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DOI 10.1007/s00126-008-0205-3
ARTICLE
Received: 6 February 2008 / Accepted: 8 May 2008 / Published online: 26 August 2008
# Springer-Verlag 2008
Introduction
Porphyry CuAu deposits are characterized by an inward
core of potassic alteration, spatially related to felsic
intrusions, and outward zonation to sericitic alteration, and
finally to epidotechlorite alteration. This general alteration
zonation corresponds to the Lowell and Guilbert model
(Lowell and Guilbert 1970), and may be explained by the
path of hydrothermal fluids ascending with intrusions and
moving outward and cooling (Titley and Beane 1981;
Heinrich 2005), and perhaps mixing with external meteoric
fluids (e.g., Gustafson and Hunt 1975). A common feature
of porphyry CuAu deposits, particularly in young volcanic
island arc terranes, is the development of an extensive
advanced argillic (AA) alteration zone at shallow levels,
e.g., Lepanto Far Southeast, Philippines (Hedenquist et al.
1998), that overlies or overprints deeper sericitic and
potassic alteration. This alteration is generally understood
to be related to acid fluids formed by condensation of
magmatic volatiles above the porphyry system (Hedenquist
and Lowenstern 1994). Overprinting or telescoping of
914
Paleozoic Tuva Mongol arc. Alteration included biotite, Kfeldspar with apatite, and minor albite. At South Oyu,
porphyry mineralization was recognized to be magnetiterich, pyrite-poor, and chalcopyrite dominant. At Central
Oyu, advanced argillic associations of quartz, alunite,
dickite, pyrophyllite, sericite, zunyite, svanbergite, and
fluorite were found with high sulfidation mineralization
assemblages, pyritehypogene chalcocitecovellitetennantite (with minor arsenosulvanite, chalcopyrite, bornite). K
Ar data on biotite from South Oyu suggested an Early
Devonian to Late Silurian age for the porphyry system.
Subsequently, descriptions of the geology and styles of
mineralization by Kirwin et al. (2005) include a review of
the history of exploration by BHP-Billiton and Ivanhoe
Mines Mongolia Inc. from the late 1990s to 2005. These
authors highlighted the occurrence of two styles of high
sulfidation mineralization, i.e., pyritecovellite at Central,
and bornitechalcopyritechalcocite at Hugo Dummett
South, and pointed out the importance of geophysical
915
916
917
918
919
Fig. 3 (continued)
Mineralogy
The AA mineralogy of the Hugo Dummett deposit has
been clarified by drill-core logging by SWIR spectrometry
at 510 m intervals, by microscopy and XRD analysis
(Khashgerel et al. 2006). This study incorporates new
microscopic observations, electron probe micro analyses
(EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and
whole-rock geochemistry. Mineral assemblages summarized by Seedorff et al. (2005) are used in a general sense
for high- to low-temperature AA minerals (below). The
temperature estimates are based on mineral assemblages
from geothermal fields in the Philippines (Reyes 1990)
and from isotopic temperatures for alunite, pyrite, anhydrite, and gypsum (Khashgerel et al. 2006).
High-temperature (350450C) AA alteration is characterized by an assemblage of andalusite, corundum,
woodhouseite, and diaspore. Andalusite is a replacement
of plagioclase phenocrysts and forms radiating rosettes,
pseudomorphing tabular crystals (Fig. 4a). Andalusite is
common at deep levels near the base of the AA zone and
associated with muscovite. Corundum has been found in
several samples as euhedral crystals up to 0.2 mm long but
its distribution is poorly known. Calcium-APS (woodhouseite) is found as ragged and strongly corroded
crystals, suggesting it may be paragenetically early and
at a relatively high temperature (Fig 4b). Diaspore occurs
as euhedral prisms of 0.1 mm length (Fig. 4c) but more
commonly as anhedral aggregates (Fig. 4d). Diaspore may
920
Fig. 3 (continued)
921
922
Whole-rock geochemistry
Twenty-nine samples were collected from three drill sections
(Figs. 2 and 3) of the AA zone and overlying dacitic ashflow tuff for whole-rock (WR) geochemical analysis. One of
the important aims of whole-rock analysis was to determine
the protolith for the AA zone, and the relationship of the AA
zone to the overlying relatively unaltered dacitic ash-flow
tuff. Drill-core samples between 200 g to 1 kg were crushed
and pulverized to 150 mesh and 50 g samples were sent to
ACTLABS, Ontario, Canada, and analyzed by their 4LITHORESEARCHQUANT package.
