Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
LUCKNOW
Last but not the least to my family and all my friends and batch mates for
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Synopsis
1. Introduction
2. About Lucknow
3. Language
4. Culture
5. History
8. Attractions
Lucknow District
Mayor DINESH SHARMA
Lucknow became the focal point of a cultural renaissance with theshifting of capital
from Faizabad to Lucknow in 1776. Under royal patronage Kathak, Thumri, Khayal,
Dadra, Gazals, Qawalies and Sher-o-Shairi reached their zenith point. As a centre of
Islamic learning Lucknow witnessed the formation of Lucknow school of poetry under
renowned poets like Anes, Dabeer, Imam-Buksh 'Nasika', Mirza Mohd. Raza Khan
Burq, Atish, Mirza Shauq Asar, Josh and others. Apart from Gazals, another form of
long narrative poem for which Lucknow is famous is Masnavi. Elegy writing in Urdu
also reached a new height through the three forms-'marsiyas'*. 'salams'* and
'nauhas'*. Urdu as a language attained a rare degree of perfection in Lucknow and
slowly Lucknow emerged as a cradle of unforgettable gazals, masnavi, elegy, hazal*
and dramas.
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, himself composed a number of songs and dramas under the
pen name of , 'Akhtari Pia'. Of the famous Indian dance styles kathak is closely
associated with Lucknow.
This devotional dance stvle of pre-Mughal days was transformed into a highly
eclectic dance form under the patronage of the Nawabs of Awadh. Pandit Iswari
Prasad Mishra of Handia is said to be the founder of the Lucknow gharana of
Kathak.
The Kathak school founded by him was perfected by his sons Thakur Prasad, Durga
Parsad. Bindadin. Kalka Prasad and the three sons of Kalka -Achchhan Maharaj,
Lachchu Maharaj and Shambhu Maharaj. Today Pandit Birju Maharaj is the living
doyen of this glorious house of Lucknow
Turning to the festivals that make, Lucknow one-of-a-kind, mention must be made to
the Moharrum festival.
Not only festivals, the people of this beautiful city 'indulge in various exciting
contests that have come down from the time of the Nawabs. Kite flying is one such
sport. Kites of different shapes, sizes, colours take to the skies leading to all round
excitement and enjoyment The art of training pigeons which was perfected by the
nobility of yesteryears is prevalent even today. The pigeon flying event is yet another
exciting game that is eagerly awaited. No account of Lucknowi culture is complete
without a mention of the famous 'Chowk' of Lucknow.
The term 'Chowk' has become synonymous with Lucknow. 'Chowk' has played a
vital role in the development of the Lucknowi culture. It is the pivotal point around
which the traders, engravers, painters. Artisans, weavers,singers and nautch girls
flourished and grew. This main bazar of yester years has not changed much. but
transformation is there. Its humming and lively characteristics represent Lucknowi
culture in its modern day context.
Lucknow, the ìGolden city of the eastî is the capital city of Uttar
Pradesh and is popularly called the city of Nawabs and Kababs. Though it is rapidly
modernising, it has still kept its past glory and is known for its cultural refinement. It
is also associated with legendary
hospitality, leisurely moods of life and world-renowned cuisine. The city offers plenty
of places of historical interest to tourists. The popular Parsi theatre originated from
the Urdu theatre, and the Tabla and Sitar were first heard on the streets of Lucknow.
Language
Both Hindi and Urdu are spoken in Lucknow but Urdu has been the lingua franca
here for centuries. Under the rule of Nawabs, Urdu flourished and turned into one of
the most refined languages. Hindu and Muslim poets like Aatish, Nasikh, Daya
Shankar Naseem, Musahafi, Insha , Safi Lakhnavi and the great Meer Taqi Meer
took Urdu poetry to dizzying heights. The two great poets, Mir Anis and Mir Dabeer,
became legendary exponents of a unique genre of elegiacal poetry called 'Marsia'
centred on Husayn bin Ali's supreme sacrifice in the battle of Karbala which is
commemorated during the annual observance of Muharram.
The revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil "who was hanged by the British at Kakori near
Lucknow" was hugely influenced by poetry and wrote verse under the pseudonym of
"Bismil". The towns like Kakori, Daryabad, Rudauli and Malhibad produced
innumerable poets and litterateurs of Urdu like Mohsin Kakorvi, Majaz Lucknowi,
Josh Malihabadi and Maulana Abdul Majid Daryabadi.
Culture
Lucknow, the golden city of the east' is struggling to retain the old world charm that
still exists in the old quarters of the city close to the Chowk area. Regarded as one of
the finest cities of India, Lucknow represents a culture that combines emotional
warmth, a high degree of sophistication, courtesy and a love for gracious living. The
(pehle-aap) 'You-First' culture so popularised as a tagline for the society of Lucknow
is waning but there still remain people who possess those beautiful qualities. This
sublime cultural richness famous as 'Lakhnawi Tehzeeb' blends the cultures of two
communities living side by side for centuries, sharing similar interests, speaking a
common language -Urdu.
Many of the cultural traits and customs peculiar to Lucknow have become living
legends today. The credit for this goes to the Nawabs of Awadh, who took keen
interest in every walk of life and encouraged them to attain a rare degree of
perfection. It is an extremely laidback city in some respects. Anyone visiting the city
via the ugly and distant airport will form a very negative first impression of the city.
However, the beautiful architecture and the yellow facade of the railway station,
along with its milling crowds of travellers, hawkers and the general public can put a
smile on anyone's face.
History
Lucknow's medieval history begins with its elevation to a capital city under the
Nawabs of Awadh. The architectural contributions of the Awadh rulers, many
paintings of whom are maintained at the Art Gallery today, include numerous
mosques and palaces. Of the monuments standing today, the Bara Imambara, the
Chhota Imambara, and the Roomi Darwaza are notable examples, although neglect
by the authorities has put them in danger of turning into ruins.
Claude Martin's palace, "Constantia" now houses one of five schools founded under
his will. Photograph by John Edward Sache, working in India 1865 - 1882
The province of Awadh (anglicized to Oudh) was annexed by the British rulers of
India in 1856. In the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the garrison based at the Residency in
Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces. The famous Siege of Lucknow was relieved
first by forces under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram,
followed by a stronger force under Sir Colin Campbell. Today the ruins of the
Residency, and the picturesque Shaheed Smarak offer reminiscences of Lucknow's
role in the Mutiny.
During the uprising and the siege of the Residency in 1857, it was the students of La
Martiniere College that went ahead to defend the Residency. For the valour that they
displayed, La Martiniere College at Lucknow is the only college in the world that has
received battle honours of the British Empire.
Other architectural delights in Lucknow include the Vidhan Sabha (State Parliament)
and the main railway station at Charbagh with its yellow domes and pillars. One of
the oldest schools in the world is also situated in Lucknow: La Martiniere, founded by
the bequest of the immensely successful colonial entrepreneur Claude Martin (1735
- 1800).
In and around the city
Aminabad, a quaint bazaar quite like Delhi's Chandni Chowk, is situated in the heart
of the city and is a large shopping centre, catering to a wide variety of consumers.
The Hazratganj area is the upmarket shopping area with colonial style buildings that
also has a number of government and administrative buildings.
Kakori, 14 km from Lucknow is a unique place. It is known for train dacoity during the
independence movement and the memorial of the revolutionaries is located here.
The town has a predominantly Muslim population and in 19th century had the
highest percentage of civil servants in the country compared to any other place in
British India. This town that is located in the Mango belt has three dozen mosques
and numerous huge havelis besides being the seat of the Qadiria Qalandaria Sufi
order. The Alavis of Kakori are renowned for preserving the most refined and
uncorrupted Urdu. The Kakori kebabs are a delicacy famous across the world.
