Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOR
CYPRUS GOLD COMPANY
Prepared by Terry
June
Phone: (6+-9)3766533,
Fax ( 64-9 ) 360 1010
Auckland,
CMS New
NZ
kaland Ltd.
Leach
1992
CMS report
M.
reference
473
5002,12 )
st
Ponsonby
Auckland,
NZ
Auckland, NZ
FOR
CYPRUS GOLD COMPANY
June
1992
CMS report
Phone: (64-9)3766533
Fax ( 64-9 ) 360 1010
Auckland, NZ
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
# 473
reference 800212
Ponsonby
Ponsonby
Auckland, NZ
Auckland, NZ
SUMMARY
1' Petrological
alteration mushrooms at
shallow levels into east-west elongate, concentric alteration
zones grading from an inner quartzpyrite zone, then progressively outward to quartz-kaolinite,
quartz-kaolinite-interlayered clay and
then peripheral quartz-smectite alteration assemblages.
The zonations in alteration indicate that
moderately hot acidic fluids upflowed within fractured
and brecciated zone to the north of the main
mineraiised zone, and mushroomed out at shallow
levels within the permeable pyroclastic units.
5'
6'
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II
INTRODUCTION
Cyprus Gold's La Pava and Cerro Quema prospect areas, in south-west Panama, form two
prominent topographic highs, elongate 1-2km in an east-west direction, approximately 3-4km
apan ( Figure 1; photo
I & 2 ).
550m asl, whereas the Cerro Quema prospect ( incorporating the Quemita, La Mesita, El Domo
and Cerro Quema areas ) ranges from 700-950m asl. Both prospects are hosted by of a suite of
Pacific region are situated at the periphera of, and at somewhat higher elevation than, blind high
grade porphyry copper deposits ( eg FSE-Lepanto, Philippines; Wafi-Raffertys, pNG; see
T.Leach memo to Chris Torrey, Cyprus Gold, Feb 1992 ). In these cases it is apparent thar rhe
mineralised fluids associated with gold * copper mineralisation in the high sulphidation sysrems
have sourced from the region of the high grade porphyry copper system. Petrological evaluations
have been beneficiai in understanding the controls on alteration and mineralisation of the high
sulphidation systems, and in indicating the likely presence and direcrion of potenrial high grade
porphyry systems ar depth.
The scope of this p@ological evaluation therefore is
ar La pava
and Cerro Quema, and its relationship to gold, and possibly copper, mineralisation.
ii) to determine the source direction of the hydrothermal / mineralising fluids, and to
evaluate the potential for encountering porphyry copper systems in the immediate
cinity.
Supergene acid leaching / weathering is very intense in most of the drillholes at both La pava and
Cerro Quema, and has subsequently changed the original hydrothermal alteration mineralogy.
Therefore most of the sampling for this study has concentrated on collecting unweathered
hydrothermaily altered samples. Samples have also been collected from some weathered intervals
in order to evaluate how the weathering has effected the hydrothermal alteration.
A suite of one hundred and three core, RC rock chip and surface grab samples were collected from
within the La Pava and Cerro Quema prospect areas. Of these thirty drillcore and RC rock chip
samples were analysed from fifteen drillholes in the La Pava prospect ( Figure 2) and thirty-one
core, RC chip and surface samples were analysed from fourteen drillholes in the the QuemitaCerro Quema-La Mesita-El Domo areas ( Figure 3 ).
Brief petrographic analyses were carried out on thirty-two thin sections, whereas brief combined
petrographic-mineragraphic analyses were done on eighteen polished thin sections. X-ray
diffraction ( XRD ) analyses were carried out on orientated clay separates from forty of the
samples, and scannedat2-25 o 2,
A summary of the petrological data is given in Table I, along with the mineral abbreviations used
in this table and throughout the report. The petrographic and petrographic-mineragraphic
descriptions, and the XRD charts are included in the Appendix at the back of this report.
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TABLE
Depth
Number
meters
PDH-90-01
18.5
Litholosv
Replacement
Deposition
_Peak
Heisht
((30)+Q(17)
67.5
Dacitic Frasmental/Tuff
OrBa+Fe-O
veinlerFe-O
89.6
Q+K+Py
breccia-Qr-Py
K(30)+Q(2s)
fan.'rl-^
PDH-90-IX
r
r
108.2
O+K+P.t
Veinlet-Pv+fRt)
70.2
Dacirc FragmentaUTuff
O+?A
vushs-O lSm)
99.4
Mca+Ba+Q+Py
vein-i)Py+AsS
K((2s)+Q(20)
Pyr(l1)+ Q(2s)
ii)Ba
PDH-9045
13.0
Dacite FragmentaVTuff
66.5
O+l)iklK+P.,
breccia-Pv+fRt)
Q(30)
Q+Cy+Mica
veinlerPy+(Rt)
I/I-SmOroad]?pyr()
+K+Pr
PRH-gi-06
PRH-91-07
114-115
