a

Four-Channel, Four-Quadrant
Analog Multiplier
MLT04

FEATURES
Four Independent Channels
Voltage IN, Voltage OUT
No External Parts Required
8 MHz Bandwidth
Four-Quadrant Multiplication
Voltage Output; W = (X Y)/2.5 V
0.2% Typical Linearity Error on X or Y Inputs
Excellent Temperature Stability: 0.005%
2.5 V Analog Input Range
Operates from 5 V Supplies
Low Power Dissipation: 150 mW typ
Spice Model Available

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

18-Lead Epoxy DIP (P Suffix)
18-Lead Wide Body SOIC (S Suffix)

APPLICATIONS
Geometry Correction in High-Resolution CRT Displays
Waveform Modulation & Generation
Voltage Controlled Amplifiers
Automatic Gain Control
Modulation and Demodulation

W2

18

17 GND4

X1

16

X4

15

Y4

Y1
V

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The MLT04 is a complete, four-channel, voltage output analog
multiplier packaged in an 18-pin DIP or SOIC-18. These complete
multipliers are ideal for general purpose applications such as voltage
controlled amplifiers, variable active filters, zipper noise free
audio level adjustment, and automatic gain control. Other applications include cost-effective multiple-channel power calculations
(I V), polynomial correction generation, and low frequency
modulation. The MLT04 multiplier is ideally suited for generating
complex, high-order waveforms especially suitable for geometry
correction in high-resolution CRT display systems.

W4

W1
GND1

CC

MLT-04
917
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
8
MLT04

14 V
EE
13

Y2

X2

12

X3

GND2

11

GND3

10

W3

W = (X

Y3

Y)/2.5V

Fabricated in a complementary bipolar process, the MLT04

includes four 4-quadrant multiplying cells which have been lasertrimmed for accuracy. A precision internal bandgap reference
normalizes signal computation to a 0.4 scale factor. Drift over
temperature is under 0.005%/C. Spot noise voltage of 0.3 V/Hz
results in a THD + Noise performance of 0.02% (LPF = 22 kHz)
for the lower distortion Y channel. The four 8 MHz channels
consume a total of 150 mW of quiescent power.
The MLT04 is available in 18-pin plastic DIP, and SOIC-18
surface mount packages. All parts are offered in the extended
industrial temperature range (40C to +85C).
100

40
V CC = +5V

Av (X OR Y)

8.9MHz
3dB
0

(X OR Y)
20

90

X & Y MEASUREMENTS
SUPERIMPOSED:
X = 100mV RMS, Y = 2.5V DC
Y = 100mV RMS, X = 2.5V DC

THD + NOISE %

90

40

VCC = +5V
V = 5V

10
Phase Degrees

Av GAIN dB

20

V EE = 5V
T A = +25C

EE

TA = +25C

1
LPF = 500kHz
THDX: X = 2.5VP, Y = +2.5V DC

0.1
THDY: Y = 2.5VP, X = +2.5V DC

0.01
1k

10k

100k
1M
FREQUENCY Hz

10M

100M

Figure 1. Gain & Phase vs. Frequency Response

10

100

1k
10k
FREQUENCY Hz

100k

1M

Figure 2. THD + Noise vs. Frequency

REV. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.

One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood. MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.

Tel: 617/329-4700
Fax: 617/326-8703

MLT04SPECIFICATIONS (V

CC

= +5 V, VEE = 5 V, VIN = 2.5 VP, RL = 2 k, TA = +25C unless otherwise noted.)