The Asafi Imambara ( populary called Bada Imambara ), the Husainabad Imambara
( popularly called the Chhota Imambara )Dilkusha Garden, The Residency , Shah
Najaf , La Martiniere are some famous monuments at Lucknow. The famous "Bhul
Bhulaiya "(meaning labyrinth) is part of the famous Asafi Imambara that was built by
The Goels.
Lucknow is also famous for culinary delights, including "makkhan malai" (flavoured
whipped cream) and "Tundey Kababs" and "kakori kebabs ".
Lucknow is also home to the Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow one of the six
premier business schools of India.
Bara Imambara
This huge and elegant building is also called the Asafai Imambara. It is said that this
hall is the world’s largest arched room without any pillars and the Nawabs used to
hold their public hearings. The building was built in a famine relief program in 1784
by Nabab Asaf-ud-Daulla.
Chhattar Manzil
It was the most imposing building erected by the Nawabs. It can still be seen in its
former glory from all the corners of Lucknow. Its gilded dome "chattar", giving its
name, is the prominent landmark.
Jama Masjid
The splendid mosque built by Muhammad Ali Shah in the typical Mughal style with
two minarets and three domes, lies to the west of the Hussainabad Imambara and is
entirely free from pseudo Italian art, then in vogue in Lucknow.
Moti Mahal
Among the three beautiful buildings on the fringes of the River Gomti, is the Moti
Mahal or the Palace of Pearls constructed by Nawab SaadatAli Khan. The Nawabs
used these buildings to view the birds in flight.
Roomi Darwaza
Just beyond Bara Imambara is an impressive gateway, Rumi Darwaza, built by
Nawab Asafuddaula in 1784. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway. The heart and
soul of the Awadh architecture is well expressed here.
Shaheed Smarak
The tower was built to mark the first centenary of the Mutiny of 1857 and is a mark of
respect for the thousands of unknown warriors who laid down their lives for the
freedom and glory of their nation.
State Museum
The State Museum is open on all days except Monday, from 10.30 am to 4.30 pm. It
is located in a modern three-storied building at Banarasibagh in Lucknow and is a
multipurpose museum with sculptures, bronzes, paintings, natural history and
anthropological specimens, coins, textiles and decorative arts. We can also find
sculptors of the earliest image of Balarama and a Panchmukhi Shivalinga.
This 221 feet tall structure, the tallest Clock Tower in India, is one of the
finest examples of b.
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RUMI GATE
Getting in, Around & Away
AIR: Lucknow's Amausi airport is 14 kms. away from the centre of town, with
regular flights to Delhi, Patna, Calcutta, Varanasi and Mumbai.It also has flights to
Sharjah.
RAIL: City's Railway station popularly known as Charbagh, is a major junction. The
Northern and North-Eastern railway networks connect Lucknow with the important
cities within the country.
ROAD: Connected to all major cities. Some of the important road distances from
Lucknow are-
Kanpur: 79 Km
Allahabad: 210 km
Ayodhaya: 135 km
Delhi: 497 km
Agra: 363 km
Dudhwa National Park: 238 km
Varanasi: 305 km
Khajuraho: 320 km
Jim Corbett and Rajaji national park: 400 km
Works of Art to Shop while in Lucknow
Lakhnawi Chikan work has made its presence felt throughout the world. It
provides excellent chikan creation kurta-pyjama, salwar-kameez and sarees. Not just
limited to apparel, chikankari has made it to the drawing rooms in a new incarnation
as furnishings, table linen, tray cover, napkins, curtains, bed sheets etc. Once known
as the Paris of the East, it still is the treasure house of handicrafts. Apart from the
exquisite shadow work-chikankari- that the city has become synonymous with, other
embroidery styles, murri, tepchi, kaamdani and aari zardozi work, have done the
city proud. The famous enamelling work of the city has enhanced jewellery designs.
Exquisite silverware with patterns of hunting scenes, floral motifs are much sought
after.
The Bidri and Zarbuland work of Lucknow finds expression in excellent pieces
of huqqas, jewel box, bowls, trays etc.