Dacite/Dacitic Fragmental
Q+K+Py+Cy
+K(9)+Q(12)
breccia-Py+(Rr)
?Sm-I(rr)+?Br(r)+K(
+Q(19)
34-35
Dacite Fragmental,/Tuff
4748
Dacite /(Fragmenhl)
94-95
QrMica+Py
breccia-Mica+Q
Pyr(16)+K(2)+e(20)
+Pv
T
T
T
T
T
T
PRH-91-10
al
OrFe-O+?An
veinlet-Q
Q+K+Cy+py
vein-Carb, Chcd
+?Ch
PRH-91-11
PRH-91-13
74-75
54-55
Brecciated Dacite
Q+Ba+Py
Fragmenal / Tuff
tlCnv+Cn)
Q+K+Lm
Q(25)+Goe(a)
vughs-Ba
K(20)+Q(a)+Goe(3)
Q+Ba+Fe-O
PRH-91-15
Q(2t
6-7
K(8)+Q(9)+Goe(5)
69-70
PRH-9i-16
Dacite ( ?Andesite
)
QrK+Py+?Cy
vein-i)Q
ii)K
17-18
Hydrottrermal Breccia of
Q+Fe-O+Jar
+Jar
vein-Q
breccia-QrFe-O
Crystal Tuff
cavities-Co
Tuff
T
I
+?Ch+O13)
Frasmenfrl /T"ff
97-98
Sm-I (broad;2)+K(7)
10
K(t+Q(5)
3)
Depth I
r.r.* |
DriIIhole
Number
Lithorosv
Replacement
Deposition
34-36
Peak HeiEht
I-Sm 10.94(7)+K(20)
+Q(20)
6t-62
Dacite
f)Tl.'rD,
89-90
Dacite
K+Cy+Q+Py
r5-16
Dacitic Fragmental/Tuff
C)+Fe-f)
444s
Dacite/Dacitic Fragmenal
Q+K+Cy+Py
Dacite
C)+K+trc-f)
veinlet-Pv
r-Sm 10/34(2)+Dik(25)
+Q(20)
PRH-g1-17
veinlet-\
74-75
PRH-91-21
5-6
I-Sm (broad;iI'-K(25)
+Q(20)
4546
QrFe-O
?vein-Q
106-107
Dacite
O+K.-Pv/Pr\
veinlet-K+Pv
15-16
Dacitic Frasmental/Tuff
f).-Fc-f)rTl
53-54
Dacidc Fragmental/Tuff
Q+Pv
35-36
_Daglfc FragmentaVTuff
O+RtF.-rr
87-88
Dacite Fragmental,/Iuff
PRH-91-23
PRH-91-26
QrFe-O
K(30)+Q(20)
veinlet-O
Q(20)+Goe(5)
breccia-QrFe-O
;lBrecciarion
I
!RH-91-28
qp!)+coe(s)
Q+Py+Ba
4-5
K(20)+Q(20)
tt-12
Dacidc FragmenhUTuff
Q+Fe-O
65-6
Dacite / Andesite
QrDik?K+?Cy
29-30
Dacitic FragmentaVTuff
fracare-Fe-O
+Fe-O
PRH-91-29
Q+KtCy+Py
Sm-I Groad;2)+K(29
+Q(20)
PRH-91-35
2-3
PRH-9143
49-50
Dacite (?Andesite )
PRH-g244
29-30
K(12)tQ(7)
Sm+?Cv+O+Pv
Sm(12)+Q(n+Plast.l)
QlFe-O
4M1
r-Sm r0.74(3)+K(30)
PRH-92-45
89-90
Dacirc / Andpsitp
l5-16
Dacite/Dacitic Fragmental
lQp0)
OrK+Fe-O
Q+Cy+K+Fe-O
vein-O. K+Fe-O
K(25)+Q(18)
sm-r
rQ(e)
CMS New
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Drillhole
Depth
Number
meters
PRH-92-45
45-46
Dacite / (TAndesite )
O+l)iklK+P.,
veinlet-Dik+Pv
Dik(30)+0(25)
PRH-92-51
41-42
Dacitic FragmentalAuff
Q+K+Carb+Cy
veinlerCarb
K(1s)+Q(20)+?Sid(2)
Replacement
Deposition
_Peak
Heisht
+Pv
PRH-92-52
46-47
PRH-92-53
t2-13
I-Sm tO.9Aftroad:2)
+Kf?5\--O'l R\
PRH-92-57
35-36
Dacite lAndesite
42-43
Dacitic FragmentaVTuff
Cy+?Sm+K+O
Sm-I (broad:2)+Kli)+o1s
vein-i)Q
Q(25)+?Top(2)
ii)Pv+ColCnv)
PRH-92-58
77-78
Dacitic Fragmentalfuff
Cy+Carb+Ch+Q
+Pv+fRt+Po)
PRH-92-60
5l-52
Dacite
veinlerCarbtQ
+Pv
Ch+Q+Sid/Cab
Ch(11)+Sm-I (broad;3)
+Q(1t
Ch(3)+Q(6)
+Pv
PRH-92-73
80-81
Dacite lAndesite
K+O+Fe-f.)+Il"
147-148
QrFe-OrBa
?vein-O
PRH-92-7't
r47-r48
Dacitic FrasmentayTuff
Q+Py+(Rt)
?vein-O
PRH-92-78
132-133
QFe-GrBa
PRH-92-86
60-61
Dacite/Dacitic Frasmenra
t40-t4l
Dacife
C)+K+Fe-
K(20FQ(20)
O+Al+lKlltiki
LO-l
LO
-2
LQ
-:
Q(15)+Hal(3FSmll)
Q(ls)+ HaI(s)
Andesite
KAIaI+Sm+Ch
+Fe-O
LQ-4
BrecciatedDrcife
Q+KlDik+Py+
fPo+Rt)
LO-6
Andesite / Dacite
Mineral Abbreviations
breccia-Dik+@
Dik(20)+Q(20)
?Mica+pv
(Cv+Sm)
CMS New
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LITHOLOGIES
re,ative,y.o,,o".:nill:ool":o,ll;:ffi1il'"'H:":,;,::il:'*f ",:ffi,,:,:T;*T:
underlying porphyritic sequence.
;i?J:rffilTffi::ilT
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"ry,tur
williams ( Dec
IV
i) Hydrothermal Alteration :
The hydrothermal alteration mineralogy encountered at depth in the relatively
unweathered samples
from the La Pava prospect, may be divided into the following assemblages
on the basis of
increasing fluid pH and decreasing temperature as illustrated in Figure
4:
i) Ouartz + Alunite/Barite
This assemblage occurs under very low pH ( 2-3 ) conditions, and over a wide range
in
temperatures. Alunite forms in preference to barite ( and anhydrite
) under conditions of higher
sulphur fugacity. In many high sulphidation systems barite is the main
suiphate mineral
encountered at shallow levels ( eg at Mt. Kasi, Fiji; Dombroyde, NSW;
and Maragorik, pNG )
whereas alunite predominates in more deeply eroded systems, where
sulphur activity is greater (
eg Wafi, PNG; Lepanto, Philppines; Nena-Frieda River, PNG In
many cases in the La pava
).
samples barite deposition appear to have post dated the main phase
of hypogene acid leaching and
associated silicification, with barite deposited either in leached
vughs, or in late stage b,reccia zones
( eg at T4minPRH-g1-11
). Locally minute hexagonal hydrothermal apatite is intergrown with the
granular quartz in the silicified matrix. The presence
of apatite implies that the hydothermal fluid
had a high-magmatic ( ie high F- component.
