Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions Review

Angles: Degree-Radian Measure
In a plane, an angle is formed by rotating a ray, called the initial side of the angle, around its
endpoint until the ray coincides with another ray, called the terminal side of the angle. The
common endpoint of these rays is called the vertex.
A counterclockwise rotation produces a positive angle, and a clockwise rotation produces a
negative angle. Two different angles with the same initial and terminal sides are said to be
coterminal.
There are two widely used measures of angles: the degree and the radian.
Degree-Radian Conversion:

deg

rad .

180 rad

Example (From Degrees to Radians). Find the radian measure of 1 .

Solution.

rad , rad
rad 0.0175 rad .

180 rad
180

A comparison of degree and radian measure for a few important angles is given in the
following table:
Radian

/6

/4

/3

/2

Degree

30

45

60

90

180

360

An angle in a rectangular coordinate system is said to be in standard position if its

vertex is at the origin and its initial side is on the positive x axis.

Trigonometric Functions
Consider a unit circle (radius 1) in a coordinate system with center at the origin. The terminal
side of any angle in standard position will pass through this circle at some point. The abscissa of
that point is called the cosine of (abbreviated cos ), and the ordinate of the point is the sine
of (abbreviated sin ). The set of all ordered pairs of the form ( , cos ) and the set of all
ordered pairs of the form ( , sin ) constitute, respectively, the cosine and sine functions. The
domain of these two functions is the set of all angles, positive or negative, with measure either
in degrees or radians. The range is a subset of the set of real numbers.
It is necessary for our work in calculus to define these two trigonometric functions in
terms of real-number domains. This is done as follows:
1

Definition (Sine and Cosine Functions with Real-Number Domains). For any real number x,
sin x sin( x radians ) and

cos x cos( x radians ) .

Since cos x and sin x are the coordinates of a point on the unit circle,
1 sin x 1 and 1 cos x 1 .
As x Increases from

y sin x

y cos x

0 to / 2

Increases fro 0 to 1

Decreases from 1 to 0

/ 2 to

Decreases from 1 to 0

Decreases from 0 to -1

to 3 / 2

Decreases from 0 to -1

Increases from -1 to 0

3 / 2 to 2

Increases from -1 to 0

Increases fro 0 to 1

It can be shown that

sin( x 2 ) sin x, cos( x 2 ) cos x , for all real numbers x.

Functions such that f ( x p ) f ( x) for some positive constant p and all real numbers x
for which the functions are defined are said to be periodic. The smallest such value of p is called
the period of the function.
Both the sine and cosine functions are periodic with period 2 .
It can be shown that the sine and cosine functions are continuous for all real
numbers.

Four Other Trigonometric Functions

The other four trigonometric functions are the tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.

Definition (Four Other Trigonometric Functions).

sin x
, cos x 0;
cos x
cos x
cot x
, sin x 0;
sin x
tan x

1
, cos x 0;
cos x
1
csc x
, sin x 0.
sin x
sec x

The functions tan x and cot x have period . The other four trigonometric functions sin x , cos x , sec x , and csc x - all have period 2 .

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative Formulas
From the definition of the derivative,
d
sin( x h) sin x
.
sin x lim
h 0
dx
h
On the basis of trigonometric identities and some special trigonometric limits, it can be shown
that the limit on the right is cos x , i.e.,
d
sin x cos x .
dx
Similarly, it can be shown that
d
cos x sin x .
dx

Derivatives of Sine and Cosine.

Basic Form:
d
sin x cos x,
dx

d
cos x sin x .
dx

Generalized Form:
For u u ( x) ,
d
du
sin u cos u ,
dx
dx

d
du
.
cos u sin u
dx
dx

Examples.
(A)

d
d 2
sin x 2 cos x 2
x 2 x cos x 2 ;
dx
dx

(B)

d
d
cos(2 x 5) sin(2 x 5) (2 x 5) 2 sin(2 x 5) ;
dx
dx

(C)

d
d
d
(3x 2 x) cos x (3 x 2 x) cos x cos x (3x 2 x) ( x 3 x 2 ) sin x (6 x 1) cos x ;
dx
dx
dx

(D)

d
d 1
d
d
sin x
sec x
(cos x) 1 (cos x) 2 cos x
tan x sec x .
dx
dx cos x dx
dx
(cos x)2

Application
Example (Revenue). Revenues from the sale of ski jackets are given approximately by
t
R(t ) 1.55 1.45cos , 0 t 104 ,
26
where R(t) is revenue (in thousands of dollars) for a week of sales t weeks after January 1.
(A) What is the rate of change of revenue t weeks after the first of the year?
(B) What is the rate of change of revenue 10 weeks after the first of the year? 26 weeks after the
first of the year? 40 weeks after the first of the year?
(C) Find all local maxima and minima for 0 t 104 .
(D) Find the absolute maximum and minimum for 0 t 104 .
Solution.
(A) R(t )

1.45
t
sin
, 0 t 104 .
26
26

(B) R(10) $ 0.164 thousand, or -$ 164 per week;

R(26) $ 0 per week;
R(40) $ 0.174 thousand, or $ 174 per week.

(C) Find the critical points:

R(t )
sin

1.45
t
sin
0, 0 t 104,
26
26

t
0,
26

t
, 2 , 3
26
t 26, 52, 78.

( Note : 0 t 104 implies that 0

t
4 ),
26

Differentiate R(t ) to get R(t ) :

R(t )

1.45 2
t
.
cos
2
26
26

We use the second-derivative test to get the results shown in the following table:
t

R(t )

Graph of R

26

Local minimum

52

Local maximum

78

Local minimum

(D) Evaluate R (t ) at endpoints t = 0 and t = 104 and at the critical points found in part (C):
Absolute maximum;
R(0) $3000
R (26) $100
Absolute minimum;
R (52) $ 3000
Absolute maximum;
R (78) $100
Absolute minimum;
R (104) $3000
Absolute maximum.
4

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

Integral Formulas

cos x dx sin x C,

sin x dx cos x C .

Example (Area Under a Sine Curve). Find the area under the sine curve y sin x from 0 to .
Solution.

Area sin x dx cos x 0 (cos cos 0) (1 1) 2 .

0

General Integral Formulas:

For u u ( x) ,

cos u du sin u C ,

sin u du cos u C .

Examples.
(A)

2
x sin x dx

u x2 1
1
1
1
2
2
x
x
dx

2
sin

sin u du cos u C cos x C ;

2
2
2
2

du
xdx
2

u sin x
u6
(sin x)6
5
(B) (sin x) cos x dx
C .
u du 6 C
6
du cos x dx
5

Application
Example (Total Revenue). Revenues from the sale of ski jackets are given approximately by
t
R(t ) 1.55 1.45cos , 0 t 104 ,
26
where R(t) is revenue (in thousands of dollars) for a week of sales t weeks after January 1. Find
the total revenue taken in over the 2-year period that is, from t = 0 to t = 104.
Solution. The area under the graph of the revenue equation for the 2-year period approximates
the total revenue taken in for that period. This area (and therefore the total revenue) is given by
the following definite integral:
104

Total revenue

t
26
t

1.55 1.45cos 26 dt 1.55t 1.45 sin 26

104

$161.2 thousand.
0