Parameter

Symbol

Conditions

Min

Typ

Max

Units

MULTIPLIER PERFORMANCE 1
Total Error2 X
Total Error2 Y
Linearity Error2 X
Linearity Error2 Y
Total Error Drift
Total Error Drift
Scale Factor3
Output Offset Voltage
Output Offset Drift
Offset Voltage, X
Offset Voltage, Y

EX
EY
LEX
LEY
TCEX
TCEY
K
ZOS
TCZOS
XOS
YOS

2.5 V < X < +2.5 V, Y = +2.5 V

2.5 V < Y < +2.5 V, X = +2.5 V
2.5 V < X < +2.5 V, Y = +2.5 V
2.5 V < Y < +2.5 V, X = +2.5 V
X = 2.5 V, Y = 2.5 V, TA = 40C to +85C
Y = 2.5 V, X = 2.5 V, TA = 40C to +85C
X = 2.5 V, Y = 2.5 V, TA = 40C to +85C
X = 0 V, Y = 0 V, TA= 40C to +85C
X = 0 V, Y = 0 V, TA= 40C to +85C
X = 0 V, Y = 2.5 V, TA = 40C to +85C
Y = 0 V, X = 2.5 V, TA = 40C to +85C

5
5
1
1

2
2
0.2
0.2
0.005
0.005
0.40
10
50
10.5
10.5

5
5
+1
+1

% FS
% FS
% FS
% FS
%/C
%/C
1/V
mV
V/C
mV
mV

DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Small Signal Bandwidth
Slew Rate
Settling Time
AC Feedthrough
Crosstalk @ 100 kHz

BW
SR
tS
FTAC
CTAC

VOUT = 0.1 V rms

VOUT = 2.5 V
VOUT = 2.5 V to 1% Error Band
X = 0 V, Y = 1 V rms @ f = 100 kHz
X = Y = 1 V rms Applied to Adjacent Channel

EN
EN
eN
THDX
THDY
ROUT
VPK
ISC

f = 10 Hz to 50 kHz
Noise BW = 1.9 MHz
f = 1 kHz
f = 1 kHz, LPF = 22 kHz, Y = 2.5 V
f = 1 kHz, LPF = 22 kHz, X = 2.5 V
VCC = +5 V, VEE = 5 V

3.0

INPUTS
Analog Input Range
Bias Current
Resistance
Capacitance

IVR
IB
RIN
CIN

GND = 0 V
X=Y=0V

2.5

SQUARE PERFORMANCE
Total Square Error

ESQ

X=Y=1

POWER SUPPLIES
Positive Current
Negative Current
Power Dissipation
Supply Sensitivity
Supply Voltage Range

ICC
IEE
PDISS
PSSR
VRANGE

VCC = 5.25 V, VEE = 5.25 V

VCC = 5.25 V, VEE = 5.25 V
Calculated = 5 V ICC + 5 V IEE
X = Y = 0 V, VCC = 5% or VEE = 5%
For VCC & VEE

15
15
150

OUTPUTS
Audio Band Noise
Wide Band Noise
Spot Noise Voltage
Total Harmonic Distortion
Open Loop Output Resistance
Voltage Swing
Short Circuit Current

0.38
50
50
50

30

50
50

8
53
1
65
90

MHz
V/s
s
dB
dB

76
380
0.3
0.1
0.02
40
3.3
30

V rms
V rms
V/Hz
%
%

VP
mA

2.3
1
3

4.75

0.42
50

+2.5
10

V
A
M
pF
% FS

20
20
200
10
5.25

mA
mA
mW
mV/V
V

NOTES
1
Specifications apply to all four multipliers.
2
Error is measured as a percent of the 2.5 V full scale, i.e., 1% FS = 25 mV.
3
Scale Factor K is an internally set constant in the multiplier transfer equation W = K X Y.
Specifications subject to change without notice.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*

Supply Voltages VCC, VEE to GND
Inputs XI, YI
Outputs WI
Operating Temperature Range
Maximum Junction Temperature (T J max)
Storage Temperature
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
Package Power Dissipation
Thermal Resistance JA
PDIP-18 (N-18)
SOIC-18 (SOL-18)

ORDERING INFORMATION*
7 V
VCC, VEE
VCC, VEE
40C to +85C
+150C
65C to +150C
+300C
(TJ maxTA)/JA

Model

Temperature
Range

Package
Description

Package
Option

MLT04GP
MLT04GS
MLT04GS-REEL
MLT04GBC

40C to +85C
40C to +85C
40C to +85C
+25C

18-Pin P-DIP N-18

18-Lead SOIC SOL-18
18-Lead SOIC SOL-18
Die

*For die specifications contact your local Analog sales office. The MLT04
contains 211 transistors.