)
i) Ouarta+ Kaolinite
iv)
This assemblage implies more neutral conditions ( pH
= 4 ), but similar temperatures ( 150200oC ) to assemblage (i)
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
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OPol
Tridymite
Crisfobolire
I
I
S ib nire
Mordenite
Heulondite
Chlorire
5meciite
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Clinopyroxene
And olusite
Gornet
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Corundum
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Povo Assembloges
O- Cerro
Note , Quortz +
Cristobnolite
ore
stoble
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pH
Quemo
temperoture ronges
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Figure 4
CMS New
pH Relorionships
Lo Povo ond Cerro euemo
Te m p
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Alterotion
Assernbfoges
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15
v) Ouarz + Smectite
ii)
Mineralisation
CMS New
kaland Ltd"
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mineralisation.
mineralisation.
CMS New
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PRH 9l-23
PRH 9't,43
Fisure
5 :
EAST
-WEST
CROSS SECTTON
PDH
PRH
PRH 9r-28
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IN
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION
PRH 9l-21
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i) Hydrothermal Alteration
The hydrothermal alteration assemblages
encountered in the cerro
euema prospect area are given
temperatures )
1)
= 4 ).
3)
CMS New
kaland
Ltd..
20
4)
as
shown by the increasing d-spacing of the 001 reflection from XRD analyses
) increases with
decreasing temperature. Cool smectite-illite ( smectite > 25Vo;001 > 114
) is encountered at
shallow levels in PRH-92-45 ( 15-16m ) and in PRH-53; intermediare amounrs
of smectite ( 1025vo; ffil = 10.4-10.94 , and moderate temperatures of alteration are
encountered at shallow
levels in PRH-91-16 &PRH-92-44,51 & 52; whereas low smecrite clays
/relatively high
temperatures occur at depth in PRH-91-16 ( which correlates with the
occurrence of high
temperature dickite ).
Although it is apparent that temperatures increased with depth in the region pRH-91
of
-16 and,9245; it is however unkely that the intense acid leaching encountered
near surface at Cerro euema
( PRH-91-16/17: PRtr-92-44/52 ) could have derived directly
from depth, since the alreration
mineralogy at deeper levels implies relativeiy neutral conditions. Fluids
of this pH could not have
caused the leaching & silicification encountered at shallow
levels.
at Cerro
Quema were derived from a horizontal outflow of hot acid fluids from the
euemita region ( see
Figure 8 ). The absence of silicification between PRH-91-10
pRH-g1-16
and
implies that some
block faulting ( either up or down ) may have taken place.
reflecr
conditions at the margins or periphera of the hydrothermal
system observed at euemita, and are
not encouraging for encountering signifrcant mineralisation
to the north or west of euemita.
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
21
ii) Mineralisation
As at La Pava, gold mineralisation extends from the oxide zone into the sulphide zonein some
drillholes ( eg PDH-90-04 ) implying that the oxide grade reflects the primary sulphide grade prior
to supergene weathering. Howeverelsewhere ( eg in PRH-91-16 & -17 ) high grade zones are
encountered at the base of the oxide zone, indicating local supergene enrichment.
This style of copper mineralisation is typical of high sulphidation - rype epithermal gold-copper
systems.
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
22
c
Elevotion
imetres o.s.l,)
eoo
i
i
PDH 90-04
PDH 90-05
PRH 91-07
LG-I
LA-2
.\.,\,\.\
.\ \ ,l
v
,).fi
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ndesit
Figure
EAST
- WEST CROSS
LEGND
Koolinite
Pyrophyllite
Koolinite
+ lnterloyered Cloys
C- C,
CERRO QUEMA
HYDROT
I-
Quorte + Pyrophyllite
Quortz
SECTION
Elevqtion
(metres
o.s.l.)
8s0
Quortz + Dickiie/Koolinite
Quortz + Koolinite/Dickim
+ Inierloyered Clov
Domo"
Quort + ChloritS
+ Smectire
lllite
PRH C2-57
Upper Level of
Su
lph id e Zone
Upper Extent of
Porphyritic Docite /Andesire
--/
Figure
8:
-/
NORTH-SOUTH
CROSS SECTION
PRH 92 .
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553 IOOE
HYDROTHERMAL I\LTERATION
VI
i) La Pava
It is interpreted that the intense silicifrcation and gold mineralisation encountered at La Pava have
been caused by the upflow of moderateiy hot, iow pH, Au-
from
hot acidic fluids at shallow levels, forming an elongate east-west zone of alteration/silicification, is
interpreted to have been caused by good horizontal primary permeability provided by the shallow
level pyroclastic units. This mushooming has also allowed mixing to occur between the hot acidic
fluids and descending cool meteoric/ground-waters, causing gold mineralisation, and associated
locallised minor copper mineralisation.
An initial influx of hot acidic, possibly volatile-rich fluid, has caused intense acid leaching. A
subsequent event involving fracturing and brecciation of silicified zones, and infilling of leached
cavities was accompanied by sulphide, and associated locallised barite, deposition. This late stage
event was the main copper, and interpreted gold, mineralising phase. Oxidation and weathering
of
sulphides has caused intense supergene acid leaching and remobilisation of gold, aithough there is
only local evidence of supergene enrichment, with oxide grades probably reflecting most initial
sulphide grades.
As mentioned in the introduction, experience from exploration in the west Pacific has shown that
buried high grade porphyry copper deposits ( > 100-200mt @ l-2%o O, ) can be encountered in
the immediate
cinity of
Wafi-Raffertys", PNG ). These high sulphidation deposits have been formed from hot acid.ic
hypogene fluids which have migrated through a pre-exisiting, deep seated mineralised porphyry
systems, remobilising metals and depositing them at shallower levels ( see Figure 9 ).
It is possible therefore that the gold * copper bearing high sulphidation system
ar La Pava may
have been deposite{.from hypogene, acidic fluid which had migrated through a similar deep seated
porphyry copper deposit, to the north of, and at lower elevations than La Pava ( Figure 9 ).
Although the high sulphidation system at La Pava is substantially smaller than that at Wafi or
Lepanto ( 20-30 mt @ 2-3 glt Au, with 3.6Vo Cu at Lepanto ), this may reflect the size of the
hypogene acid event and not the size of the pre-exisiting porphyry system.
