Pt, c th nhn c trc
tip t hnh 17, hng 124.

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Ph lc C
nh gi thng k tc ng bo v ca cc khe h phng in
i vi mt dng sng cho ca cc xung c t vo, chng ta hy gi :
- P1(U) v Pp(U) l xc sut phng in n tia ca cch in v ca khe h
phng in theo gi tr nh U ca xung 8 ;
- P1p(U) l xc sut m cch in c th phng in trc khe h phng
in bo v, theo gi tr nh U ca xung.
Cc ng cong xc sut phng in ca cch in P1* (U ) v ca khe h
*
phng in Pp (U ) c ni song song c biu th bng :
P1* (U ) = P1(U) 1 - Pp(U) + P1(U) . Pp(U) . P1p(U)
(11)
Pp* (U ) = Pp(U) [1 - P1(U)] + Pp(U) . P1(U) [1 - P1p(U)]
(12)
Ghi ch : 1- Vi gi thit l thi gian phng in ca cch in v khe
h theo lut Gauss, d gi tr nh U ca xung c t vo l bao nhiu,
xc sut P1p(U) c cho bi cng thc :
T 1 p (U )
1
1
t2
exp
(

) dt
P1p(U) =
(13)
2
2
2 0
Trong :
T1p(U) =

T1 (U ) Tp (U )

2t 1 (U ) 2tp (U )

Tp(U) = gi tr 50% ca thi gian phng in ca khe h phng in, theo

gi tr nh ca xung c t vo.
T1(U) = gi tr 50% ca thi gian phng in ca cch in, theo gi tr
nh U ca xung c t vo.
tp(U) = lch tiu chun ca thi gian phng in ca khe h phng
in, theo gi tr nh U ca xung c t vo.
t1(U) = lch tiu chun ca thi gian phng in ca cch in, theo
gi tr nh ca xung c t vo.
2- vit nhng phng trnh (11) v(12), c gi thit l cch in v
khe h khng th phng in ng thi.
Nu, i vi mt t hp c bit ca cch in c bo v v ca khe h
phng in, c mt xc sut khng ng k m thi gian phng in ca
thit b c th thp hn thi gian phng in ca khe h phng in
trong ton b di 0 U U max, P1p(U) tr thnh z-r v cng thc (11) c th
c vit :
P1* (U ) = P1(U) 1 - Pp(U)
(14)
Trong trng hp cc t hp cch in v cc khe h phng in hot ng
nh vy, chng ta s coi nhng tnh cht ca khe h bo v l "l tng".
Bng cch dng cng thc (7), ri ro h hng ca mt phn cch in c th
c nh gi bng cc cng thc sau :
R1* (U ) =

U max

P1(U) . 1 - Pp(U)

(U ) dU +

U max

P1(U) . Pp(U) . P1p(U) .

(U ) dU

(15)
Trong nhng iu kin c hiu lc ca cng thc (13), c th biu th ri
ro s c bi cng thc
0

R1* (U ) =

U max

P1(U) . 1 - Pp(U)

(U ) dU

(16)

Nhng cng thc cho y ni chung c hiu lc i vi hai phn cch in

u song song.
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68

T s ca in p phng in xung st 50% vi in p phng in xung

ng ct 50% ca mt khe h phng in c th c la chn trong mt
di rng (1 - 1,5) bng cch thay i cu hnh ca in cc. Nh vy c
th la chn ng cong xc sut phng in ca khe h P p(U) vi xung
ng ct hu nh khng ph thuc vo ng cong xc sut phng in vi
cc xung st.
Thit k ca mt khe h phng in theo cc xung ng ct phi thc
hin mt s k vng trung bnh ca cc phng in khe h hng nm, do
cc xung ng ct, bng mt gi tr N s nh th khng lm tnh nng h
thng trong trng hp cc xung ng ct thnh qu xu. Do xc sut
phng in ca khe h phng in khi qu in p ng ct t ti mc
c nh gi vi gi thit rng thit b tc ng nh c thit k (xem mc
25) phi c lm rt thp.
Do , ngay c nu khe h phng in hot ng nh mt thit b bo v
"l tng", khe h phng in khng th bo v chng vi cc qu in p
ng ct, v cch in phi c thit k chu ng kiu qu in p
ng ct ny. iu ny r rng nu chng ta nh li cng thc (14) (trng
hp ca khe h phng in "l tng").
P1* = P1(U) . [1 - Pp(U)] P1(U)
(17)
i vi cc qu in p ng ct vt qu nhng gi tr da trn gi thit
hot ng chnh xc ca thit b, chng ta c th gi thit rng gi tr qu
in p nh vy m mt phng in khe h s hu nh chc chn b gy
ra. Khi cng thc (1) tr thnh :
P1* = P1(U) . P1p(U)
(18)
v cng thc (15)
U max
*
1

