Discussion

This project was done to viewing the controllability of flow control by

using tuning rule of different various methods namely Ziegler-nichols,
cohen-coon, chien, hrones & reswick (CHR) by valve equipment (FIC 21).
The aim of the study to compare the value of flow control calculation by
using fixed value of PV and MV. The flow process is self-regulating process.
An open loop test has been performed to the flow control loop by making
the MV changes for 5%. The purpose of the open loop test is to obtain the
response rate, RR and dead time, Td. These both value is used to
calculate the optimum PID value that has been used in the closed loop
test. Set point used was fixed at 2m3/h from 6m3/h of process span.
Initially stable value of MV was set at 46.5% with P and I at 1.2 and
4.3 respectively at manual mode then the graph was printed out. From the
graph, respond rate (RR), dead time (Td), and time constant (Tc) by using
tangent method. The RR value was 0.6851 s -1, Td 1.3044 s, and Tc 2.6087
s. The value of P and I was tabulated in graph below.
Method

Ziegler-Nichols
Cohen-Coon
CHR,(set point, no
overshoot)
CHR,(set point, 20%
overshoot)
CHR,(load disturbance, no
overshoot)
CHR,(load disturbance, 20%
overshoot)

Proportio

Integral

Gain,

nal gain,

gain, I ,

Kc, (s-1)

P
99.2852
85.47
739
255.5
584

(s)
4.3437
2.1624

1.0072
1.1699

1.5653

0.3913

149.2
315

1.3044

0.6701

149.2
315

5.2176

0.6701

127.7
955

3.0000

0.7825

In FIC21, software in the computer required the Kc and I as input

value. The value for each Kc and I was used for the next test which is load
disturbance and set point test. In load disturbance test, the controller was

set to manual mode firstly. Then the MV value was increased by 5% from
46.5% to 51.5 % and holds for 3 sec after change the controller to
automatic mode. The process respond was observed until it stable at set
point or oscillated to infinity. The result obtain was plotted in table below.
Method
Terminology

Rise time,Tr (s)

Settling

Ziegl

Cohe

CHR,(set CHR,(set CHR,(load

CHR,(load

er-

n-

point,

point,

disturbanc

disturbanc

Nicho Coon

no

20%

e, no

, 20%

ls

oversho

oversho

overshoot) overshoot

ot)

ot)

23.5
162.4

1.6
stable

7.2
oscillatin

6.5
83.5

3.9
56.6

3.9
stable

2.2

1.95

1.87

time,Ts(s)
Overshoot,

g
0.1

OV(m3/h)
Undershoot,US(

m3/h)
UCL(m3/h)
2.01
2.05
LCL(m3/h)
1.99
1.95
*UCL=upper control limit , LCL=lower control limit

The value for overshoot, undershoot, UCL and LCL in the graph show
the value at the set point in (m3/h). The dash, -indicating no value for
given terminology. For an example, at Cohen-Coons method there is dash
in both overshoot and undershoot value column, means that for CohenCoons method, there is straight increase in value to the set point without
shooting out value before it stable while dash in UCL and LCL means that
for Cohen-Coons method, there are no oscillation occur before reaching to
the stable value.
From the table above, it can be conclude that from the 6 method
that was tested, the most stable and reliable method goes for CohenCoons method with faster rise time 1.6s. it is about 14 time faster than
Ziegler-Nicholss method and 2 time faster for CHRs of (load disturbance,
no overshoot) method. There is also no oscillation occur to reaching the
stable value. And without overshoot, undershoot, UCL, and LCL for CohenCoons method. The process respond curve shown in the appendix.