Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of LM6000 Gas-urbine

Synchronous Generator
Roozbeh Eshraghnia
*HQHUDO(OHFWULF-Power & Water
Distributive Power in Houston TX, USA

Randy J Kleen
*HQHUDO(OHFWULF-Power & Water
Distributive Power in Houston TX, USA

the q axis. In high speed, 2 or 4 pole machines the rotor is cylindrical,

made of solid iron with a cage-type winding embedded in the rotor
surface. In solid iron rotor gas turbine generators the magnetic
characteristics of the q and d axes are identical or nearly so; hence the
inductances associated with the two axes are essentially the same. Also,
it is necessary, in most cases, to include all three damper windings in
order to portray adequately the transient characteristics of the stator
variables and the electromagnetic torque of solid iron rotor machines.
[1], [5]

Abstract-- This paper demonstrates the dynamic performance of

synchronous generator in typical LM6000 gas-turbine during
sudden changes in input torque and during a short circuit fault at
the terminals while it is connected to infinite bus bar based on first
engineering principles. The constructed model consists of a set of
nonlinear differential equations. The analysis given in this paper is
valid for a linear magnetic system where saturation is not
considered. In this study, the stator variables are transformed to a
reference frame fixed in the rotor. MATLAB is used for analysis
and computer traces to illustrate the dynamic behavior of the
synchronous generator.

II. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODEL

Following assumptions are considered for constructing the
synchronous generator model in this paper:
The stator windings are identical sinusoidally distributed windings
Linear magnetic system is considered and saturation is not
considered
All losses due to wiring, saturation, and slots can be neglected.
Inertia constant of gearbox and turbine can be neglected.

I. INTRODUCTION

(

lectricity is the main source of energy nowadays in our society. It

is used to provide the energy needed for operating a great variety
of industrial processes, lighting and transportation as well as for the
information and communication technologies. Synchronous Generator
has been widely used for this purpose around the world due to
its capability of generating electricity in large scale power plants.
Synchronous Generator is the principal means of converting energy
from mechanical to electrical. Electrical and electromechanical
behavior of most synchronous machines can be adequately described
by straightforward modifications of equations describing the
performance of salient-pole synchronous machine. In particular, these
equations can be used directly to predict the performance of gas turbine
synchronous generators. Some of the inductances used in these
equations are functions of the rotor speed, whereupon the coefficients
of these equations describing the behavior of machine are time varying
except when the rotor is stalled. A change of variables is often used to
reduce the complexity of these differential equations. This general
transformation refers machine variables to a frame of reference that
rotates at an arbitrary angular velocity. All known real transformations
are obtained from this transformation by simply assigning the speed of
reference frame. [1]- [4]
The rotor of a synchronous machine is equipped with a field
winding and one or more damper windings; and, in general, all rotor
windings have different electrical characteristics. Moreover, the rotor
of a salient-pole synchronous machine is magnetically unsymmetrical.
As a result of these rotor asymmetries, a change of variable for the
rotor variables offers no advantage. However, a change of variables is
beneficial for the stator variables. For this reason, in this paper, the
stator variables (voltage, current and flux linkages) are transformed to a
reference frame fixed in the rotor. [5], [7]
In salient-pole machines, at least the rotor surface is laminated and
the damper windings are confined, for the most part, to the cage
windings embedded in the rotor surface. The behavior of low speed
hydro turbine generators, which are always salient-pole machines, is
generally described sufficiently by one equivalent damper winding in

1.

Seven windings (Three stators windings as, bs and cs, one field
winding (fd) and three damper windings kq1, kq2 and kd) are
magnetically coupled. The magnetic coupling between the windings is
a function of the rotor position. Hence, the ux linkage of the
windings is also a function of the rotor position. The synchronous
machine is generally operated as a generator; it is convenient to assume
that the direction of positive stator current is out of the terminals. With
this convention, the voltage equations in machine variables can be
expressed in matrix form as
(1)
(2)
Where,

: Operator
: The flux linkage matrix

: Stator windings resistance matrix,

: Rotor windings resistance matrix,

The positive as, bs and cs axes are drawn in direction of negative

flux linkage relative to the assumed positive direction of the stator
currents. In this case, the flux linkages is expressed as
(3)
Where,
: Self- inductance of stator windings
: Self- inductance of rotor windings
: Mutual inductance

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Voltage Equations in Machine Variables

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Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE IEEM