P1(U) . P1p(U) .

o (U) . dU

(19)

Trong trng hp ny, hiu qu bo v ch do P 1p(U), ngha l mi tng quan

gia thi gian phng in ca cch in v thi gian phng in ca khe
h phng in. Do cn thit lm P 1p(U) cng gn khng (zro) cng tt
trong ton b di quan tm ca U.
Thit k mt khe h phng in lin quan n cc xung st phi nh th
no hn ch s k vng trung bnh ca cc phng in hng nm
ca khe h phng in vi cc xung st v mt gi tr chp nhn c N1.
Trong u ni ny, phi c nh l trong nhiu trng hp, phng in ca
khe h phng in khng c dn ti bt k vic ngng cung cp no.
Chng ta hy xem xt v d ca mt khe h phng in c lp t
pha ng dy ca mt my ct. Nu st nh gy cho ng dy phng
in, mt phng in trng hp ca khe h phng in khng c ngha
g. Mt khc, nu nh bin qu in p khng t ti mc phng in
ca ng dy ti im st nh, khng chc chn l gy ra mt phng
in khe h phng in, ngay c nu mc chu ng khe h phng in
thp hn mc chu ng ca ng dy. iu ny l do suy gim trong khi
truyn sng cng nh s c mt c th ca cc ng dy khc v cc b
chng st ti trm.
Nh vy, tri ngc vi trng hp cc xung ng ct, c th chp nhn trong vi
trng hp cc khe h phng in vi in p phng in 50% vi cc xung
st thp hn cc xung st nhn c da trn thit k ca thit b cc
xung ng ct v bng cch dng nhng t hp ca cc in p chu
ng xung nh mc cho trong bng IV ca n phm IEC 71-1.
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Do , c th c kt lun t cng thc (11) v (14) m cc khe h phng

in c th a ra mt mc hn ch ca bo v trong trng hp cc qu
in p st cng bc vi in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc ca
thit b.
i vi cc qu in p st cao hn nhiu in p chu ng xung st
nh mc ca thit b, phng in khe h chc chn s xy ra. Trong tr ng hp ny, cng thc (18) v cng l lun v P 1p(U) lm trc i vi
nhng qu in p ng ct.

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i vi cch in khng kh ca mt thit b, iu kin P 1p(U) 0

c th c kim tra bng c hai cc xung ng ct v st bng cch
dng cc khe h c mt in p phng in cao ti hn vi cc xung
ng ct (kV/cm), ngha l cc khe h phng in ngn hn cc
khong cch khng kh cch in ca thit b, v d bng cch dng
cc khe h phng in c mt cu hnh dy dn - u nhn i vi
cc in cc.
i vi cch in khng t hi phc ca thit b, cn phi kim tra h
s P1p(U) c b, bng cc th nghim chu ng cc sng b
ct, mt mc in p da trn qu in p cao nht c th c d
kin trong li in v vi mt th gian ct c la chn trn nn
ca thi gian phng in ca khe h phng in.
Nhng th nghim ny khng c t trong n phm IEC 71-1 v
nu cn phi c tho thun gia ngi s dng v ngi cp hng.