74C/W
89C/W

*Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of
the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification are not implied.

REV. B

MLT04
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
The MLT04 is a low cost quad, 4-quadrant analog multiplier with
single-ended voltage inputs and voltage outputs. The functional
block diagram for each of the multipliers is illustrated in Figure 3.
Due to packaging constraints, access to internal nodes for externally
adjusting scale factor, output offset voltage, or additional summing
signals is not provided.

ANALOG MULTIPLIER ERROR SOURCES

Multiplier errors consist primarily of input and output offsets, scale
factor errors, and nonlinearity in the multiplying core. An expression for the output of a real analog multiplier is given by:
V O = ( K + K ){(VX + X OS )(V Y + Y OS ) + ZOS + f ( X , Y )}

where:

K
K
VX
XOS
VY
YOS
ZOS
(X, Y)

+VS

MLT04

X1, X2, X3, X4

0.4

G1, G2, G3, G4

W1, W2, W3, W4

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Multiplier Scale Factor

Scale Factor Error
X-Input Signal
X-Input Offset Voltage
Y-Input Signal
Y-Input Offset Voltage
Multiplier Output Offset Voltage
Nonlinearity

Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4

Executing the algebra to simplify the above expression yields

expressions for all the errors in an analog multiplier:

VS

Figure 3. Functional Block Diagram of Each MLT04

Multiplier
Each of the MLT04s analog multipliers is based on a Gilbert cell
multiplier configuration, a 1.23 V bandgap reference, and a unityconnected output amplifier. Multiplier scale factor is determined
through a differential pair/trimmable resistor network external to
the core. An equivalent circuit for each of the multipliers is shown
in Figure 4.

Term

Description

Dependence on Input

KVXVY

True Product

Goes to Zero As Either or

Both Inputs Go to Zero

KVYVY

Scale-Factor Error

Goes to Zero at VX, VY = 0

VXYOS

Linear X Feedthrough
Due to Y-Input Offset

Proportional to VX

VYXOS

Linear Y Feedthrough
Due to X-Input Offset

Proportional to VY

XOSYOS

Output Offset Due to X-,

Y-Input Offsets

Independent of VX, VY

ZOS

Output Offset

Independent of VX, VY

(X, Y)

Nonlinearity

Depends on Both V X, VY.

Contains Terms Dependent
on VX, VY, Their Powers
and Cross Products

VCC
W
OUT

INTERNAL
BIAS

XIN

22k

22k

22k

SCALE
FACTOR

GND
YIN
200A

200A

200A

200A

200A

200A

VEE

As shown in the table, the primary static errors in an analog

multiplier are input offset voltages, output offset voltage, scale
factor, and nonlinearity. Of the four sources of error, only two are
externally trimmable in the MLT04: the X- and Y-input offset
voltages. Output offset voltage in the MLT04 is factory-trimmed to
50 mV, and the scale factor is internally adjusted to 2.5% of full
scale. Input offset voltage errors can be eliminated by using the
optional trim circuit of Figure 6. This scheme then reduces the net
error to output offset, scale-factor (gain) error, and an irreducible
nonlinearity component in the multiplying core.

Figure 4. Equivalent Circuit for the MLT04

Details of each multipliers output-stage amplifier are shown in
Figure 5. The output stages idles at 200 A, and the resistors in
series with the emitters of the output stage are 25 . The output
stage can drive load capacitances up to 500 pF without oscillation.
For loads greater than 500 pF, the outputs of the MLT04 should
be isolated from the load capacitance with a 100 resistor.
VCC

+VS

50k
50k

25

100mV
FOR XOS, YOS TRIM
CONNECT TO SUM
NODE OF AN EXT OP AMP

W
OUT
VS

25

Figure 6. Optional Offset Voltage Trim Configuration

VEE

Figure 5. Equivalent Circuit for MLT04 Output Stages

REV. B

MLT04
Feedthrough
In the ideal case, the output of the multiplier should be zero if
either input is zero. In reality, some portion of the nonzero input
will feedthrough the multiplier and appear at the output. This is
caused by the product of the nonzero input and the offset voltage of
the zero input. Introducing an offset equal to and opposite of the
zero input offset voltage will null the linear component of the
feedthrough. Residual feedthrough at the output of the multiplier
is then irreducible core nonlinearity.