Parks transformation has the unique property of eliminating all

time-varying inductances from the voltage equations of the
synchronous machine which occur due to electric circuits in relative
motion and electric circuits with varying magnetic reluctance. So, by
using this transformation expressed in matrix form as below, according
stator quantities will be projected on the
to the electrical angle
rotating dqo axes. [5], [7]

Xkq1: Damper winding kq1 reactance,

Xkq2: Damper winding kq2 reactance,
Xfd: Field winding reactance,
Xkd: Damper winding kd reactance,

We can easily associate kq1 winding with the transient reactance

and time constants
, kq2 winding with sub-transient reactance
and time constants
and also kd winding with sub-transient
reactance
and time constants
. It is apparent that the subtransient
reactances characterize the equivalent reactances of the machine during
a very short period of time following an electrical disturbance. After a
period of perhaps a few milliseconds, the machine equivalent
reactances approach the transient reactances and also, after passing
electrical disturbance, the transient reactances give way to the steady
state reactances. We experience all these situations in computer
simulations for synchronous generator of LM6000 gas turbine in this
paper. [7]- [9]

(4)
A change of variables that formulates a transformation of the 3phase variables of stationary circuit elements to the arbitrary reference
frame may be expressed as
(5)
(6)
(7)

2.

Trigonometric identities are helpful in obtaining the stator voltage

equation in arbitrary reference frame as below

Torque Equation in Machine Variables

The expression for the electromagnetic torque of a synchronous

machine can be expressed as [5], [7]

(8)
It is necessary to relate the arbitrary reference frame variables to the
variables in rotor frame for computer simulations. According to the
block diagram Fig. 1, this transformation can be accomplished by using
following, [2]

(18)
Where,
: The identity matrix
: The number of poles

(9)

Finally, electomagnetic torque in terms of rotor reference frame

variables can be obtained as

(10)

(19)

By using
and
, the voltage equations and flux
linkages in rotor reference frame can be expressed as

After considerable work the above equation reduces to

(11)

(20)
Block diagram Fig. 1 shows the summary of computer simulation
which is used in this paper to calculate currents, flux leakages and
torque. The voltage applied to the damper windings are not shown in
this block diagram, because these windings are always short circuited
and the voltages are zero.

(12)
(13)
The sinusoidal terms of
,
and
are
. Therefore, the time varying inductances are
constant only if
eliminated from the flux linkage.

(14)
(15)

Fig. 1: abc variables transformed to arbitrary reference frame then to rotor reference frame

(16)
Where,
: Leakage inductance
: Magnetizing inductances in q and d axes respectively

III. SIMULATION AND OUTPUT RESULTS

In this case study, as noted in Fig. 2, the synchronous machine shaft
is coupled to the LM6000 gas turbine shaft through gearbox. Gearbox
is used to reduce the speed of synchronous machine for 50 Hz
applications (3627/3000 rpm). It is assumed that the synchronous
machine is connected to a bus whose voltage and frequency remain
constant at the rated values regardless of the stator current. This is
commonly referred to as an infinite bus bar, because its characteristics
do not change regardless of the power supplied or consumed by any
device connected to it.
The angular momentum and inertia constant play an important role
in determining the stability of a synchronous machine. Total inertia
constant of all rotating masses i.e. generator, gearbox and turbine
should be considered in dynamic study. But in this case study, inertia
constants of gearbox and turbine are much less than inertia constant of
synchronous machine. Hence, they can be neglected. [1], [9]

The voltage equations in terms of currents in rotor reference frame

can be expressed in matrix form as [7]

(17)
Where,

Xq : q axis reactance,
Xd: d axis reactance,

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Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE IEEM


Fig. 2: LM6000 Turbine skid-Gearbox-Generator skid (50 Hz)

As noted in following simplified flowchart (Fig. 3), two experiments

are conducted to analyze dynamic performance of typical LM6000
gas turbine generator. In first experiment, a step change of input torque
and in second experiment a short circuit fault at the terminals are
considered.