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72

Ph lc D
Cc v d p dng
Bng III, trang 98, lm sng t s la chn mc cch in ca mt thit b i
vi trng hp I (xem mc 25) c bo v chng vi c hai qu in p ng ct
v st bi cc b chng st c lp t ti cc u cc ca thit b. V d I
da vo mt my bin p 420 kV v v d 2 cho my bin p 765 kV.
Cc mc cch in ca nhng my bin p ph thuc vo nhng mc bo v
ca cc b chng st chng vi c hai cc xung ng ct v cc xung st (khi
7 ca hnh 12, trang 119). Mc bo v ca mt b chng st c bit, n lt chng li ph thuc vo nhng c tnh v in p nh mc ca chng.
in p nh mc ca cc b chng st c hai v d 1 v 2 c la chn
in p nh mc trc tip trn cc qu in p tm thi c d kin trc trong
li (khi 6) ca in p tm thi bao gm tng in p trong cc s c, cc qu
in p do cc dng xung, ct ph ti t ngt v cc nguyn nhn khc. Qu
in p d kin b nh hng bi h s s c t, cu hnh li in, nhng
c tnh ca thit b v thc tin vn hnh (xem mc 5).
Bng IV, trang 101, ch ra s la chn mc cch in ca cch in i vi trng hp II vi khng bo v b chng st hoc vi bo v b chng st t xa. V
d 1 p dng vo cch in ng dy vi t ca mt dao cch ly 420 kV
pha ng dy ca mt my ct, khng c b chng st no c lp t
u ng dy. V d 2 c p dng cho mt dao cch ly 765 kV cng v tr.
in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc c la chn t bng IV ca n
phm IEC 71-1 trn c s ca mc qu in p ng ct thng k ti v tr
thit b v trn c s ca mt ri ro s c (khi 4 v 8 ca hnh 12).
i vi c hai v d, gi thit rng ch nhng qu in p ng ct ti hn l
cc qu in p np in li ng dy (ngha l cn kim tra ri ro s c do
ch cc thao tc ng li).
Bng cch s dng phng php thng k n gin ho (xem tiu mc 24.3) v
bng cch chn mt lch tiu chun thch hp, c th xc nh h s an
ton thng k tng ng vi ri ro cho php cc i ca s c; t h s c th
suy ra in p chu ng xung ng ct thng k cc tiu v khi c th
la chn in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc ngay trn .
Trong v d, tng quan gia ri ro s c v h s an ton thng k cho trong
hnh 7, trang 113 (T = 80) l c s dng.
Mt khi in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc nhn c, mt in
p chu ng xung st nh mc tng ng c la chn t cng ng dy
ca bng IV ca n phm IEC 71-1 thy rng ch in p cao nht ca in p
chu ng xung st nh mc nn c s dng i vi thit b khng c bo
v c hiu qu bng cc b chng st (xem mc 49 ca n phm IEC 71-1).
Khi cn minh chng l gi tr ny m bo tnh nng tho mn trong cc
qu in p kh quyn, ngha l mt ri ro s c khng cao hn ri ro cho
php. iu ny c th c thc hin trong mt cch tng t nh trc i vi cc
xung ng ct (cc khi 9 ti 12 trong hnh 12).
Trong trng hp ang c xem xt, mt phn b gn ng ca nhng qu
in p st, t nht i vi trng hp ca cc dao tch ly v tr m, c th c nh gi hon ton n gin trn c s ca cc c tnh ng dy v ca
cc quy lut kinh nghim ch ngha hoc bn kinh nghim ch ngha i vi
vic gim sng.
Tuy vy, cc ng sut qu in p st thay i t im ny sang im kia
trong mt trm. Do ni chung cn v cng kh khn v mt nhiu thi gian
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73

t c s hiu bit ca cc ng sut cn thit s dng ph ng php

thng k hoc phng php thng k gin n ho.
Do ch nhng ng sut qu in p cao nht trong nhng bt trc chung
nht (v tr chung nht ca cc my ct in v cc dao cch ly) c nh gi.
ng thi c thy rng in p chu ng xung st nh mc c la chn
nh nu trn, xut pht t in p chu ng xung ng ct nh mc, vt qu
in p kh quyn tin tng cc i bng mt bin l thch hp (

10%). Nu vt in p chu ng xung st nh mc cao hn in

p trn c s ca bng IV ca n phm IEC 71-1 l mong mun, gi tr
mi s c la chn t s ri trong im b) ca mc 46 ca n phm
IEC 71-1.
Trong bng V, trang 103, c mt nh gi ca s tng ri ro h hng
i vi mt in p chu ng xung thp hn gi tr c la
chn cho trong bng IV ca n phm IEC 71-1.