VERTICAL 5mV/DIV

100

Typical X- and Y-input feedthrough curves for the MLT04 are

shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. These curves illustrate
MLT04 feedthrough after zero input offset voltage trim.
Residual X-input feedthrough measures 0.08% of full scale,
whereas residual Y-input feedthrough is almost immeasurable.

90

10
0%

Figure 9. X-Input Nonlinearity @ Y = +2.5 V

X-INPUT: 2.5V @ 10Hz

YOS NULLED
TA = +25C

100

10
0%

90

10
0%

HORIZONTAL 0.5V/DIV

Figure 10. X-Input Nonlinearity @ Y = 2.5 V

Y-INPUT: 2.5V @ 10Hz

XOS NULLED
TA = +25C

100

VERTICAL 5mV/DIV

VERTICAL 5mV/DIV

90

X-INPUT: 2.5V @ 10Hz

Y-INPUT: 2.5V
YOS NULLED
T = +25C
A

HORIZONTAL 0.5V/DIV

Figure 7. X-Input Feedthrough with YOS Nulled

100

X-INPUT: 2.5V @ 10Hz

Y-INPUT: +2.5V
YOS NULLED
T = +25C
A

HORIZONTAL 0.5V/DIV

VERTICAL 5mV/DIV

VERTICAL 5mV/DIV

100

90

10
0%

90

Y-INPUT: 2.5V @ 10Hz

X-INPUT: +2.5V
XOS NULLED
TA = +25C

10
0%

HORIZONTAL 0.5V/DIV

HORIZONTAL 0.5V/DIV

Figure 11. Y-Input Nonlinearity @ X = +2.5 V

Figure 8. Y-Input Feedthrough with XOS Nulled

Nonlinearity
Multiplier core nonlinearity is the irreducible component of error.
It is the difference between actual performance and best-straightline theoretical output, for all pairs of input values. It is expressed
as a percentage of full scale with all other dc errors nulled. Typical
X- and Y-input nonlinearities for the MLT04 are shown in Figures
9 through 12. Worst-case X-input nonlinearity measured less than
0.2%, and Y-input nonlinearity measured better than 0.06%. For
modulator/demodulator or mixer applications it is, therefore,
recommended that the carrier be connected to the X-input while
the signal is applied to the Y-input.