Fig. 5: Trace of stator Current (Ias)

Fig. 6: Traces of flux linkages per second in Rotor Reference Frame

By investigating and following plots of Te, r and (Fig. 8, 9) where

the machine is subjected to a step increase in input torque from zero to
N.m we can figure out that the rotor speed begins to
increase immediately following the step increase in input torque,
whereupon the rotor angle increases. The rotor speeds up until the
accelerating torque on the rotor is zero. As noted in Fig. 8, the speed
increases to approximately 314.8 electrical radians per second, at which
time Te is approximately equal to input torque since changes of r is
zero. Hence, the inertial torque is zero. Even though the accelerating
torque is zero at this time, the rotor is running above synchronous speed
hence, and Te will continue to increase. The increase in Te which is an
increase in the power output of the machine causes the rotor to
decelerate toward synchronous speed. However when synchronous
speed is reached, the magnitude of has become larger than necessary
to satisfy the input torque. Note that at the first synchronous speed
crossing of r, after the change in input torque, is approximately 3
N.m. Hence, the
electrical degrees and Te is approximately
rotor continues to decelerate below synchronous speed. Damped
oscillations of the machine variables continue, and a new steady state
operating point is finally appeared. As noted in Fig. 7 and 8, the
oscillations subside rapidly, but the new steady state operating point is
slowly approached.

Fig. 3: A simplied owchart for dynamic performance of LM6000synchronous machine

1.

Dynamic Performance During a Sudden Change in Input

Torque
Dynamic behavior of the machine is considered a step change in
N.m (approximately 10% rated).
input torque from zero to
Initially the machine is operating with zero input torque with excitation
held fixed at the value that gives rated open-circuit terminal voltage at
synchronous speed. After 0.4 sec, 10% of rated torque is imposed to the
synchronous machine suddenly. Fig. 4, 5 and 6 show the traces of
stator currents (Iqdos-Ias) and flux linkages of stator and damper
windings in rotor reference frame respectively in this situation.

Fig. 7: Traces of stator voltages (Vqds) and field current in Rotor Reference Frame

Fig. 4 Traces of stator currents (Iqdos) in rotor reference frame

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The point of interest here is the time required for the machine
variables to re-establish steady state operation after the torque
disturbance. This rather slow approach to the new steady state
operating point in the case of LM6000 gas turbine generator is also
apparent from Fig. 9 which shows the plot of Te and r per second.
Also, Trace of electrical torque and rotor speed per second is shown in
Fig. 10.

Fig. 11: Phasor diagram for normal steady state generator operation

After 0.181 sec, a 3-phase short circuit occurs at the machine

terminals. As noted in Fig. 12, the transient offset in the phase currents
is reflected into the rotor reference frame variables and the
instantaneous torque as a decaying 50 Hz pulsation (Fig. 14). This
offset is present because flux contained in the machine cannot change
instantaneously; therefore, a dc offset in the phase currents occurs to
maintain the flux at pre-fault values. The dc offset in phase currents is
reflected as oscillations in the transformed stator currents and the
electromagnetic torque. The initial swing of the electromagnetic torque
causes the rotor to decelerate. This, in turn, causes the rotor angle to
decrease, in what is commonly referred to as a back swing. Back
swings are not accounted for in analytical methods of analysis, and are
a source of error in approximating transient dynamic behavior. Because
terminal voltage is zero during short circuit fault, the machine is unable
to transmit power to the system. And therefore, the rotor begins to
accelerate. Rotor continues to accelerate until the fault is cleared.
Hence, all of the input torque, with the exception of ohmic losses,
accelerates the rotor. Upon clearing of the fault and re-application of
the phase voltages, initial offsets in the phase currents appear and again
produce 50 Hz oscillations in the rotor reference variables and the
electromagnetic torque. Synchronous machine eventually returns to the
initial pre-fault operating point, as demonstrated by the plot of the
electrical angle (Fig. 14). Repeated fault simulations can be used to
determine the critical clearing time, and to demonstrate the inability of
the system to obtain pre-fault operating conditions once the critical
clearing time is exceeded. The result of a fault-study in which the fault
is cleared after the critical clearing time is shown in following plots.
After several trial and errors, the fault is removed after 0.4326 sec. If
the fault had been allowed to remain on the system slightly longer, the
machine would have become unstable; that is, it would either not have
returned to synchronous speed after removal of the fault or slipped
poles before returning to synchronous speed. For clarification, unstable
torque versus electrical angle is depicted in Fig. 17.

Fig. 8: Traces of electrical torque, rotor speed & electrical angle

Fig. 9: Trace of torque versus electrical angle characteristics

Fig. 10: Trace of electrical torque and rotor speed per second

2.

Dynamic Performance During a Short Circuit Fault at

the Machine Terminals

The stability of synchronous machine throughout a power system

following a fault is of major concern. A 3-phase short circuit on the
terminals of a machine has two effects. One, large disruptive forces are
brought into play in the machine itself and the machine should be
designed to withstand these forces. Two, short circuit should be
removed quickly to limit fault damage and improve stability of the
interconnected system. A 3-phase fault or short circuit rarely occurs at
the machine terminals. