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Pressure
One of the most obvious properties of a gas is that it exerts
pressure on its surroundings.
Atmospheric pressure
the barometer, a device to measure atmospheric pressure,
was invented in 1643 by an Italian scientist named Evangelista
Torricelli.
At sea level the height of this column of mercury averages
760 mm.
Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure results from the mass of the air
being pulled toward the center of the earth by gravityin
other words, it results from the weight of the air.
Units of Pressure
the most commonly used units for pressure are based on the
height of the mercury column (in millimeters) that the gas
pressure can support.
The unit mm Hg (millimeter of mercury) is often called the
torr in honor of Torricelli. The terms torr and mm Hg are
used interchangeably by chemists. A related unit for pressure
is the standard atmosphere (abbreviated atm):
1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
The unit of pressure in the SI system is newtons per meter
squared (N/m2) and is called the pascal (Pa).
Units of Pressure
1 standard atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
PV = k
where k is a constant for a given sample of air at a specific
temperature. It is only approximately true for real gases
One common use of Boyles law is to predict the new volume
of a gas when the pressure is changed (at constant
temperature), or vice versa. Because deviations from Boyles
law are so slight at pressures close to 1 atm, in our
calculations we will assume that gases obey Boyles law
(unless stated otherwise).
Boyles Law
There is an inverse relationship between
pressure and volume.
y = mx + b
Charless Law
Charles studied the relationship between the volume of the
gas and its temperature at constant pressure.
Charles found in 1787 that the volume of a gas at constant
pressure increases linearly with the temperature of the gas.
Charless Law
V = bT
where T is in kelvins and b is a proportionality constant.
In fact, 0 0K is called absolute zero, and there is much
evidence to suggest that this temperature cannot be attained.
Avogadros Law
in 1811 the Italian chemist Avogadro postulated that equal
volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain the same number of particles.
V = an
where V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of
gas particles, and a is a proportionality constant
This equation states that for a gas at constant temperature
and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the
number of moles of gas. This relationship is obeyed closely by
gases at low pressures
Avogadros Law
Avogadros Law
Boyles Law
Avogadros Law
Gas Stoichiometry
Exercise
Suppose we have 1 mole of an ideal gas at 0 0C (273.2 K) and 1
atm. From the ideal gas law, what is the volume of the gas?
Solution
Solution
In this expression m
represents the mass in
kilograms of a single gas
particle. When NA,
the number of particles
in a mole
R=
J=
Real Gases
An ideal gas is a hypothetical concept. No gas exactly follows the
ideal gas law, although many gases come very close at low
pressures and/or high temperatures. Thus ideal gas behavior can
best be thought of as the behavior approached by real gases
under certain conditions.
Real Gases
Real Gases
3) The fact that a real gas tends to behave more ideally at high
temperatures also can be explained in terms of the van der
Waals model. At high temperatures the particles are moving so
rapidly that the effects of interparticle interactions are not very
important.