VERTICAL 5mV/DIV

100
90

Y-INPUT: 2.5V @ 10Hz

X-INPUT: 2.5V
XOS NULLED
T = +25C
A

10
0%

HORIZONTAL 0.5V/DIV

Figure 12. Y-Input Nonlinearity @ X = 2.5 V

REV. B

Typical Performance Characteristics MLT04

12

180
TA = +25C
V = 5V

NBW = 10Hz 50kHz

TA = +25C

90

90

GAIN dB

OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE 100V/DIV

100

135

VX = 100mV
VY = +2.5V

45
GAIN

45
PHASE

90
PHASE = 68.3
@ 7.142 MHz

10
0%

12
10k

135
180
10M

100k
1M
FREQUENCY Hz

TIME = 10ms/DIV

Figure 13. Broadband Noise

PHASE Degrees

Figure 16. X-Input Gain and Phase vs. Frequency

12

180

V S = 5V
V X = +2.5V

135

V Y = 100mV

90

90

45
GAIN

45
PHASE

6
10

90
PHASE = 68.1
@ 8.064 MHz

0%

12
10k

Figure 17. Y-Input Gain and Phase vs. Frequency

10000

6
VS = 5V
TA = +25C

CL= 560pF

CL= 220pF

Hz

1000

AV GAIN dB

NOISE DENSITY nV/

CL= 320pF

100

0
2

NO CL
CL= 100pF

4
6

VS = 5V
RL = 2k
TA = +25C

8
10
12

0
10

100

1k
10k
FREQUENCY Hz

100k

1k

1M

Figure 15. Noise Density vs. Frequency

REV. B

135
180
10M

100k
1M
FREQUENCY Hz

TIME = 10ms/DIV

Figure 14. Broadband Noise

PHASE Degrees

NBW = 1.9MHz
TA = +25C

100

GAIN dB

OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE 625V/DIV

T A = +25C

10k

100k
1M
FREQUENCY Hz

10M

100M

Figure 18. Amplitude Response vs. Capacitive Load

MLT04 Typical Performance Characteristics

0
VS = 5V

FEEDTHROUGH dB

20

VERTICAL 50mV/DIV

TA = +25C

VX = 0V
VY = 1Vpk

40

60

100

TA = +25C

90

10
0%

VY = 0V
VX = 1Vpk

80

TIME 100ns/DIV

Figure 22. Y-Input Small-Signal Transient Response,

CL = 30 pF

100
1k

10k

100k

1M

3M

FREQUENCY Hz

VERTICAL 50mV/DIV

Figure 19. Feedthrough vs. Frequency

0
TA = 25C
VS = 5V
VX = 2.5Vpk

20

VY = +2.5VDC
CROSSTALK dB

X-INPUT = +2.5V
RL = 10k

100
90

X-INPUT = +2.5V
RL = 10k
TA = +25C

10
0%

40

60

TIME 100ns/DIV

Figure 23. Y-Input Small-Signal Transient Response,

CL = 100 pF

80

100

120
10k

100k
FREQUENCY Hz

1M

100

10M

VERTICAL 1V/DIV

1k

Figure 20. Crosstalk vs. Frequency

10
0%

2.0

1.0

Y = 100mV RMS
X = 2.5VDC

0.5

X-INPUT: +2.5V
RL = 10k
TA = +25C

VS = 5V
RL = 2k
TA = +25C

1.5

TIME = 100ns/DIV

Figure 24. Y-Input Large-Signal Transient Response, CL = 30 pF

0
0.5

X = 100mV RMS
Y = 2.5VDC

1.0
1.5

100

VERTICAL 1V/DIV

AV GAIN dB

90

2.0
2.5
3.0
1k

10k

100k

1M

10M

100M

FREQUENCY Hz

90

10
0%

X-INPUT: +2.5V
RL = 10k
TA = +25C

Figure 21. Gain Flatness vs. Frequency

TIME = 100ns/DIV

Figure 25. Y-Input Large-Signal Transient Response,

CL = 100 pF

REV. B

MLT04
1

80

V = 100mV
Y
3dB-BANDWIDTH MHz

THD + NOISE %

X-INPUT
Y = +2.5VDC
0.1

VS = 5V
RL = 2k
T A = +25 C
fO = 1kHz
FLPF = 22kHz

0.01

75
3dB BW

70

PHASE @ 3dB BW
6

65

PHASE @ 3dB BW Degrees

VS = 5V
VX = +2.5V

Y-INPUT
X = +2.5VDC
0.001
0.1

5
75

10

50

25

INPUT SIGNAL LEVEL Volts P-P

Figure 26. THD + Noise vs. Input Signal Level

LINEARTY ERROR %

MAXIMUM OUTPUT SWING Volts p-p

Vs = 5V

0.1

0.1

0.2

60
125

6
1%
DISTORTION

5
4
3
TA = +25C
RL = 2k
VS = 5V

0
50

25

25

50

75

100

125

1k

TEMPERATURE C

10k

100k

1M

Figure 30. Maximum Output Swing vs. Frequency

80

4.5

V = 5V
S
V = 100mV

4.0

V = +2.5V

3dB BW
70

PHASE @ 3dB BW
65

POSITIVE SWING

3.5
OUTPUT SWING Volts

75

PHASE @ 3dB BW Degrees

3.0
2.5
2.0
NEGATIVE SWING
1.5
1.0
VS = 5V
TA = +25C

0.5

50

25

25

50

10M

FREQUENCY Hz

Figure 27. Linearity Error vs. Temperature

75

100

60
125

0
10

100

1k

10k

LOAD RESISTANCE

TEMPERATURE C

Figure 28. X-Input Gain Bandwidth vs. Temperature

REV. B

100

5
75

75

8
V = +2.5V, 2.5V V +2.5V
X
Y
V = +2.5V, 2.5V V +2.5V

0.2

3dB-BANDWIDTH MHz

25
50
TEMPERATURE C

Figure 29. Y-Input Gain Bandwidth vs. Temperature

0.3

0.3
75

Figure 31. Maximum Output Swing vs. Resistive Load

MLT04
0.407

300
TA = +25C
V = 5V

VS = 5V
NO LOAD

250

X = 2.5V

200

YOS @ X = 2.5V

0.406

SCALE FACTOR 1/V

UNITS

SS = 1000 MULTIPLIERS

XOS @ Y = 2.5V
150

100

0.405

0.404

0.403

50

0
12.5 10

7.5

5 2.5
0
2.5
5
OFFSET VOLTAGE mV

7.5

10

0.402
75

12.5

25

25

50

75

100

125

TEMPERATURE C

Figure 35. Scale Factor vs. Temperature

Figure 32. Offset Voltage Distribution

400

T = +25C

VS = 5V

SS = 1000
MULTIPLIERS

350

VS = 5V
VX = VY = 0V

300

XOS, Y = 2.5V
2

250

UNITS

VOS mV

50

200
150

2
YOS, X = 2.5V

100

50

6
75

50

25

0
25
50
TEMPERATURE C

75

100

15

125

12

12

15

OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE mV

Figure 36. Output Offset Voltage (ZOS) Distribution

Figure 33. Offset Voltage vs. Temperature

400

10

SS = 1000 MULTIPLIERS
TA = +25C

350

V = 5V

OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE mV

VS = 5V

300

UNITS

250
200
150
100
50
0
0.395 0.3975 0.400

0.4025 0.405

0.4075 0.410

0.4125

10
75

0.415

SCALE FACTOR 1/V

Figure 34. Scale Factor Distribution

50

25

0
25
50
TEMPERATURE C

75

100

125

Figure 37. Output Offset Voltage (ZOS) vs. Temperature

REV.B

MLT04
17

15
12

OUTPUT VOLTAGE OFFSET mV

SUPPLY CURRENT mA

VS = 5V
NO LOAD
VX = VY = 0
16

15

14

X +3

9
6
3
0

3
6
9
X 3

12

13
75

15

50

25

25

50

75

100

125

200

Figure 38. Supply Current vs. Temperature

600

800

1000

Figure 41. Output Voltage Offset (ZOS) Distribution

Accelerated by Burn-in
0.424

100
TA = +25C

0.420

VS = 5V

80

0.416
SCALE FACTOR 1/V

POWER SUPPLY REJECTION dB

400

HOURS OF OPERATION AT +125C

TEMPERATURE C

+PSRR
60
PSRR
40

X +3
0.412
0.408
X

0.404
0.400
0.396

X 3
0.392

20

0.388
0.384

0
100

1k

10k
FREQUENCY Hz

100k

1M

X +3

LINEARITY ERROR %

0.75
0.50
0.25
X

0.25
0.50
0.75
X 3
1.0
1.25
0

200

400

600

800

1000

HOURS OF OPERATION AT +125C

Figure 40. Linearity Error (LE) Distribution Accelerated

by Burn-in

REV. B

600

800

1000

Figure 42. Scale Factor (K) Distribution Accelerated by Burn-in

1.25

400

HOURS OF OPERATION AT +125C

Figure 39. Power Supply Rejection vs. Frequency

1.0

200

MLT04
APPLICATIONS
The MLT04 is well suited for such applications as modulation/
demodulation, automatic gain control, power measurement, analog
computation, voltage-controlled amplifiers, frequency doublers,
and geometry correction in CRT displays.
Multiplier Connections
Figure 43 llustrates the basic connections for multiplication. Each
of the four independent multipliers has single-ended voltage inputs
(X, Y) and a low impedance voltage output (W). Also, each
multiplier has its own dedicated ground connection (GND) which
is connected to the circuits analog common. For best performance, circuit layout should be compact with short component
leads and well-bypassed supply voltage feeds. In applications where
fewer than four multipliers are used, all unused analog inputs must
be returned to the analog common.