Fine Pottery from Lucknow is another work of art along with terracotta pottery from
Chinhat.
Other crafts are - Ivory & Bone carving, gota weaving, dyeing, calico printing,
silver warq making, wood work and kite making.
Other famous things of this city are itrs (perfume), paan, zarda,
Situated at the heart of Uttar Pradesh, 500 km southeast of New Delhi, Lucknow
has mainly a tropical climate even though it is situated very close to Nepal. The
temperature varies from 45 degrees Celsius in the summer to 3 degrees Celsius in
the winter. It is surrounded on the eastern side by Barabanki District, on the
western side by Unnao District, on the southern side by Raebareli District and on
the northern side by Sitapur and Hardoi districts. The Gomti River flows through
the city, dividing it in trans-gomti and cis-gomti regions. Some of the tributries of
this river are the Kukrail, Loni, and Beta. The Sai River flows from the south of
the city and in the east enter Raebareli District. Lucknow is accessible from every
part of India through air, rail and road. It is directly connected with New Delhi,
Patna, Calcutta, Mumbai, Varanasi and other major cities by Amausi airport.
The Small Scale Industry (SSI) sector has emerged over four decades as a highly
vibrant and dynamic sector of the Indian economy. Today, this sector accounts for
about 95 per cent of the industrial units and is contributing more than 40 per cent of
value addition in the manufacturing sector and about 35 per cent of exports (both
direct and indirect). More than 31 lakh units are spread all over the country
producing over 7,500 times.
Small enterprises, i.e., small scale units, not only play a crucial role in providing large
scale employment opportunities at lower capital cost than large scale industries, but
also help in industrialization of rural and backward areas, thereby reducing regional
imbalance, assuring more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. SSI
units are also supplementing and complimentary to large and medium scale units as
ancillary units.
The Government of India has helped the small scale sector through supportive policy
measures since adoption of planned economy model. The basic policy support for
SSI sector has its roots in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956. Further, the
Industrial Policy Statement, 1977, laid emphasis on reservation of items. The
reservation of economically viable and technologically feasible products to be
exclusively manufactured by SSIs began with a list of 47 items which was gradually
extended to many products. Presently, 812 items are on the reserved list.
Other policy supports which could be listed are excise exemption, credit under
priority sector lending from banks and financial institutions, marketing support
through reservation of items for products from SSI sector for government purchases,
providing infrastructure facilities like sheds, plots in industrial estates, technological
support, new management techniques, training and entrepreneurship development.
Though this sector has shown substantial progress, its major problems like
inadequate credit flow from banks and financial institutions (Fis), inadequate
infrastructure facilities, low quality standards of products, use of obsolete technology,
plant and machinery and equipment, inefficient management techniques, etc, are still
inhibiting the sector, Besides, this sector has to face challenges of competition from
the opening up of economy, to globalisation, need for increasing exports, and meet
WTO commitments.
THE LEADING BANK OF LUCKNOW
STATE BANK OF INDIA
The origin of the State Bank of India goes back to the first decade of the nineteenth
century with the establishment of the Bank of Calcutta in Calcutta on 2 June 1806.
Three years later the bank received its charter and was re-designed as the Bank of
Bengal (2 January 1809). A unique institution, it was the first joint-stock bank of
British India sponsored by the Government of Bengal. The Bank of Bombay (15 April
1840) and the Bank of Madras (1 July 1843) followed the Bank of Bengal. These
three banks remained at the apex of modern banking in India till their amalgamation
as the Imperial Bank of India on 27 January 1921.
Primarily Anglo-Indian creations, the three presidency banks came into existence
either as a result of the compulsions of imperial finance or by the felt needs of local
European commerce and were not imposed from outside in an arbitrary manner to
modernize India's economy. Their evolution was, however, shaped by ideas culled
from similar developments in Europe and England, and was influenced by changes
occurring in the structure of both the local trading environment and those in the
relations of the Indian economy to the economy of Europe and the global economic
framework.
