Topic:

Technology and Solutions

Protection and Substation Automation

END FAULT
PROTECTION
APPLICATION

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BASICS

Topic Objectives
Objectives
r Definition Protection Zone - Physical Zone
r Definition End- Fault Condition
r Fault clearance without EFP
r Fault evaluation
r EFP application
r Fault clearance with EFP
r End- Fault Condition in a bus- coupler
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r CB auxiliary circuits
r Modern protection systems
r BBP - additional CB functionality on feeders
r Future standards

Definition Protection Zone - Physical Zone

protection
zone

2 CTs
(overlapped
protection zones)

protection
zone

1 CT

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protection
zone

protection
zone
line zone

busbar zone

(physical)

(physical)

Definition End- Fault Condition

End - Zone

2 CTs
(overlapped
protection zones)

End - Fault

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1 CT

End - Zone

Busbar Configurations

How will an End- Fault condition

be cleared in different busbar
configurations (without any EndFault Protection) ???
CT
line side

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single or multiple
busbar

1 1/2 breaker
busbar

CT
bus side

CT
overlapped
Selectivity
Speed
Selectivity
Speed

Fault clearance (without EFP)

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Busbar

I. Multiple BB, CT line side

Fault clearance (without EFP)

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Line

I. Multiple BB, CT line side

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Line

Busbar

Fault clearance (without EFP)

II. Multiple BB, CT bus side

Fault clearance (without EFP)

II. Multiple BB, CT bus side

Line Distance

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OC Back- up

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Line

Busbar

Fault clearance (without EFP)

III. Multiple BB, CT overlapped

Fault clearance (without EFP)

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III. Multiple BB, CT overlapped

Fault clearance (without EFP)

IV. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT line side

OC Back- up

OC Back- up
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Line Distance

Fault clearance (without EFP)

V. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT bus side

OC Back- up
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OC Back- up

Fault clearance (without EFP)

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VI. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT overlapped

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Fault Evaluation
CT
line side

CT
bus side

CT
overlapped

single or multiple
busbar

++

++

Selectivity

++

Speed

1 1/2 breaker
busbar

++

Selectivity

++

Speed

++

very good

acceptable

critical

Fault Evaluation
Conclusion:

An additional protection function is

required in CT bus side and 1 1/2 circuit
breaker configuration without
overlapped CTs

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!!!

End- Fault Protection Function

End- Fault Protection Function

logic depending on the
switchgear configuration
(CT bus side, Line side;
1 1/2 CB)
CB open

EFP

~120 ms

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feeder
current

&

I>
remote
tripping

intertripping

t = EFP pick up time (higher than the highest possible

arc extinguish time + safety time

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Fault clearance (with EFP)

How will an End- Fault

condition be cleared in
different busbar configurations
(with End- Fault Protection)
???

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Line

Busbar

Fault clearance (with EFP)

II. Multiple BB, CT bus side

Fault clearance (with EFP)

II. Multiple BB, CT bus side

Fault cleared selectively

!!!(~250ms)

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Intertripping

EFP
G

Fault clearance (with EFP)

IV. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT line side

Intertripping
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Remote trip

EFP
Fault cleared selectively
!!!(~250ms)

Fault clearance (with EFP)

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V. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT bus side

Intertripping

EFP
Fault cleared selectively
!!!(~250ms)

End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler

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How will an End- Fault

condition be cleared in a
bus- coupler (without any
EFP)
???

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End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler

BB2

BB1

~
~

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End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler

End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler

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by the coupler
function of the
BUSBAR protection

End Fault Protection application

Summery:
An EFP function in strictly required in:
r multiple BB configuration with CT bus side
r 1 1/2 circuit breaker configuration without
overlapped CTs
It is not required in:
r configuration with overlapped CTs
It will reduce the tripping time in:
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r a bus- coupler
r multiple BB configuration with CT line side

CB auxiliary circuits

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What problem will

occur in case on a switch
onto fault situation
???

CB auxiliary circuits

CT bus side

EFP will trip the BB wrongly

flash over before CB

indicates closed

CB open !!!
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CB closing
command

I>
EFP enabled

CB auxiliary circuits
CT line side

flash over before CB

indicates closed

CB open !!!
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CB closing
command

I>
EFP enabled

EFP will trip the line remote end wrongly

CB auxiliary circuits

in case on a switch onto fault

situation the EFP will generate a
tripping signal before the closed
indication appears

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(flash- over in the circuit breaker)

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CB auxiliary circuits

How can this be avoided

???

CB auxiliary circuits

the protection system must be

informed in advance that the CB is
going to be closed

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by the (manual) close command

of the CB

End- Fault Protection Function

logic depending on the
switchgear configuration
(CT bus side, Line side;
1 1/2 CB)
CB open

EFP

~120 ms

CB (manual)
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feeder
current

close command

I>

&
remote
tripping

intertripping

t = EFP pick up time (higher than the highest possible

arc extinguish time + safety time

CB / isolator auxiliary circuits

Phase
+
CB closing

Phase
+
NC aux.

coil

contacts

S
CB closed
protection

system
CB open
NC aux.

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contacts
CB (manual)
close command
CB close
order
+

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