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74

Ph lc E
khong cch trong khng kh gia cc b phn vt dn mang in v cc
cu trc ni t m bo mt in p chu ng
xung quy nh i vi cc iu kin kh ro
9

Trong cc thit tr in, v cc l do khc nhau, nhiu thit b khng

th c th nghim xung, khuyn nn ly cc bc trnh phng
in sinh ra di mc chu ng xung c quy nh i vi thit
b trong th nghim.
iu kin c hon thnh l cc in p chu ng xung ng
ct v xung st thng k trong khng kh gia cc phn mang in
v t nn bng in p chu ng xung ng ct v xung st
nh mc nh quy nh trong n phm IEC 71-1. iu ny suy ra
mt khong cch ti thiu quan st c ph thuc vo cu hnh ca
cc phn mang in v nhng cu trc gn (cu hnh in cc).
Khng c khong cch no c ch r i vi mt thit b c mt th
nghim xung c nm trong c im k thut ca n bi v
khong cch cng bc c th tr ngi thit k thit b, lm tng gi
thnh ca n v hn ch tin b. Th nghim xung ngay c khi ch l
th nghim mu, chng t rng iu kin chu ng xung
c hon thnh.
Cc bng VI A v VIB, trang 105 l thch hp i vi p dng chung,
cho nh mt sp s u tin ca nhng khong cch c quy nh
theo mc cch in.
Trong bng VI A, tham kho ct th nht v in p chu ng
xung st nh mc v trong ct th hai nhng khong cch trong
khng kh i vi cc cu hnh bt thun li ca cc phn mang in
v cc phn ni t. Bng VI B, tham kho hai ct u v nhng
gi tr xc nh mc cch in v trong ct th ba v th t khong
cch trong khng kh i vi cc cu hnh in cc ca cc kiu "
cu trc - dy dn" kim loi v "cu trc - u nhn" kim loi.
Cu hnh cu trc - u nhn l cu hnh in cc xu nht thng
gp phi trong thc tin; cu hnh "dy dn - cu trc" bao trm
mt di rng cc cu hnh bnh thng c s dng. Trong bng VI B,
nh hng ca cu hnh cc in cc ln hn i vi U m 245 kV, cho
nn bng VI B phn bit hai kiu cu hnh.
Nhng gi tr khong cch trong khng kh cho trong bng VI l
nhng gi tr ti thiu c xc nh bi s xem xt nhng tnh cht
in mi, v khng bao gm s tng no c th cn thit n
nhng dung sai xy dng, nhng hu qu ngn mch, hu qu ca
gi v an ton ca con ngi v.v...
9

Nhng ch dn ny lin quan ti mt khong cch duy nht qua mt khong

khng kh, khng xem xt n in p phng in b mt dc theo mt ng
d in ca ci cch in lin quan vi vn nhim bn.

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Nhng gi tr ny c hiu lc i vi cc chiu cao khng vt qu

1000 m (3300 ft).

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76

Bng I
Thang o tm thi ca cc mc nhim bn t nhin

Mc
nhi
m
bn
Khng
nhi
m
bn
ng
k

Nh

Nng

Rt
nng
3

Mi trng

Tnh nng cc ng dy
hin c

Cc vng khng c cng nghip

v vi mt nh thp ca cc
nh my si nng; cc din tch
vi mt thp ca cng
nghip hoc nh nhng chu gi
v / hoc ma thng xuyn. Tt
c cc vng phi nm xa bin
hoc cao ln, trong bt k
trng hp ny khng c phi ra
gi t bin
Cc vng vi cc cng nghip
khng sn sinh ra khi nhim
bn c bit v / hoc vi mt
trung bnh ca cc nh c
t cc nh my si nng; cc
vng vi mt cao v nh /
hoc cc cng nghip nhng
chu ng gi v / hoc ma
sch thng xuyn; cc vng c
phi by ra gi t bin nhng
khng qu gn b bin (t nht
khong 1 km)
Cc vng vi mt cng nghip
cao v ngoi ca cc thnh ph
ln v vi mt cao ca cc
nh my si nng sn sinh ra
nhim; cc vng gn bin hoc
trong bt k trng hp no c
phi by ra cc gi tng i
mnh t bin