KHADI GRAM UDYOG MANDAL
BACKGROUND
Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, had visualised the development of village
industries as an important tool for promoting a self-reliant rural economy and
decentralised process of growth. He had also made it an integral part of the freedom
movement, so much so that the Khadi and the implements to produce it, especially
the charkha, had become icons of independence.
India lives in villages as 80 per cent of its population is rural. A large percentage
(nearly 70 per cent) still depends upon agriculture and allied activities. Obviously, the
increasing number of the populace cannot be absorbed in the farm sector activities.
Moreover, the employment generation potential of the large and medium sector
which are primarily urban, is too low to provide jobs to the unemployed section of the
labour force as heavy industries offer employment to only 4 per cent, medium
industries 12 per cent, and village and small industries sector 84 per cent.
In this era of all round races for large industry, the Cottage & Village Industry sector
is important and relevant because rural industries not only provide a self-reliant rural
economy and decentralised process of growth but they also -
The Uttar Pradesh Khadi & Village Industries Board (UPKVIB)- a State Government
owned organisation, is charged with the mission of effecting rural industrialisation in
the state of U.P. through development of Cottage and Village Industries with a view
to create employment opportunities in rural areas.
imparting training,
1. Village Industry
The industrial unit, which is set up in rural areas outside municipal limits having
population less than 20,000 people.
'Khadi' means cloth which is handspun and hand woven from cotton, silk or woollen
yarn or from a mixture of any such yarns.
Chikan Industry
An Introduction
The chikan work of Lucknow is perhaps one of the most popular embroidery works in
India. It has a certain grace and elegance, which ensures that it never goes out of
style. The word chikan literally means embroidery. It is said to have been originally
introduced by Nur Jahan, the beautiful wife of Mughal emperor, Jahangir. It has
since evolved and attained its glory nad perfection in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The
work became popular in a number of important cities of the Indo-Gangetic plain such
as Delhi, Agra, Rampur, Banaras, Patna and Gava. But the supremacy of Lucknow
remained unchallenged.
The designs depend for its effect on the variety of stitches
used and different grades of threads used to form the patterns which include the lace
like jail, the opaque fillings and the delicacy or boldness of outline and details. The
most beautiful part of chikan work is the open work ground, an effect of drawn thread
work is achieved without drawing out any. Tiny raised flowers done in what seem to
be French knots are balanced by the flat stem stitch and large areas of open work to
prevent either a crowned or too scattered appearance.
A variation of the chikan work
is the bakhia or shadow work. Here the work is done from the back, the stitches
completely covering the design in herringtone style. The shadow of the thread is
seen through the cloth on the right side. To give a richer appearance, the designs
are produced with tiny backstitches on the right side over the shadow. A similar
effect is created by cutting out tiny flowers and leaves in the same material as the
basic fabric and then applying them on the wrong side. The work is done so
dexterously thjat the turned in edges of the cut pieces are scarcely visible from the
front of the work.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
ITS WORKING
The company focuses on quality assurance in all the aspects of business including
garment designing and purchase of raw material. The teams of highly qualified
professionals undertake the processes of sampling, finishing and final dispatch of
goods. The best available quality testing equipment on the manufacturing lines.
There are highly experienced quality inspectors who check the products at very
stage.
PROCESS OF MAKING A GARMENT:-
GAILORING:
It is given directly to the tailors specified by different retailers. It
may range from 3-4 tailors. These tailors just cut the pieces in different sizes. Their
recruitment depends on workload.
STITCHING:
Here a group of workers who are permanently hired stitch the
pieces.
KAAJI(BUTTON-HOLE):
The button-holes are made in the garment by workers.
PRINTING:
The garments are sent for printing which are done by wooden blocks. The design
are given by manufacturers.
WASHING:
This is the stage in which the garments are washed and are sent for final packaging.
