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Welcome to Thermodynamics
What is temperature?
Lets define it is a variable to measure hot and cold. (We will see that it
is a measure of an internal kinetic energy)
What is heat?
Energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference
Transferring an amount of heat to an object may raise its temperature.
Thermal equilibrium
No heat transfer between two objects (when they are in thermal contact)
(Note: a good thermal insulator, doesnt totally prevent hat transfer, it
just slows it down)
Temperature Scales
The Celsius Scale (Anders Celsius 1701-1744)
Reference points:
1. Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius:
0C
2. Water boils at hundred degrees Celsius: 100C
A change in temperature is described as Celsius degrees C
Lowest possible temperature -273.15C
The Fahrenheit Scale (Gabriel Fahrenheit 1686-1736)
Reference Points:
1. Coldest temperature he was able to achieve in his lab.
2. Body temperature 96 degrees (today 98.6 F). Nobody knows why 96 F
Therefore water freezes at 32F and boils at 212F
A change in temperature is described as Fahrenheit degrees F
Be careful!
1 degree is not necessarily not to the same as 1 degree!
Celsius Fahrenheit
9F
TC + 32C
TF =
5C
Fahrenheit Celsius
5C
TF =
TC 32C
9F
Extrapolation of linear relationship between pressure and temperature leads to absolute zero (-273.15C)
Absolute zero is exactly T = 0K
The difference between Celsius and Kelvin is just a shift of the zero level
T = TC + 273.15
1D Linear Expansion
L = (const .) T = L0 T
: Coefficien t of linear expansion [K ]
-1
2 D Area Expansion
A 2 A T
3 D Volume Expansion
Calculation gives us for area of any shape
V 3 V T = V T
Substance
Substance
Coefficient of volume
expansion, (K1)
Lead
29 x 106
Ether
1.51 x 103
Aluminum
24 x 106
Carbon tetrachloride
1.18 x 103
Brass
19 x 106
Alcohol
1.01 x 103
Gasoline
0.95 x 103
Olive oil
0.68 x 103
Water
0.21 x 103
Mercury
0.18 x 103
Copper
Iron (Steel)
Concrete
Window glass
17 x
106
12 x
106
12 x
106
11 x
106
106
Pyrex glass
3.3 x
Quartz
0.50 x 106
Special properties of Water (Why the fish are so lucky that the lake
is freezing from the top to the bottom)
Rub over a piece of wood (or watch the film Castaway how to make fire) and
you can feel that the temperature of the wood increase. Remember that
energy cannot be created or destroyed. But energy can be transferred. For
example, transfer mechanical work into heat.
The first unit of heat was calorie (cal).
1 kcal is defined as the heat to increase the temperature of 1kg water from
14.5C to 15.5C.
Connection between heat and mechanical work
Specific Heat
The heat required to increase the temperature of an
arbitrary substance is given by the specific heat, c
Q
c=
[J /(kg K) = J /(kg C)]
mT
always positive
If Q is positive then change in temperature
positive
If Q is negative then change in temperature
negative
Large specific heat means take large quantities
of heat with little change in temperature
Example:
Specific heat of 1kg water is cwater = 4186 J/(kg/K)
Calorimetry
(Dropping an object into a lightweight, insulating flask containing water)
QB + QW = 0
mb cb (T Tb ) + mW cW (T TW ) = 0
mb cbTb + mW cW TW
T=
mb cb + mW cW
T
Q = kA
t
L
k : thermal conductivity [
W
]
mK
Substance
Silver
Copper
Gold
Aluminum
Steel, low carbon
Lead
Stainless steelalloy 302
Ice
Concrete
Glass
Water
Asbestos
Wood
Wool
Air
Thermal Conductivity, k
[W/(mK)]
417
395
291
217
66.9
34.3
16.3
1.6
1.3
0.84
0.60
0.25
0.10
0.040
0.0234
Convection
Heat transfer by movement of matter in a fluid.
Forced convection (Fan, Pump)
Natural convection: (Heater,
e.g. circulation - warm air raises up, cold air sink down)
P = eAT
Use Kelvin!