Khng c s c no c thy
cc iu kin m (sng, sng m v.v...) trn cc ng
dy 145 kV ngay c khi c
t vi t nht 9 - 10 ci cch
in kiu bnh thng (1) ,
khng c trn cc ng dy
245 kV ngay c khi c lp vi
t nht 15 ci cch in nh vy

Cc vng ni chung c din tch

trung bnh, chu ng cc
khi cng nghip sn sinh ra
c bit ph thi dn in
dy c; cc vng ni chung c
din tch trung bnh, rt gn
b bin v c phi by ra cc
gi rt mnh v cc nhim bn
t bin.

Cc s c xy ra trong cc iu
kin tng t trn cc ng dy
145 kV vi t nht 9 - 10 ci cch
in kiu bnh thng v trn
ng dy 245 kV c lp t
t nht 15 ci cch in nh vy.

Cc s c xy ra trong cc iu
kin sng m, hoc khi gi
thi t bin trn cc ng dy
cao p c lp t cc s kiu
bnh thng; nu khng s
nhng ci cch in trn chui
c bit cao; hn 10 - 12 ci
trn cc ng dy 145 kV v
nhiu hn 18 ci cch in
trn cc ng dy 245 kV
Cc s c xy ra trong cc iu
kin sng hoc trong bo nc
trn cc ng dy cao p ngay
c khi c lp t cc ci cch
in kiu chng nhim bn,
nu khng s cc ci cch in
trn chui c bit cao; nhiu
hn 11-12 cc ci cch in
chng nhim bn trn cc ng
dy 145 kV v nhiu hn 18
ci cch in chng nhim bn
trn cc ng dy 245 kV

1. Da vo cc ci cch in kiu bnh thng vi cc c tnh sau :

khong cch 146 mm; ng knh 255 mm, chiu di ng d in 300
mm.
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77

2. Da vo ci cch in kiu chng nhim bn cn m h, do thay i ln

ci cch in kiu chng nhim bn ang lm vic trong thi gian hin ti
trn cc ng dy cao p.
3. Cc vng c din tch trung bnh rt gn cc ng giao thng cao tc,
m mt hn hp mui v bi-tum c th gy ra ph thi hn hp mui
v nha ng trn cc ci cch in c th phi chu mc nhim bn cao.

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78

bng 2
Quan h tm thi gia cc mc nhim bn, mc th nghim
v chiu di ng r in

Mc nhim
bn

Kiu th nghim
Phng php sng m Phng php lp
mui
rn
mui chu ng
( kg / m3 )

Nhim bn
khng c ng
k
Nhim bn
nh
Nhim bn
nng
Nhim bn rt
nng

Tnh dn
in lp
( S )

ng r
in / in
p pha - t
(cm / kV hiu
dung)

5 - 10

2.0 - 2.5

10 - 20

10 - 20

3.0 - 3.5

40 - 80

20 - 40

4.0 - 5.0

160

50

Ghi ch :
1- Cc gi tr ca bng c gi tr i vi cc ci cch in ng (m
v ti). i vi cc kiu ci cch in khc v c bit i vi cc ci cch
in rt to trong cc trm, tng quan vi nhng phng php th nghim
ny, gia cc mc th nghim v cc ng r in v kinh nghim lm
vic, cn cha cho nhng ch dn chnh xc hn.
2- ng r in cho trong bng l cc ng c khuyn ngh i
vi cc mc nhim bn v khng nht thit ph hp vi ng r in c suy
ra t ct th ba ca bng I1 c lin quan n cc ng dy trn khng hin
c m cc hot ng ca n in p tn s cng nghip c th hoc
khng th tho mn.

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79

Bng III
La chn ca mc cch in ca thit b ca trng hp I
(v d mt my bin p c bo v bng b chng st).

1) Cc d liu c bn
in p cao nht i vi thit b Um (hiu
dng)
in p tng ng gia pha - t
- Gi tr hiu dng
- Gi tr nh U m 2 3
Xc nh qu in p tm thi (suy ra t
nghin cu h thng)
- Gi tr hiu dng
- Gi tr nh
H s an ton cc tiu
- i vi cc qu in p ng ct
- i vi cc qu in p st
2) Cc c tnh ca b chng st
in p nh mc (hiu dng)
in p phng in xung ng ct cc
i
in p phng in xung st cc i
in p phng in cc i trn u sng
in p d cc i dng phng in
nh mc

V d 1

V d 2

KV

420

765

KV
KV(p.u)

243
343
(1.00)

442
625 (1.00)

KV
KV(p.u)

320
KV(p.u)
1,15
1,25

605
855 (1,37)
1,15
1,25

KV
KV
KV
KV
KV

324
765
805
1010
735

612
1230
1400
1660
1400

KV(p.u)
KV(p.u)

765(2.2
3)
878(2.5
6)

1230(1,96
)
1440(2,30
)

KV(p.u)
KV(p.u)

880(2.6
6)
950(2.7
7)
1,24

1415(2.26
)
1425(2.28
)
1,16

1.100(3

1800(2.76

3) Mc bo v
i vi xung ng ct
i vi xung st10

4) Mc cch in (pha t)
Cc xung ng ct :
in p chu ng xung ng ct quy c
cc tiu
in p xung ng ct nh mc
T s ca in p chu ng xung ng
ct nh mc vi mc bo v xung ng
ct
Cc xung st :
in p chu ng xung st quy c ti
10

KV(p.u)
KV(p.u)

in p phng in trn u sng cc i c chia cho 1.15 (xem tiu mc 13.1)

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80

thiu
in p chu ng xung st nh mc
T s ca in p chu ng xung st vi
mc bo v xung st

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.20)
1175(3,
42)
1,33

)
1800(2,87
)
1,25

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IEC 1976

81

Bng IV
La chn mc cch in ca thit b trng hp II
(v d mt dao cch ly khng c bo v)

V d 1

V d 2

Cc d liu c bn
in p cao nht i vi thit b U m (hiu
dng)
in p tng ng gia pha v t
- Gi tr hiu dng
- Gi tr nh U m 2 3

KV

420

765

KV
KV(p.u)

Qu in p thng k ti v tr thit b (gi

tr c vt qu ch trong2% ca cc trng
hp)
Ri ro phng in cc i xung t c
chp nhn khi thao tc ng li

KV(p.u)

245
343
(1.00)
qu
(2.65)

442
625(1.00
)
1255
(2.0)

10-3

H s an ton thng k tng ng vi ri ro

h hng chp nhn c cc i (theo hnh 7.
trang 113)

10-4
1.13

1.24

in p chu ng xung ng ct thng k

cc i

KV

1030

1550

in p chu ng xung ng ct nh
mc c la chn

KV

1050

1550

4.10-4

10-4

1425(4,1
5)

2400(3.8
4)

Ri ro phng in tng ng vi in p chu

ng xung ng ct nh mc c la
chn
in p chu ng xung st nh mc
khuyn ngh c kt hp vi in p
chu ng xung ng ct nh mc

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KV(p.u)

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83

Bng V
Ri ro h hngca cch in p theo in p
chu ng xung ng ct nh mc ca thit b ca Bng IV

V d 1

V d 2

KV(p.u)

1050(3.0
6)
1.16
4.10-4

1550(2.48
)
1.24
10-4

KV(p.u)

950(2.76
)
1.05
5.10-3

1425(2.28
)
1.14
9.10-4

Cch la chn a)
in p chu ng xung ng ct
nh mc (gi tr la chn)
H s an ton thng k
Ri ro h hng tng ng vi h s an
ton thng k trn
Cch chn b)
in p chu ng xung ng ct
nh mc
H s an ton thng k
Ri ro h hng
Cch chn c)
in p chu ng xung ng ct
nh mc
H s an ton thng k
Ri ro h hng

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1300(2.08
)
104
6.10-6

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84

Bng VI A
Cc mi tng quan ga cc mc cch in
v khong cch ti thiu trong khng kh gia pha v t.
in p chu ng
xung st
nh mc
(KV)

Khong cch ti thiu

trong
khng kh gia pha
v t
(mm)
60
90
120
160
220
270
320
480
630
900
1100
1300
1500