24
PRH
92.M
-- "fu.n s2-as
PRH 9r
- 17
\, t'.
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D&
X,*
xx
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4.
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0
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50
1 :20(10
-:i\1AL
ALTERATION
PRH 92-5r
PRH 92"53
\
\
I--=--=+-__
1:2000
55
100--
HYDROTH
ER
MA
/TLTER
ATION
--
\.., \
E',
\'
\ l'\
\
..[\
\
> 20mt
1090m
at ?5-
3'0 9,u
tAu
\r.-
-F
Raffertyf lPorphyry Coppr
> 200mf at 1'5- 2'0 "/" Cu
msl
Epithermat 6old
L!panto
(High Sutphidation)
J.s-mr
t 3.6 yo Cu
;tsi
t7--
uPtloY
>200mt al 1-2o/o (u
of
Hot
Acd
6uinaon!
(P
orphyry
500
mt at
Co
pp ar )
0'1"/o Cu
Ftuids
La Pava
High
Sulph i d rtion
Sys te m
500
{i'
? Buricd Porphyry
C
opp
er
m.s.t.
of La Pava
i) geological and alteration mapping along the northern slope of La Pava, down to Rio
QUema
ii)
hypogene
i) RC drilling into the northern slope of La Pava in order to define the extent of the
steeply, northerly dipping upflow zone, and explore for mineralisation associated with
this upflow zone.
It is recommended that a petrological evaluation be made of the surface mapping and RC drilt
programme in order to further refine the above conceptual model, and re-evaluate the potential for
a
ii)
Cerro Quema
An upflow of hypogene, hot ( >250'C ), low pH ( 3-a ), mineralised fluids is interpreted to have
originated at depths beneath the Quemita area, and outflowed horizontally westward within
shallow pyroclastic units" High temperature conditions did prevail under the Cerro Quema region
but are unlikely to have contributed to the silicification and mineralisation encountered at shallow
depths in the drillholes.
As for La Pava, a two stage influx of hot acid fluids is postulated for Cerro Quema. The late stage
acid event has been accompanied by fracturing and brecciation of silicified dacites/andesites and
The alteration at El Domo is consistent with this region being slumped to the north from the region
of PRH-91 -16 & -17. The alteration at La Mesita ind.icates that this area is on the periphera or
margins of the hydrothermal system, and does therefore not justify further exploration drilling.
Although the hottest and lowest pH conditions were present at around 750m asl in the Quemita
area, drilling beneath this depth ( eg at ll4-I16m in PRH-91-06 ) indicated lower temperature &
higher pH conditions were present below this level. This temperature reversal shows that PRH9I-16 / PDH-90-04 were dilled through the upflow, which was probably centered slightly to the
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
26
north. However sampling of the bluffs to the north ( LQ-4 ) indicated that the upflow was close to
the PDH-90-04 region.
At Cerro Quema alteration within the upflow zone is characterised by quartz-pyrophyllite-baritesulphides, whereas as La Pava the upflow zone contains quartz-barite/alunite-sulphides ( Figure
4). This difference in alteration mineralogy indicates that conditions at drilled depths in Cerro
Quema ( around 75Om asl ) were hotter, but less acidic, an those at the drilled depths ( 450m asl)
at La Pava, at 300m lower elevation. The pressures within the high sulphidation system were
probably controlled by a porphyry system at depth, rather than by a circuiating, meteoricdominated system. It is therefore considered that it is not necessary to invoke faulting to explain
the differences in temperature of the two hydrothermal systems. The variation in styles of
alteration between La Pava and Cerro Quema can be explained by different rates of reaction and
mixing between the hypogene acidic fluid and the host wallrock and circulating fluids.
A mineralised porphyry system may also be present at depth beneath the Quemita area, however
this could be less accessible than the one postulated beneath La Pava. It is therefore recommended
that any seach for a porphyry system associated with the Quemita-Cerro Quema high sulphidation
system, should await the results of the proposed work at La Pava.
27
PHOTOMICROGRAPHS
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
$.J
3-'
i\
ir.\
microlaths and ion oxides. Feldspars ( probabiy plagioclase ) have undergone total replacement to
kaoiinite. Free quartz is absent, indicative of a probable andesitic composition. PRH-92-44 :8990m. Field of view is 2.6mm.
Photo 4 : Tuffaceous textures with elongate glass fragments replaced by kaolinite, set in a fine
grained matrix altered to quartz + dickite. Rock has undergone minor fracturing and associated
suihide deposition. PDH-01-108.2n. Field of view is 2.6mm.
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
29
Photo 5: Fragmental / breccia sample with locally abundant quartz crystal clasts, and porphyritic
rock clasts composed of plagioclase altered to kaolinite set in a matrix altered to granular quartz.
The clasts are set in a minor matrix of pyrite-quartz-kaolinite. PDH-01-90 : 89.6m. Field of view
is 2.6mm.
30
f,
af-
i /l' 5
t-
//
js
':.
i:r.
>:tti
Photo 7
ffi.H.i;
Relatively hard brown arsensulvanite ( AsS ) is cut by late stage vein of unidentified
grey-purple ( Ss ) sulphide in thin veinlets at 99.4m in PDH-04. Field of view is 0.3mm
:,
ra
/''.
J
Photo 8
CMS New
kalqnd Ltd.
'^T,
31
REFERENCES
Garcia :J. ( 1990 ) : Geology and mineralisation characteristics of the Mankayan Mineral District,
Benguet, Philippines. Geol. Soc. Japan pp 17-26
Leach T.M. & Erceg M. ( 1990 ) The Wafi River high sulphidation epithermal gold deposit, PNG.
Proc. Pac-Rim'90 Congress. pp 451-456
White N. ( 1990 ) High sulphidation epithermal gold deposits : characteristics and model for their
origin. In 3rd Syposium on deep-crust fluids. Geol Soc. Japn. pp 5-14
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
32
APPENDICES
33
Descriptions
APPENDIX
I : BRIEF PETROGRAPHIC
DESCRIPTIONS
LQ3:
Fine grained tan-brown limonite stained, massive sample.
kaolin clay : 60-70Eo; smectite :2A-257o; chloritic clay : 10-127o; iron oxide : 5-6Vo
LQ6: Andesite(Dacite)
In hand specimen the sample exhibits weak flow lamination with subparallel aligned, abundant
dark green-black hornblende and white plagioclase phenocrysts set in a very fine grained pale
geen-gey matrix.
In thin section relatively abundant (10-I2Vo of the rock ), large unaltered hornblende phenocrysts,
locaily poikilitically enclosing plagioclase, are only locally slightly to partially weathered to
smectite clay. Plagioclase phenocrysts ( 15-20 7o of the section ) are mainly oligoclase to minor
oxides and rare honblende microlites are scattered throughout the rock matrix.
The rock is probably andesitic in composition, however the presence of free quartz phenocrysts
implies the composition is probably transitional to dacite.
34
PDH-90-01
67.5m
core sample which has been totally altered to a light to pale grey
leached/porous siliceous rock
with abundant fractures and possible breccia zones seaied
limonite.
PDH-90-04
has
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
35
PDH-90-05
Crystal Tuff
Light grey-tan brown, slightly limonite-stained, highly silicified, locally vughy/porous, leached
fine grained core.
In thin section the rock is composed of rare scattered, mainly fine grained, locally large ( up to 13mm in diameter ) clasts or fragments of quartz phenocrysts are indicative of a fine grained
pyroclastic / crystal tuff, of probable dacitic composition. In places rare open vughs / cavities have
a psuedo-tabular habit, suggestive of feldspar crystal fragments.
The interpreted crystal fragments are set in a very fine grained matrix completely altered to an
interiocking mosaic of quartz + abundant hexagonal low birefringent mineral interpreted to be
hydrothermal apatite. Trace iron oxides have mainly been deposited into open wghs.
PRH'9L-07
Rebrecciation
Rock chip sample which range from white, clay-rich, to mortled grey-white rock with ?clay altered
crystal fragments set in a fine grained matrix.
In thin section the rock is a ne grained fragmental composed of abundant feldspar and possible
lithic clasts ( up to 1-2mm in diameter ) completely repiaced by Illiticfficaceous clay + minor
Quartz + ra.re Pyrite, and scattered, locally abundant, angular to rounded quartz crystal fragments
( mostly <lmm, some up to 2-3mm in diameter
).
The crystal fragments are set in a fine grained matrix completely replaced by granular
euartz +
fibrous illitic / Micaceous clay + rare disseminated dusty Pyrite, commonly replaced by iron
oxides. In some chips subangular crystal tuff lithic clasts are set in a fine grained breccia matrix of
Micaceous Allitic clay + minor euarrz + py altered to iron oxides.
Mineral abundance : Quartz :50-60Va; MicaceousAllitic ciay :30-4AVo; Pyrite/iron oxide :5-7Vo
PRH-91-10
: 47-48m :
Light tan-brown limonite stained, to rarely white-grey, highly silicified rock chips, leached,
porous/vughy rock chips.
In thin section the some of the chips appeils to be porphyritic, with rare partially resorbed
rounded, unaltered quartz phenocrysts. many of the vughs exhibit tabula habits indicative of
leached feldspar phenocrysts; elsewhere trace prismatic vughs are strongly indicative of leached
hornblende phenocrysts. Elsewhere angular quartz clasts are indicative of a minor amount of
fragmental lithology.
CMS New
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36
Phenocryst phases are set in a very fine grained totally silicified matrix replaced by granuiar
interlocking Quartz + rare ?Apatite + abundant Jarosite and/or iron oxides after pyrite.
The rock has been cut by thin, locally discontinuous veinlets of Quartz. Elsewhere Quartz lines
and in places infills vughs.
Mineral abundances : quartz :80-90Vo:jarosite/iron oxides : lo-127o; ?apatite :2-3Vo
PRH-91-13
: 54-55m :
Dacite
Mainly tan-brown limonite stained, highly silicified, locally porous - leached rock chips. Some
chips have been altered to white-grey ciay.
In thin section the chips exhibit both fragmental and porphyritic textures. In some cases quartz are
euhedral are partially resorbed indicative of a porphyritic rock, whereas elsewhere the quartz is
angular implying a fragmentpyroclastic habit.
The phenocrysts/clasts lre set in a fine grained matrix altered to a mosaic of granuiar Quartz +
minor Dickite / Kaolin clay + abundant dusty Limonite
Trace Barite infills a few vughs and thin fractures.
Mineral abundance : quartz :6O-707o; iron oxides :20-25Vo; Dickiteffuolinite : 5-6Vo; Barite: trace
PRH-91-13
Red-brown hematite-stained, to light grey-white, highly silicified, massive rock chips with
minimal leached vughs / cavities.
Both porphyritic and fragmental textures are evident in rock chips. Trace partially resorbed quartz
phenocrysts are evident in some chips; whereas angular to subangular quartz clasts are
encountered in others. Trace tabular vughs ( ?after feldspar crystal fragments
) are infilled by
Quartz and/of trace Baite. The quartz phenocrysts & chips are set in a very fine grained silicified
matrix composed o$minute granular Quartz + rare ?Apatite + trace scattered Barite. Trace iron
One chip cut by saccharoidal Quartz vein. Elsewhere Jarosite after Pyrite occurs
discontinuous veinlets. Limonite lines open vughs.
Mineral abundance : quartz 80-x)vo;jarosite/iron oxide :5-7vo; barite : <lvo
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
37
in thin
PRH-91-15
69-70m
Andesite (?Dacite
Mostly dark grey fine grained chips with minor white ?clay altered feldspar ?phenocrysrs
/ crystal
clasts.
PRH-91-16
17-18m
of
iii)
PRH-91-16
: 6l-62m :
Dacite
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
38
The phenocryst phases re set in a very fine grained matrix completely replaced by Quartz + Illitic
Clay + Kaolin Clay + minor disseminated anhedral to euhedral Pynte ( cubic > pyritohedral )
Rock is cut by very thin ( <lmm ), discontinuous Pyrite veinlets.
Mineral abundance : Kaolin clay : 40-50Vai quaftz 25-30Vo; illitic clay : lS-ZAVo; pyrite : 4-67o
pRH-91.17
Single light gfey-white, very fine grained, massive, slightly porous/vughy rock chip, cut by thin
red-bnown hematitic fractures.
In thin section the rock is a fragmental composed of very rare subangular quartz crystal fragments,
by
and fine grained tabular feldspar fragments which have been totally leached and partially infilled
Quartz and/of Limonite.