INTRODUCTION
The dairying industry of India now ranks second in the world, and milk
contributes about Rs. 8,933 million to the National Income. India in the current
decade rank fourth in the world in the matter of milk production which is about 33
million tonnes (1981-1982) and 58.6 million tonnes (1992-1993). The milk production
in eighth five year plan is targeted to be 70 million tonnes.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
PRODUCTS :
• Parag Dahi
• Parag Flavoured Milk
• Parag Paneer
• Parag Butter
• Parag Peda
• Parag Kheer
COMPETITORS:
AMUL
RAJ
DEVA
STRATEGIES :
Lucknow Milk Union has a setup of teams for “Quality Check and Health
Awareness Programme” for the urban consumers of milk. The team visits different
localities in city, test their milk and provides them with results on the spot.
Apart from milk pouches it is also gearing itself to provide fresh loose milk
and for this the milk supply vehicles hav already been introduced in the cities. All
time Milk Booths are being developed so that consumers can get high quality milk &
milk products round the clock.
It has started “Door to Door Milk Delivery System” through mini insulated
tankers.
WORKING :
Every such society is under one senior head who has to report in the
head office. There are about 23,460 members under these societies. The union has
estimated that in the coming year they are going to increase it to 500 such societies
under which around 25,000 milk producing members would be working.
There has been milk sheds established in areas like Sitapur, Hardoi,
Barabanki, Rae-Bareilly, Sultanpur, Lakhimpur, Gonda, Basti, Behraich, etc., from
where the milk is transported to Lucknow manufacturing unit.
There are around 500 staff members working in the manufacturing unit
located in Lucknow. These 500 staff members are assisted by the task force which
works on daily wages.
The milk and milk products are then transported to various corners of the
district through the efficient network of transport exclusively under Parag.
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (P W D)
Introduction:
As name suggest, this is the organisation that works for the public,
what ever it is. There are many works performed by the P W D, some of them are
1. Road ways
2. Government buildings
3. Parks
4. Apartments
I have done the study on roadways. This comes under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yogana (PMGSRY).
HISTORY:
• The main objective of PMGSRY was that, the facility which the village people
were not getting because they are very far away from the city and the roads
were not in the condition that people can go by there own convince.
• To make a good road network between all the villages and city
Employment: -
In this there are two types of planning
i. Flexible planning
ii. Rigid planning
Staff Structure: -
Engineer in chief (E I C)
Chief Engineer
Executives
Governing body: -
There are total 70 districts in Utter Pradesh and these districts are divided into the
two department. 40 districts are given to P W D and 30 districts to R E S
Finance: -
2. Eveready Batteries.
3. Cosmetic Products
Sugandhco - Engaged in exporting of natural itra, exotic perfumes,
air fresheners, cooler perfumes, agarbatties, natural essential oils,
floral waters and industrial perfumery compounds.
5. Construction
Halwasiya Developments Private Limited - Providing civil
construction & real estate development services for shopping
centres, offices, residential houses with robust infrastructure, skilled
workforce, and best of breed material utilization and state-of-the-art
technology.
Eldeco Housing & Industries Ltd. - Offers construction services for
residential apartments, commercial / office buildings, township
development, group housing and also undertakes contract work for
civil, electrical and infrastructure projects.
Sketch Consultants - Provide complete solutions for architectural
and interior designing.
6. Chemicals
AMA Herbal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. - Manufacturers of natural dyes
used for ages in carpet industry.
7. Industrial Goods
Engineering Enterprises - Manufacturers and exporters of high
tensile cold bent U bolts for various heavy and Light commercial
vehicles.
• Wagon manufacturing.
To boost the number of Industries in Lucknow the Uttar Pradesh government today
announced setting up of a Lucknow Industrial Development Authority (LIDA) to develop the
Lucknow-Kanpur corridor. LIDA would function along the lines of New Okhla Industrial
Development Authority (NOIDA), in a bid to turn the corridor into another hub of industrial
development in UP. The prime focus of the new authority would be to attract potential
investors to set up big industries in the corridor. The Amausi airport here already boasts of
international flights to some Gulf countries. These upgrades are in sight to attract the big
MNCs to invest in Lucknow and make the level of growth a benchmark for other states.