40
60
75
95
125
145
170
250
325
450
550
650
750

Bng VI B
Cc mi tng quan gia cc mc cch in
cc khong cch ti thiu trong khng kh gia pha v t.
Cc in p chu ng xung
(KV)
in p chu
ng xung
ng ct
nh mc
(650)
(650)
750
750
850
850
950
1050
1175
1300
297231537.doc

in p chu
ng xung st
nh mc

Khong cch ti thiu trong

khng kh
gia pha v t
(m)
Cu trc Cu trc - u
dy dn
chn kim loi
kim loi

750
850
850
950
950
1050
1050;1175
1175;1300;
1425
1300; 1425;

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.6
84 / 77

1.5
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.4
2.9
3.4
4.1
4.8

71-2

IEC 1976

1425
1550

85

1550
1425; 1550;
1800
1550; 1800;
2100
1800; 1950;
2400

3.2
4.9

5.6
6.4

Hnh. 1a - Cc qu in p np in ng giy

Hnh. 1b - Cc qu in p xut hin trn mt chui cch in

do nhng st nh vo ct thp

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86

(U )
o

Mt xc xut qu in p
Fo(U) = Xc xut qu in p (lu k)

Hnh 1 - cc qu in p

Hnh 2a

Hnh 2b

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87

Hnh 2c

Hnh. 2 - Xc sut phng in n tia ca mt cch in chu

cc in p xung.

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88

Surge arrester vating : nh mc ca b chng st

Z = Tr khng sng ca cp tnh bng ohm

L = Chiu di ca cp tnh bng m

Hnh 3 - Chiu di ng cp cho php cc i vi b chng st

ch cho mi ni ng dy trn khng/ ng cp

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89

R = in tch t nt gch

Hnh 4 - nh gi ri ro h hng ca cch in

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Hnh 5a - Us = qu in p
thng k c
t trn ng cong mt xc
sut (in tch
t nt gch (2%) biu th xc
sut quy chiu)

90

Hnh 5b - Ba thm d xc nh ri ro h
hng (in tch A) i vi h s an
ton thng k

1.4

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U
U

w
s

= 1.0, 1.2 v

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IEC 1976

91

Hnh 5c - Tng quan gia hiu s an

ton thng k v ri ro h hng R (c
o bng din tch A)
Hnh 5 - Phng php thng k n gin ho
Upper envelope : Hnh bao trn
Dastribntion truncatedat

Lower enselope : Hnh bao di

phn b b ct

Hm

Distri bution non tauncated

Hm phn b khng

b ct

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92

lch chun ca phn b qu in p s = 10,15 v 20%

lch chun ca cch in T = 6%

Hnh 6- Mi tng quan gia ri ro h hng (R) v h s an ton

thng k () i vi cc xung ng ct khc nhau.

Upper envelope : Hnh bao trn

- Lower envelope : Hnh bao di

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93

lch chun ca cch in T = 8%

Hnh 7 - Mi tng quan gia ri ro h hng (R) v h s an ton
thng k () i vi cc phn b xung ng ct.

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94

upper envelope : hnh bao trn

- Lower evnelope : hnh bao di

lch tiu chun ca cch din T = 10%

Hnh 8 - Mi tng quan gi ri ro h hng v h s an ton

thng k ()
i vi cc phn b xung ng ct khc nhau.

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95

lch tiu chun ca din T = 3%

lch tiu chun ca phn b qu in p s = 40 v
60%

Hnh 9 - Mi tng quan gia ri ro h hng (R) v h s an

ton thng k
() i vi cc phn b xung xt khc nhau.

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96

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97

lch chun ca cch in T = 5%

lch cun ca phn b qu p s = 40 v 60 %

Hnh 10 - Mi tng quan gi ri ro h hng (R) v h s an

ton thng k
() i vi cc phn b xung st khc nhau.

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98

lch chun ca cch in T = 7%

lch cun ca phn b qu p s = 40 v 60%

Hnh 11 - Mi tng quan gi ri ro h hng (R) v h s an

ton thng k
() i vi cc phn b xung st khc nhau.

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99

= 119 =

in p vn
hnh trong (1)
cc iu kin
bnh thng.
Cc c
tnh ca li
in

( 2)

Tnh ton cc
a cc bin php
qu in p (3) gim cc qu
tm thi
in p tmthi
hoc ng ct
La chn in
p nh mc
ca b chng (6)
st

( 5)

La chn in
p chu ng
cc xung xt
( 7)
v thao tc
ca thit b

Tnh ton
cc qu
in p st
(9)

297231537.doc

( 4)

Thit k cch
in i vi cc
qu in p vn
hnh v cc qu

( 8)
a cc in p
gim
cc qu in p st
Mc cch
in ng
dy s cc
dy t cc
khe h phng

Tnh ton
cc qu
in p st

(10)

(11
)

99 / 77

Tnh ton cc
qu in p
ng ct

Tc dng bo
v c th ca
cc b chng
st v cc khe

Lc chn
in p chu
ng xung
ng ct

La chn qu
in p chu
ng xung
xt nh mc
ca thit b

(12
)

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IEC 1976

100

Hnh 12 - S khi ca phi hp cch

in v thit k
= 120 =

Hnh 13a - My bin p nh b

tng ng
chia in p in dng
ca truyn in dng

Hnh 13c - Li ngoi c

Li in ngoi
dung khng Cs
tr R

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Hnh 13b - Mch

Hnh 13d c in

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101

Hnh 13. nh chn in p c tnh in dng ban u

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Trng
hp

Cc u ni ca my
bin p

No

Cun
dy
in
p cao
hn

297231537.doc

Cun
dy
in
p thp
hn

102

Xung ch trn mt
pha UA = 1, UB =
UC = 0

Cun
Cun
dy
dy
th ba in
p cao
hn

102 / 77

Cun
dy
in
p thp
hn

Cc xung c cc
tnh i trn 2
pha
UA = 1, UB = -1, UC
=0
Cun
Cun
dy
dy
in
in p
p cao
thp
hn
hn

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103

Hnh 14 - Cc gi tr ca h r r

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104

- constanl = hng s
- For the rerference piece of
equipment:
i vi thit b tham kho.

- Reference puobability =
xc sut
tham kho.
- Rated impuloe withot and
voltage
in p xung nh mc.

K=

U t 90 U ew
t

Hnh 15 - Xc nh bn cch in ca thit b ti thi im t theo

tham s K

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105

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106

Rated impulse withstand

voltage :
in p chu ng xung
ch mc

Phn nb in p chu ng ca thit b ca m ng P

Phn b hiu s gia in p chu ng 90% ca mt thit b o
c cc phng th nghim khc nhau v in p chu ng thc.
Phn b ca in p chu ng 90% ca bt k thit b no ca
nhau.
297231537.doc

m ng P trong cc phng th nghim khc

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107

Hnh 16 - Mt tm sut ca bn chu ng 90% o

c ca mt
m ng thit b.

Th nghim l tng

K tnh bng p.u ca t

K tnh bng p.u ca t

1 = Th nghim bng 30 xung ln v xung

(Mc 52 ca n phm IEC 71-1)
2 = Th nghim 15/2 mc 53 ca n phm IEC 71-1)
3 = Th nghim 3/0 (mc 54 ca n phm IEC 71-1)

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4- =

5/0
5/110/ 1

ln th 4].

108

Th nghim [(mc 27d) ca n phm IEC 71 xut bn

Hnh 17 - Xc xut ca mt thit b kinh qua cc kiu khc nhau

ca cc
th nghim theo c tnh cch in ca n.

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109

- ideal test : Th nghim l tng

- Actual test : Th nghim thc
- urve : ng cong

Hnh 18 - Xc xut Pt ca h hng trong th nghim (din tch A + B).

Ri ro ca nh ch to Rm (din tch A).
Ri ro ca khch hng Rc (din tch C).

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110

1 = Th nghim phng in n tia 50%.

2 = Th nghim 15/2.
3 - Th nghim 3/0

Hnh 19. - Ri ro ca khch hng theo xc sut Pt ca vic tht bi

trong th nghim.

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111

1 = th nghim phng in n tia 50%.

2 = Th nghim 15/2.
3 = th nghim 3/0.

Hnh 20 - Ri ro ca khch hng theo ri ro ca nh ch to

Rn.
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112

112 / 77