The clasts are set in a very fine grained totally silicified matrix to granular mosaic of interlocking
Quartz + trace scattered dusty Limonite.
Limonite lines caties and infills thin fractures.
PRH-91-17
:74-75m
Dacite
Pale tan-brown slightly Lm-stained sample, mottled white with clay altered feldspar ?phenocrysts;
In thin section the chips exhibit porphyritic textures, with abundant feldspar ( ?plagioclase )
phenocrysts, leached and infilled by Kaolin clay t Quartz, minor hornblende phenocrysts also
leached and infilled by murky Kaolin clay + iron oxides, and rare unaltered, in places pafiially
resorbed quartz phenocrysts"
The phencrcrysts phases are set in a fine grained completely silicified matrix replaced by granular
partially
Quartz + scattered dusty iron oxides; with minor leached cubic vughs, after Pyrite, being
infilled by Limonite.
'+"
Mineral abundancs : quartz : 6O-70Vo; Kaolin clay :25-30Vo; kon oxides : 4-6Vo
PRH-91-21
Pale red-grey, slightly hematitic, very fine grained silicified, commonly vughy
leached rock;
CMS New
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39
PRH-91-23
Crystal Tuff
Palegrey-whitetotan-birown,monite-stained,silicifiedintenselyporous-leachedrockchips
quartz crystal fragments indicative of a fragmentai
ln thin section the chips contain rare to minor
minor
vughs are suggestive of the presence of
origin. a few semi-tabular to tabular leached
kaolin
feldspar ciasts have been infined by a dusty
ferdspar crystal crasts. Some of the reached
clay.
quartz
matrix composed of a mosaic of granular
These ciasts are set in a very fine grained silicifred
PRH.91.23
Fragmental
PRH.91-26:35.36m:DaciticFragmental/CrystalVitricTuff
white to very pale tan-bnown ( sght limonite stained
only trace leached vughs.
CMS New
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40
In thin section the rock is a fragmental as evidence by the presence of rare quartz crystal
fragments. A few ieached tabular vughs incated that trace feldspar crystal clasts were also
present.
The crystal fragments are set in a very fine grained matrix completely altered to a mosaic of
interlockin g qlartz" with trace stubby Rutile crystals and scattered iron oxide. In a few chips
relatively abundant ( 8-10Va ) cubic/pyritohedral vughs after leached pyrite, have been partially
infilled by iron oxide / Limonite.
cut by very thin ( <lmm ) fractures partially infrlled by Limonite.
pRH-91-26
In thin section the rock chips are fragmental with rare, generally fine grained, angular to
subrounded quartz crystal fragments, semi-tabular leached vughs, probably after minor feldspar
crystal fragments, and rounded to subrounded lithic clasts completely altered to fine grained Quartz
+ iron oxides after Pyrite/sulphides.
The clasts are set in a very fine grained matrix of granular quartz + minor dusty iron oxides, in
places infilling leached cavities after disseminated Pyrite + trace hexagonal scattered Apatite. In
one chip the fragmental rock has undergone brecciated with clasts set in a fine grained matrix of
Quartz + abundant dusty iron oxides ( ?after Pyrite/sulphides )
Mineral abundances : quartz : 80-90Vo; iron oxide ( I}-lSVo ); apatite : trace ( <O.tVo )
PRH-91-26
Dark grey fine grained highly pyritic , to white-grey highly silicified, locally leached to
porous/vughy rock; commonly with tan-brown limonite staining.
In thin section the rock chips are fragmental being composed of rare subangular quartz crystal
fragments, with trace tabular vughs possibly after leached feldspar clasts, infilled by
Pyrite/sulphides + Barite.
The crystal clasts are set in a very fine grained matrix, locally exhibiting weak flow lamination,
totally replaced by very fine grained Quartz + minor disseminated p1'nte ( commonly subhedral to
pyritohedral ) an in most chips altered to Limonite + trace scattered anhedral to locally psuedohexagonal Barite.
Mineral abundance ( in sulphide sample ) : quartz :8U907o; pynte : I0-I27o; barite :2-4Vo
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
4l
PRH-91-28
Li_eht
chips.
ln thin section e chips are fragmental with rare subangular quartz crystal fragments being set in a
very fine grained matrix locally exhibiting weak flow lamination. The matrix has undergone
complete alteration to a very fine grained mosaic of granuiar Quartz + scattered iron oxides + trace
very locallised hexagonal ?Apatite. Eisewhere the chips appear brecciated with rounded fine
grained totally silicified lithic clasts set in a fine grained matrix of Quartz + iron oxide - possibly a
liic tuff.
\fineral abundances : qualtz :9\957o;iron oxide :5-77o; ?apatite : trace (<0.17o)
PRH-91-28
: 65-66m :
Andesite.
illitic clay with core altered to Kaolin clay, or totally altered to Kaolin
cl,ayl?Dickite. A few large prismatic crystal habits, interpreted to be hornblende, have undergone
:oral replacement to Kaolin clay + minor Quartz + iron oxide. Rare chips contain quartz crystal
tragments suggestive of a ?pyroclastic.
The phenocryst phases are set in a fine grained matrix completely altered to granular fine grained
Quanz + interstitial Illitic clay + rare Kaolin clay + dusty kon oxides ( probably after pyrite )
The rock is locally sheared with thin fractures frlled by iron oxides.
\tineral abundance : quartz :8G90Vo; kaolin clay :6-87o; illitic clay :4-57o; iron oxide :8-I07o
PRH-91-43
: 49-50m
Dacite
(Andesite )
Dark grey to grey-gfben, ?porphyritic chips with large white ?phenocrysts set in a fine grained
:ni.
Forphyritic rock chips, composed of plagioclase ( mainly oligoclase, to locai andesine )
phenocrysts, partially replaced by illitic clay; moderately abundant mafic phenocrysts
predominantly homblende, possibly some pyroxene ) totally altered to Smectite / chloritic clay;
rd in a few chips panially resorbed quartz phenocrysts.
"llhe phenocryst
phases are set
JMS New
kaland Ltd.
42
PRH-92-44 z
29-30m:
Light grey-white highly silicified rock chips, with local grey ?clasts set in a fine grained
porous/vughy matrix.
In thin section the rock chips are polymict breccias with clasts of
i) porphyritic rock with partially resorbed quartz phenocrysts, and trace tabular vughs
after feldspars, set in a very fine grained matrix totally replaced by granular Quartz +
scattered dusty iron oxides
PRH-92-44
: 89-90m :
Andesite
Fine grained,locally white clay altered, predominantly red-brown, hematite-stained rock chips.
Porphyritic sample composed of rare feldspar ( ?plagioclase ) phenocrysts, totally altered to Kaolin
clay, and trace possible mahc ( ?homblende ) phenocrysts also replaced by Kaolin clay.
The phenocryst phases are set in a fine grained felted matrix of plagioclase microlaths altered to
Kaolin clay + minor Quartz, rare mafic microlites altered to Kaolin clay + iron oxide * Quartz,
with abundant interstitial Hematite, after primary iron oxides and/or pyrite.
One chip cut by a thin ( <1mm Quartz veinlet ); whereas in another chip a ribboned Quartz vein
clast is set in a shear/ fracture zone sealed by Kaolin clay + Hematite.
Mineral abundance : Kaolin clay : 50-60%oi euartz:3U40Vo; iron oxide : l\-rT%o
PRH-92-45
15-16m
Dacite
Tan-bnown Lm-stained, clay altered rock chips, with a few chips of large quartz ?crystal fragments
/ phenocrysts
Both fragmental and porphyritic textures are exhibited in the rock chips. A few very large ( 4-5mm
in ameter ) rounded, partially absorbed quartz phenocrysts are set in a fine grained matrix altered
o
illitic clay +
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
ile
up to 1-2mm ) subangular
set in a fine grained matrix replaced by Illitic clay + Quartz. In some
43
chips semi-tabular feldspar phenocrysts / crystal frag are altered to illitic clay. Rounded lithic clasts
repiaced by
PRH-92
- 45 :
45-46m
Dacite
also of
(?Andesite
abundant Fe-O.
Light to pale grey, slightly pyritic and silicified, in places mottled ?porphyritic rock chips. A few
clasts of large quartz ?phenocrysts / crystal clasts.
In thin section the rock chips exhibit porphyritic textures with abundant feldspar, minor
mafic/hornblende phenocrysts altered to Dik/K * trace Py/sulphides, and trace quartz phenocrysts.
A few rock chips are quartz phenocryst fragments. The phenocrysts are set in
altered to granular Q + minor
pyritohedral > cubic ) Py.
: 35-36 :
PRH-92-53
Andesite
Dik + Py/sulphides.
Dacite
In thin section the rock chips are porphyritic with abundant feldspar / plagioclase phenocrysts
altered to illitic clay with local overprinting by Sm + iron oxide, moderately abundant hornblende
phenocrysts also totally replaced by illitic clay + smectite + carbonate/siderite; and trace locally
partially resorbed quartz phenocrysts.
microlites
disseminated Pyrite.
Mineral abundance : quartz 4A-5A7o; illitic clay :2A-25Vo: smectite : L5-20Vo; siderite :8-lAVo;
ion oxide :3-5Vo
PRH-92-60
51-52m
Pale to dark grey, locally limonite stained ?porphyritic sample with large phenocrysts, set in a fine
grained matrix.
In tttin section the rock chips are porphyritic and composed of abundant feldspar ( ?plagiociase )
phenocrysts totally altered to Ch + Sid + ?kaolin clay; minor hornblende phenocrysts also altered
to Ch + Sid + Q + Fe-O; and a few race partially resorbed quarrz phenocrysts.
The phenocrysts are set in a very fine grained matrix completely altered to Ch + Q + scattered
disseminated Pyrite + Sid. The alteration has completely masked all primary textures in the matrix.
Mineal abundance : quartz : 25-3O7o; chlorite : 25-307o; siderite : 30-4OVo; iron oxide : l2-157o
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
44
PRH-92-73
: 80-81m :
Dacite
Andesite
Light tan-brown, limonite-stained to red-brown, hematite stained, fine grained silicified, leached
porous/vughy rock chips.
Porphyritic sample composed of abundant leached tabular feldspar / piagioclase phenocrysrs,
infilled by Kaolin clay + iron oxides, or open and lined by iron oxides; possibie mafic
( ?hornblende ) phenocrysts also leached and infilled by a kaolin clay; and trace rounded,
locally
partially resorbed quartz phenocrysts.
The feldspar and quartz phenocrysts Lre set in a very fine grained matrix which has undergone
complete replacement to granuiar interlocking Quartz + minor scattered dusty iron oxides +
trace
Baite.
Mineral abundance : quartz 70-8A7o; kaolin clay : 10-15 7o; konoxide : 6-8Va; barite - <g.l7o
PRH-92-73 z r47-L48m
Dacitic Fragmentat
\fainly tan-brown limonite stained silicified leached vughy rock chips; with rare dark grey chips
cut by thin Quanz veinlets.
In thin section the rock chips are observed to be fragmental rocks composed of rare quartz
crystal
iagments, and local tabular leached vughs after feldspar crystal fragments, which
have been lined
iron
oxide;
and locally partiaily infilled by Barite. A few chips are composed of clasts of quarrz
ry
:nstals and rounded highly silicified lithic clasts.
The lithic and crystal clasts are set in a very fine grained matrix
of granular quartz + rare iron
xides + trace Barite ( up to |A-lSVo in one clast A couple of chips are
composed of fine
).
sccharoidal Quartz, and are interpreted to be vein clasts.
\fineral abundance : quarrz :80-90To: iron oxide : l}-l2vo:barite <O.lvo
PRH'92'78
132-133m
_t
}etre grey
fills
':gfrs' Elsewhere
lie
some
45
Pm.H-92-86
: 60-6Lm
Dacite
/ Dacitic
Fragmental
Irue grey to hematitic-limonitic stained, highly silicified, locally leached porous/vughy rock chips;
:eusoas have been totally leached and infilled by kaolin clay + iron oxides.
The ciasts / phenocrysts are set
llq, -
PWH-92-86
: 140-141m :
Dacite
&rmhgitic sample composed of minor leached feldspar phenocrysts which have been infilled by
:xrK + Al, and trace partially resorbed quartz phenocrysts. These phases are set in a fine grained
mmrr rctally altered to granular Quanz + minor Alunite
lhffinlrral abundance : quartz : 80-X)7o; alunite : 8-I0Vo; Kaolinite/dicKte :2-3Vo
flilS
-\-erv
kaland Ltd.
46
APPENIDIX
II : BRIEF PETROGRAPHIC-MINERAGRAPHIC
LQ-4 : Brecciated
DESCRIPTIONS
Dacite
4m wide, apparently near vertical zone of intense quartz-pyrite altered, silicified ?porphyritic rock
with clay-pyrite on wallrock.
The clasts are set in a very fine grained matrix altered to K/Dik + t trace Micaceous clay +
Q
moderately abundant Py/sulphides, with local Pylsulphide flooding. Elsewhere KlDik has flooded
the matrix forming elongate clay rich zones.
Py (2-4Vo ) >> Po = Rt
Py occurs as mainly anhedral, rarely subhedrpyritohedral grains predominantly disseminated in
the breccia matrix, rarely disseminated in porphyritic clasts, and as trace grains replacing
phenocryst phases. Some Py contain minute ovoid Po, and irregular Rt inclusions.
PDH-01
Breccia
Grey silicified, pyritic, porphyritic sample; fractured and brecciated by pyrite-dickite veining.
I-ocal secondary malachite stainin g.
Foorly sorted, mainly clast supported fragmental/breccia sample composed of angular porphyritic
:iasts containing feldspar phenocrysts totally altered to Kaolin clay, set in a fine grained.
matrix
granular Quartz + Kaolin clay + rare disseminated PylSulphides. The clasts are set in
by
=piaced
a
rinor matrix containing locally shattered quartz crystal fragments within a very
fine grained
:reccia groundmass altered to euartz + pyrite/sulphide + Kaolin clay
4' t 3-sEo ) >> co Cpy
{'occurs as anhedral to pyritohedral grains mainly intergrown with e-K in breccia marrix, a
*'iinor grains disseminated
in porphyritic clast matrix, and as trace grains replacing phenocryst
nases. Py is overgrown by trace Cpy in zones of Py flooding of breccia matrix. The
Cpy is
:c'ergrown and commonly replaced by Co. Elsewhere Co is deposited in open vughs in
breccia
natrix.
-}dS .\'ele
kaland Ltd.
47
PDH-01
108.2m
PDH-04
ser
in
overgrown
by
cutting Py.
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
48
PDH-05
Dark grey, highly pyntic silicified sample, cut by light grey-green ?Dilr/K veinlets.
Fragmental sample composed of feldspar clasts replaced by K + illitic
clay + pylsulphides,
hornblende ?clasts/phenocrysts altered to illitic clay + Micaceous clay/?pyr +
K, scattered quartz
crystal fragmenrs, and elongated angular lithic/glass fragments altered to illitic +
Kaolin clay. In
places quartz are large rounded and partially resorbed suggestive
of a porphyritic habit; possibly
lithic porphyritic clasts ?
Rock is cut by rare thin , partially discontinuous pyritic veinlets.
Py ( 6-8Eo ) >> Rt
PRH-O6-114m
Dacite
Dacitic Fragmental/Tuff
Rock chips range from very fine grained grey silicified pyntic rocks,
to momled grey-white ?claysilica-pyite altered ?porphyntic rocks.
Rock chips range from porphyritic rock with abundant feldspar phenocrysts
altered to mainly
Kaolin clay * Pylsulphides, locaily with illitic clay, and rare to rrace
large paniay resorbed quarrz
phenocrysts; set in a matrix completely replaced by fine grained
granular euartz + Kaolin clay +
rare illitic clay. Elsewhere chips are fragmental with feldspar
and quartz crystal fragments also set
in a matrix of granular Q + Kaolin clay + Py. In some chips the rock
is sheared and brecciated
PRH-91-10
- 94m : Dacite /
Dacitic Fragmental/Tuff
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
49
PRH'91'11
'
74m
97m
All
PRH-91-1S-69m:
Dacite
Py (2-3Vo )
50
PRH-91-16
- 89-90m :
Dacite
PRH'91'17
Dacitic Fragmentat
- Crystat/Lithic Tuff
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
51
PRH-91-21
- t06m :
Dacire
PRH'91'29
- 29'30m:
-d;:::fied
PRH-92'sl'4r'42m:
;ffJ:.,1T:rT"r,in
clasts
+ rae Kaolin clay +
Q, rare quartz crystal frag, and trace lithic
clasts altered to
52
Py (3-4Vo ) is the only opaque encountered, occurring as anhedral to rarely pyritohedral grains
disseminated in the rock matrix" In places trace very poorly crystalline Py overgrows some
earlier,. better crystalline grains.
PRH-92-57
42-43m
Dacitic Fragmentat
infilling leached feldspar vughs. Some Py contain trace minute Rt inclusions; elsewhere Rt is
encountered overgrowing Py in veining. A single chip contains co which overgrows py in
vein;
with trace cpy in co indicating that co is probably supergene after cpy.
PRH-92-58 z 77-78m
Dacitic Fragmentat
Pale grey to light grey, in some cases grey-brown, locally pyritic rock chips;
some cur by thin ( up
whereas rare large hornblende are rotally repiaced by Ch + Carb + Fy. The
matrix is intensely altered with some chips composed of illitic -chlorite altered feldspar
microlaths;
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
53
commonly altered to very fine grained Quartz + Chlorite + Carbonate + disseminated Py/sulphides
+ minor illitic clay.
The chips are in places cut by thin veinlets of Carb
Pylsulphides.
PRH-92-77
147-148m
Dacitic Fragmental
/ Crystal-Lithic Tuff
Dark grey, highly pyritic and silicified, locaily vughy / leached rock chips.
In thin section the chips exhibit fragmental textures with minor sub-rounded lithic clasts altered to
fine granular Q + minor Py, and rare quartz crystal fragments. The clasts are set in a f,rne grained,
locally vughy / leached matrix completely replaced by fine granular Q + abundant disseminated
Pylsulphides.
A few clasts are interpreted to be vein clasts of fine-med grained saccharoidal Q + minor
Pylsulphides.
Py (8-10Eo ) >> Rt
CMS New
kaland Ltd"
54
APPENDIX
CMS New
kaland Ltd.
55
CHARTS
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