923
Geochemistry of protoliths
The main host rocks for the AA zone at the Hugo Dummett
deposit are (1) basalt (Va), (2) quartz monzodiorite (Qmd),
and (3) dacitic ash-flow tuff. The latter is separated by
texture into ignimbrite characterized by lenticular texture
(Ign), and volcanic breccia (Vbx). In general, volcanic
breccia (Vbx) underlies ash-flow tuff (Ign), but the volcanic
breccia can be interbedded or absent. Although, when less
altered, these rocks are readily recognized by field
observation and WR analysis, they are not easily distinguished in the AA alteration zone.
Spiderdiagrams normalized to primordial mantle values
(Fig. 8) indicate that all rocks have island arc characteristics
in terms of negative spikes for Nb and Ti, and relatively
elevated abundance in large ion lithophile elements (LILE)
compared to high field strength elements (HFSE; Table 1).
The rare-earth element (REE) plot shows that light REEs
are moderately fractionated for the felsic rocks, whereas the
basalts exhibit very flat REE patterns with a slight slope
from light to heavy REE (Fig. 8). The dacitic ash-flow tuffs
and quartz monzodiorite are almost similar in composition
(Table 1), and they can be classified as high K-calc-alkaline
series and are I-type (Chappell and White 1974), whereas
the basalts are suggested to be primitive island arc rocks of
calc-alkaline affinity (Kavalieris and Wainwright 2005);
sample 312(217) (Table 1) is the most mafic sample from
the Oyu Tolgoi area, and is a picritic basalt with 42.8 wt.%
SiO2 and 10.7 wt.% MgO.
Geochemical discrimination
A variety of trace element plots have been used to
classify the whole-rock samples into a number of groups
and allocate the primary lithology. The immobile elements Ti, Zr, and Nb are found to be the most useful,
and nicely discriminate between basalts (Va) and felsic
rocks (Fig. 9) even when they are strongly altered. Basalt
has high TiO2 >1 wt.% and low Zr<60 ppm, and low Nb<
5 ppm, compared to quartz monzodiorite and dacitic ashflow tuff, which have TiO2 0.5 wt.%, Zr>100 ppm and
generally higher Nb>5 ppm (Tables 1 and 2). However,
the felsic rocks are geochemically similar and cannot be
discriminated.
Fig. 6 EPMA element mapping. a Distribution of Sr, P, S, and Al for
svanbergite crystals and nearby area; b distribution of Ti, V, La, and
Ce in enlarged portion of (a); Ti and V occur together as rutile, whilst
LaCe florencite occurs as an inclusion, within svanbergite. For
electron microprobe analysis a JEOL JXA-8900R EPMA machine
was used at operating conditions of 15 kV and 12 nA. Because of
overlap of K of Ti with K of V, the V signal is over-estimated
Geochemical groups
The primary lithology shown in drill logs (Fig. 3a to c) is
based on field logging, utilizing relict textures (such as
lenticular pyroclastic texture for ash-flow tuff, large augite
phenocrysts for basalt, and crowded porphyritic texture for
quartz monzodiorite) and immobile element WR characteristics (in particular Ti, Zr, and Nb abundance and their
924
Discussion
Whole-rock geochemistry provides unequivocal evidence
that major parts of the AA zone are formed by alteration of
925
926
318(217)
VaAv10
OT10-3
295(556)
976A(966.5)
Unit
Group
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
LOI
Total
Be
Sc
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Br
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Ag
Cd
Sn
Sb
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Au (pbb)
Va
A
42.75
1.37
12.46
14.65
0.33
10.77
11.97
1.42
0.6
0.17
3.55
100.26
454
169
50
72
134
135
16
2
12
7
325
21
56
6
<2
<.50
<1
1.3
0.3
166
6
14
2.11
10.57
3.4
1.17
3.74
0.7
4.16
0.86
2.49
0.37
2.18
0.3
1.81
0.1
5.7
Va
A
45.51
1.31
15.03
13.5
0.25
7.11
9.72
2.34
1.14
0.22
3.87
100
Qmd
B
60.43
0.5
17.67
5.44
0.06
1.33
2.61
5.12
4
0.23
1.52
99.17
1
6
146
58
9
86
823
18
103
6.9
0.9
824
16
29
3.24
13.4
2.77
0.91
2.68
0.46
2.47
0.51
1.51
0.25
1.63
0.25
2.5
0.39
Ign
C
62.13
0.46
16.53
4.92
0.12
1.03
3.44
4.79
2.97
0.21
3.13
100.01
82
20
7
<20
50
64
17
1
8
57
900
18
133
9
<2
<.50
1
1.1
7.3
847
18
34
4.14
14.91
3.83
1.06
3.23
0.58
3.42
0.7
2.05
0.33
2.23
0.34
3.87
0.4
<.50
Vbx
D
64.68
0.52
17.01
6.06
0.05
1.04
0.59
3.42
3.21
0.24
2.89
99.88
<1
7
113
<5
9
2
24
104
21
1
6
<.50
96
244
19
126
8
<2
<.50
<.30
1
1.2
3.2
517
17
32
4.36
17.01
3.44
0.95
3.15
0.52
3.01
0.61
1.99
0.32
2.17
0.34
3.75
0.42
2
<2
406
89
29
41
505
81
16
3
13
19
534
25
55
3
0.8
145
7
16
2.34
11.72
3.55
1.3
4.08
0.71
4.38
0.89
2.63
0.39
2.37
0.37
1.88
0.11
2.2
927
Table 1 (continued)
Sample
318(217)
Tl
Pb
Bi
Th
U
0.1
8
<.10
0.5
0.22
VaAv10
OT10-3
295(556)
976A(966.5)
0.7
0.37
2.9
2.02
0.2
13
<.10
2.6
1.23
0.4
9
<.10
2.8
1.16
Groups A Va, B Qmd, C Ign, D Vbx, are relatively unaltered samples, VaAv10 is the average of ten samples. Oxides as %, trace elements in ppm,
except for gold (in ppb). All analyses by ACTLABS, 4LITHOQUANTRESEARCH package
Va Augite basalt, Qmd quartz monzodiorite, Ign dacitic ash-flow tuff (lenticular texture), Vbx dacitic ash-flow tuff (breccia texture)
928
EGD053C
1410.8
HugoDN
A
EGD053 470 62
1314
HugoDN HugoDS
A
C
EGD053
1247
HugoDN
C
1447
470 97 470 120.5 470 454 470 157 470 261 470 309 470 153 470 175 470 197.7 470 228.4
1810
HugoDN HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS HugoDS
C
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
LOI
Total
Be
Sc
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Ag
Cd
Sn
Sb
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Au(ppb)
Tl
Pb
Bi
Th
U
51.34
1.26
16.82
8.51
0.17
8.92
1.09
0.1
2.55
0.31
7.59
99.5
2
34
411
102
39
57
5170
223
19
1.6
4
79
58
12
53
2.2
25
1.1
5.8
173
6
12
1.69
7.68
2.11
0.83
2.32
0.4
2.44
0.49
1.47
0.22
1.5
0.23
1.6
0.14
33
0.7
9
0.4
0.5
0.39
52.96
1.26
19.41
14.61
0.12
1.79
0.49
0.27
2.08
0.4
6.38
100.22
2
35
553
36
20
47
944
570
27
2.1
7
48
756
38
55
3.1
4
2.1
281
12
26
3.8
17.9
4.74
2.11
5.73
1.02
6.36
1.32
3.84
0.53
3.1
0.44
1.8
0.1
1
1.5
49
0.4
1.1
0.55
60.48
0.48
16.34
4.9
0.21
1.42
3.04
2.48
3.42
0.25
7.4
100.57
2
5
96
8
2
52
128
20
1.3
11
73
269
18
102
5.9
2
1.2
6.1
292
17
33
4.02
16
3.4
1.07
3.21
0.53
3.07
0.62
1.89
0.29
1.92
0.31
2.9
0.39
1
8
0.7
24
0.1
2.2
1.21
61.04
0.46
16.37
5.15
0.15
1.19
2.66
4.64
2.63
0.23
4.11
98.83
1
5
97
9
4
61
116
22
1.2
12
70
644
19
105
5.9
0.4
2.7
408
14
28
3.33
13.6
3.03
0.89
2.89
0.49
2.75
0.57
1.84
0.29
1.9
0.29
2.7
0.37
0.3
15
0.3
2.2
1.08
60.76
0.51
17.89
4.41
0.09
0.73
2
6.02
2.01
0.25
4.23
99.14
1
6
93
5
2
82
93
22
1.2
6
31
617
17
110
6
0.5
2.7
762
14
27
3.42
13.9
3.06
0.96
2.74
0.46
2.77
0.57
1.77
0.28
1.95
0.31
3.1
0.43
1
0.3
19
0.5
2.2
0.85
65.6
1.15
19.51
4.3
0.03
0.32
0.07
0.51
8.92
100.81
1
7
375
16
16
24
418
9
17
4.4
15
1739
3
49
3.4
21
135
10
21
3.03
13.7
3.14
0.92
2.19
0.26
0.97
0.13
0.34
0.05
0.39
0.07
2
0.22
9
14
334
0.5
0.7
8.83
65
1.24
22.31
0.97
0.03
0.32
0.07
0.2
0.57
7.75
98.83
6
188
23
3
1
216
23
9
3.4
17
2
1682
2
68
4.4
15
10
584
10
18
2.25
8.74
1.59
1.04
1.11
0.12
0.5
0.09
0.28
0.05
0.35
0.06
2
0.25
13
186
0.2
0.7
0.92
59.02
1.28
16.75
8.91
0.03
0.23
0.18
0.45
0.38
11.61
99.07
1
24
334
12
16
6
18
17
1.7
51
3
572
6
70
3.7
12
1.8
3
0.2
357
16
30
3.95
16.9
3.71
1.33
3.17
0.38
1.58
0.27
0.83
0.15
1.25
0.22
2.1
0.21
1
18
271
0.9
1.2
0.66
68.14
1.33
19.84
2.26
0.02
0.37
0.1
0.27
0.58
7.58
101.4
4
240
67
10
7
4900
29
9
5.9
18
2
1196
3
47
2.4
26
0.9
15
0.2
372
12
22
2.88
12
2.58
0.9
1.96
0.25
0.96
0.13
0.3
0.04
0.31
0.06
1.6
0.15
9
16
256
0.4
1.3
0.56
71.77
1.31
15.47
3.06
0.02
0.27
0.13
0.39
0.44
6.69
99.9
1
26
322
65
10
7
23
19
4
729
2
544
22
89
4.5
39
1.7
12
4.4
0.2
491
10
20
2.69
11.6
3.04
0.96
3.16
0.55
3.44
0.78
2.92
0.49
3.39
0.53
2.8
0.27
5
16
0.1
248
0.6
1.9
1.47
68.51
1.36
18.04
3.64
0.03
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.2
7.67
100.15
1
14
325
40
10
19
7
17
4.3
1130
2
613
3
67
3.2
29
2.5
10
0.2
0.3
229
9
15
1.7
6.53
1.3
0.37
0.88
0.12
0.63
0.13
0.43
0.08
0.66
0.12
2.1
0.21
6
23
103
0.4
1.3
1.16
67.67
1.37
21.41
2.38
0.03
0.26
0.13
0.16
0.39
6.2
100.23
1
9
478
66
6
4
11
16
4
16
1
645
16
55
2.7
14
0.9
15
0.4
267
23
47
6.39
26.9
5.16
1.7
4.24
0.63
3.34
0.62
1.79
0.26
1.68
0.26
1.8
0.22
7
11
0.1
64
2.3
1.24
69.24
0.95
17.85
2.15
0.01
0.2
0.22
0.52
0.46
8.63
100.94
4
155
6
9
3
1350
23
8
8.1
116
1
1864
3
140
6.8
264
16
0.2
639
13
26
3.45
14.2
2.53
1.13
1.53
0.14
0.57
0.12
0.42
0.09
0.73
0.15
4.2
0.54
6
8
0.1
1190
3.7
1.16
70.89
0.67
20.07
1.12
0.02
0.17
0.1
0.29
0.34
6.35
101.27
6
171
6
4
3
7400
10
26
3.1
249
2
997
12
107
5.1
76
1.3
8
2.7
0.3
579
18
35
4.5
17.7
3.49
1.08
3.03
0.44
2.25
0.46
1.52
0.25
1.85
0.31
3
0.38
3
12
0.1
277
2.6
2.7
1.26
65.13
0.68
19.66
2.28
0.02
0.23
0.18
0.63
0.36
9.51
99.81
5
215
8
4
6480
32
20
3.1
100
2
864
3
106
5.8
7
1
13
0.4
0.1
670
17
34
4.4
16.5
2.48
0.9
1.59
0.16
0.71
0.13
0.41
0.07
0.55
0.11
3
0.41
1
12
0.1
557
2
2.3
1.19
Groups A Va, C Ign, 1 Va_AA, 2 Va_AA(LREE), 3 Qmd_AA, 4 Qmd_AA(HREE) 5 Va_IA, 6 Qmd_Alt, 7 Ign_AA. Oxides as %, trace
elements in ppm, except Au (in ppb). All analyses by ACTLABS, 4 LITHOQUANTRESEARCH package
Va Augite basalt, Qmd quartz monzodiorite, Ign dacitic ash-flow tuff, AA advanced argillic, IA intermediate argillic, Alt altered, LREE light rare-earth
elements, HREE heavy rare-earth elements
929
470 248
470 288
470 479
470 527
470 428
470 340.5
470 387
HugoDS
5
EGD053
1272
HugoDN
6
EGD053
1299.2
HugoDN
6
1447
1838
HugoDN
7
EGD053
1258.8
HugoDN
7
EGD053
1263.4
HugoDN
7
EGD053C
1386
HugoDN
7
EGD053C
1395
HugoDN
7
HugoDS
3
HugoDS
3
HugoDS
4
HugoDS
4
HugoDS
5
HugoDS
5
71.76
0.91
20.21
1.02
0.18
0.08
0.14
0.31
5.87
100.69
9
169
9
21
2.4
57
10
1
468
16
240
9.9
46
2.8
0.5
6
0.2
296
24
46
5.51
20.8
3.8
1.07
3.3
0.49
2.72
0.6
2.16
0.37
2.77
0.46
5.8
0.8
8
39
125
2
6.1
1.87
70.28
0.83
20.92
1.32
0.02
0.13
0.09
0.01
0.32
6.56
100.76
10
260
27
2
2
8
27
3.2
54
2
1093
12
107
5.7
27
2.4
0.2
302
21
42
5.46
22.3
4.43
1.3
3.46
0.45
2.18
0.45
1.48
0.24
1.68
0.27
2.7
0.3
3
16
212
0.7
2.2
1.59
67.73
1.35
20.16
2.79
0.16
0.15
0.23
1.81
0.39
5.44
100.5
24
420
17
4
2
8
20
9.3
25
27
975
63
79
3.7
13
3.2
3
2.9
0.3
210
12
26
3.75
20.8
7.11
2.74
9.58
1.77
11
2.21
6.33
0.88
5.27
0.75
2.4
0.14
4
131
0.7
170
2.6
1.3
1.35
64.22
0.77
20.27
3.78
0.02
0.22
0.13
0.11
0.45
7.82
98.16
16
359
8
2
2
8
27
5.9
333
1
797
42
83
3.3
19
4.6
802
14
31
4.32
19.6
5.09
1.75
6.14
1.36
9.53
1.74
4.48
0.64
4.07
0.62
2.4
0.2
2
105
340
1.4
2.1
1.94
55.08
1.39
21.16
5.18
0.02
0.2
0.3
0.65
0.35
13.07
97.72
19
465
28
2
7
11
34
1.8
136
8
1
767
6
79
4.1
4
1.5
627
14
28
3.89
17.8
4.94
1.89
4.26
0.46
1.62
0.25
0.7
0.11
0.85
0.16
2.4
0.25
1
10
222
0.7
1.2
1.05
61.49
1.28
19.08
8.25
0.47
0.59
0.14
4.33
0.28
4.3
100.45
1
25
343
8
5
8
20
22
1.7
9
91
549
20
65
3.2
13
0.9
362
11
22
2.96
11.9
2.53
0.8
2.64
0.5
3.26
0.72
2.38
0.38
2.6
0.42
2.1
0.17
5
1.4
281
0.7
1.0
0.71
59.92
1.12
19.75
10.72
0.35
0.18
0.12
4
0.34
4.41
102.08
1
20
385
10
5
7
7190
84
27
1.5
10
77
779
34
81
3.9
12
0.6
0.8
340
13
27
3.87
18.3
5.21
1.85
5.45
0.99
6.13
1.26
3.79
0.56
3.59
0.52
2.5
0.21
2
1.2
133
1.5
1.05
61.77
0.74
19.74
5.43
0.01
0.46
0.21
0.52
4.12
0.39
6.19
100.03
1
11
244
7
12
10
183
778
22
0.9
19
81
1134
22
119
4.8
0.5
4.6
1.2
973
17
33
4.51
19.1
4.59
1.44
4.22
0.66
3.74
0.75
2.23
0.34
2.18
0.32
3.4
0.35
1
8
0.5
86
3.1
1.83
55.87
0.66
25.47
3.88
0.01
0.53
0.14
0.62
6
0.19
5.67
99.36
2
11
165
6
9
279
31
23
1.6
14
128
556
16
142
6.4
2.1
1099
26
54
6.71
26.4
5.26
1.84
4.77
0.78
4.19
0.69
1.81
0.25
1.56
0.22
3.8
0.48
1
12
1.3
18
3.7
0.89
63.2
0.66
17.23
6.92
0.01
0.04
0.48
0.1
0.14
0.3
9.62
99.32
4
129
16
13
11
1670
82
33
8
492
2
1428
6
115
4.1
6
1.3
2
10.6
0.1
589
12
24
2.88
11.9
2.73
0.91
2.34
0.3
1.23
0.21
0.64
0.1
0.77
0.14
2.7
0.31
2
21
0.1
486
0.4
2.4
1.1
61.87
0.66
17.64
6.59
0.24
0.18
1.02
3.49
0.35
6.55
99.31
7
172
6
5
3300
13
21
1.1
17
9
61
1408
15
134
4.5
1.2
0.6
2
450
21
39
4.88
19.5
4.01
1.2
3.52
0.49
2.59
0.51
1.57
0.24
1.69
0.28
3.2
0.33
2
36
0.6
95
0.2
2.8
1.27
62.69
0.64
17.74
6.26
0.01
0.17
0.17
0.35
1.94
0.34
8
98.63
7
148
6
4
8
536
11
23
1.2
17
12
36
1103
26
124
4.3
0.5
0.6
1
0.9
403
16
31
3.79
15.5
3.44
1.11
3.41
0.59
3.73
0.83
2.71
0.42
2.81
0.43
3.2
0.31
1
14
0.4
62
0.5
2.8
1.39
58.57
0.62
21.08
5.43
0.01
0.74
0.25
0.39
5.65
0.63
6.82
100.9
2
14
228
6
7
7
490
39
19
1.1
8
101
3029
21
72
2.9
0.5
0.7
1.9
1490
20
38
4.76
19.1
4.43
1.59
4.02
0.68
4
0.79
2.26
0.33
2.01
0.28
2.2
0.26
1
1.0
400
1.1
2.0
1.1
54.2
0.63
22.81
7.41
0.01
0.49
0.23
0.41
5.51
0.39
7.26
99.71
1
13
262
10
12
10
387
15
38
1.4
16
13
119
955
26
96
5.9
2
2
875
22
41
5.42
22.1
5.12
1.58
5.03
0.85
4.68
0.91
2.62
0.37
2.33
0.35
3
0.28
1
0.9
106
3.0
1.63
930
R Fig.
Conclusions
The advanced argillic zone at Hugo Dummett can be
regarded as an example of a mineralized AA lithocap partly
hosted by dacitic volcanic rocks, augite basalt, and quartz
monzodiorite. The dacitic volcanic rocks are likely comagmatic to quartz monzodiorite and related porphyry Cu
Au systems. The AA zone has some unusual features, in
terms of its close spatial relationship to porphyry CuAu
mineralization, that are partly explained by overprinting,
but also suggest that the AA zone partly preceded the
exceptionally high-grade bornite-dominant CuAu mineralization at Hugo Dummett.
The AA zone is developed at the base of dacitic ash-flow
tuff, overlying basaltic volcanic rocks and, although it may
extend for up to 100 m into the overlying dacitic tuff, it is
most strongly developed in underlying basalt. The most
extensive zone of AA alteration occurs at Hugo Dummett
931
932
manuscript and help with SEM and EPMA work, and Kazuyasu
Shindo and Kyoko Masukawa for their support at the University of
Tsukuba laboratory. We are particularly indebted to Jocelyn McPhie
for correctly identifying the nature of patchy alteration textures. We
are grateful for helpful and incisive reviews by Kalin Kouzmanov and
Bruce Gemmell.
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