The equation shows a dc term at the output which will vary

strongly with the amplitude of the input, V IN. The output dc offset
can be eliminated by capacitively coupling the MLT04s output
with a high-pass filter. For optimal spectral performance, the
filters cutoff frequency should be chosen to eliminate the input
fundamental frequency.
A source of error in this configuration is the offset voltages of the X
and Y inputs. The input offset voltages produce cross products
with the input signal to distort the output waveform. To circumvent this problem, Figure 45 illustrates the use of inverting
amplifiers configured with an OP285 to provide a means by which
the X- and Y-input offsets can be trimmed.
P1
50k

+5V

5V

XOS TRIM

R5
500k

W1

GND1

X1

X1

X4 16

X4

Y1

Y1

Y4 15

Y4

1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
98
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
VCC 17

W1

W4 18

R1
10k

W4

R2
10k
2

GND4 17

A1

+5V
0.1F

MLT04

5V

6 Y2

Y3 13

Y3

X2

7 X2

X3 12

X3

8
9

GND2

A1, A2 = 1/2 OP285

5

VEE 14

Y2

W2

VIN

GND3

W2

W14 = 0.4 (X14

R6
500k
5V

W3

Y14)

0.4

+
A2

0.1F

W1

C1
100pF
VO
RL
10k

R3
10k

11

W3 10

1/4 MLT04

3
1

R4
10k
YOS TRIM

P2
50k

+5V

Figure 45. Frequency Doubler with Input Offset Voltage

Trims

Figure 43. Basic Multiplier Connections

Squaring and Frequency Doubling
As shown in Figure 44, squaring of an input signal, V IN, is achieved
by connecting the X-and Y-inputs in parallel to produce an output
of VIN2/2.5 V. The input may have either polarity, but the output
will be positive.
+5V

Feedback Divider Connections

The most commonly used analog divider circuit is the inverted
multiplier configuration. As illustrated in Figure 46, an inverted
multiplier analog divider can be configured with a multiplier
operating in the feedback loop of an operational amplifier. The
general form of the transfer function for this circuit configuration is
given by:

0.1F

VIN

1/4 MLT04

GND

R2 VIN
VO = 2.5 V

R1 VX

0.4

W = 0.4 VIN2

+
0.1F

5V

Figure 44. Connections for Squaring

Here, the multiplier operates as a voltage-controlled potentiometer

that adjusts the loop gain of the op amp relative to a control signal,
VX. As the control signal to the multiplier decreases, the output of
the multiplier decreases as well. This has the effect of reducing
negative feedback which, in turn, decreases the amplifiers loop
gain. The result is higher closed-loop gain and reduced circuit
bandwidth. As VX is increased, the output of the multiplier
increases which generates more negative feedback closed-loop
gain drops and circuit bandwidth increases. An example of an
inverted multiplier analog divider frequency response is shown in
Figure 47.

When the input is a sine wave given by V IN sin t, the squaring

circuit behaves as a frequency doubler because of the trigonometric
identity:
(VIN sin t )2
V 2 1
= IN (1 cos 2 t )
2.5V
2.5V 2

10

REV. B

MLT04
1/4 MLT04

X1

1/4 MLT04
+

W1

0.4

R2
10k

VX

D1
1N4148

GND1

R2
10k

Y1

X1

0.4

Y1
4

4
R1
10k

R1
10k
VIN

2
3

OP113 6

VO

VO = 2.5V

VIN

VO =

VX

Figure 46. Inverted-Multiplier Configuration for

Analog Division

+
2.5V VIN

Voltage-Controlled Low-Pass Filter

The circuit in Figure 49 illustrates how to construct a voltagecontrolled low-pass filter with an analog multiplier. The advantage
with this approach over conventional active-filter configurations is
that the overall characteristic cut-off frequency, O, will be directly
proportional to a multiplying input voltage. This permits the
construction of filters in which the capacitors are adjustable
(directly or inversely) by a control voltage. Hence, the frequency
scale of a filter can be manipulated by means of a single voltage
without affecting any other parameters. The general form of the
circuits transfer function is given by:

90
80

IN

OP113 6

AVOL
OP113

70
60

GAIN dB

W1

50
VX = 0.025V
40
30

VO
VIN

10
VX = 2.5V

0
100

1k

10k
100k
FREQUENCY Hz

1M

10M

In this circuit, the ratio of R2 to R1 sets the passband gain, and the
break frequency of the filter, LP, is given by:

Figure 47. Signal-Dependent Feedback Makes Variables

Out of Amplifier Bandwidth and Stability

R1 VX
LP =

R1 + R2 2.5RC

Although this technique works well with almost any operational

amplifier, there is one caveat: for best circuit stability, the unitygain crossover frequency of the operational amplifier should be
equal to or less than the MLT04s 8 MHz bandwidth.

X1

Connection for Square Rooting

Another application of the inverted multiplier configuration is the
square-root function. As shown in Figure 48, both inputs of the
MLT04 are wired together and are used as the output of the
circuit. Because the circuit configuration exhibits the following
generalized transfer function:

1/4 MLT04

VX
W1
2

C
80pF

R
10k

0.4

A1

+
R1
10k

3
R2
10k

Y1

A1 = 1/2 OP285

VIN

VO

the input signal voltage is limited to the range 2.5 V VIN < 0. To
prevent circuit latchup due to positive feedback or input signal
polarity reversal, a 1N4148-type junction diode is used in series
with the output of the multiplier.

Figure 48. Connections for Square Rooting

GND1

R2
VO = 2.5
VIN
R1

REV. B

R2
1

R1 R2 + R1 2.5RC

+
1
s
R1 VX

VX = 0.25V

20

VIN
fLP =

VX
10RC

=
1+S

5RC
VX

; fLP = MAX @ VX = 2.5V

Figure 49. A Voltage-Controlled Low-Pass Filter

For example, if R1 = R2 = 10 k , R = 10 k , and C = 80 pF,

11

VO

MLT04
then the output of the circuit has a pole at frequencies from 1 kHz
to 100 kHz for VX ranging from 25 mV to 2.5 V. The performance
of this low-pass filter is illustrated in Figure 20.

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).

30

18

10

0.280 (7.11)
0.240 (6.10)

PIN 1

20

0.925 (23.49)
0.845 (21.47)

GAIN dB

10

0.130
(3.30)
MIN

0.160 (4.06)
0.115 (2.93)

V = 0.025V

10

0.25V

0.325 (8.25)
0.300 (7.62)

0.015
(0.38)
MIN

0.210
(5.33)
MAX

C18451810/93

18-Lead Epoxy DIP (P Suffix)

2.5V
0.022 (0.558)
0.014 (0.356)

0.100
(2.54)
BSC

0.070 (1.77)
0.045 (1.15)

SEATING
PLANE

15
0

0.015 (0.38)
0.008 (0.20)

20

30
10

100

1k

10k
100k
FREQUENCY Hz

1M

10M

18-Lead Wide-Body SOL (S Suffix)

Figure 50. Low-Pass Cutoff Frequency vs. Control

Voltage, VX

10

18

With this approach, it is possible to construct parametric biquad

filters whose parameters (center frequency, passband gain, and Q)
can be adjusted with dc control voltages.

0.2992 (7.60)
0.2914 (7.40)
0.4193 (10.65)
0.3937 (10.00)
PIN 1
9

0.1043 (2.65)
0.0926 (2.35)

0.4625 (11.75)
0.4469 (11.35)

0.0500 (1.27)
BSC

0.0192 (0.49)
0.0138 (0.35)

0.0125 (0.32)
0.0091 (0.23)

8
0

0.0500 (1.27)
0.0157 (0.40)

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

0.0118 (0.30)
0.0040 (0.10)

0.0291 (0.74)
x 45
0.0098 (0.25)

12

REV. B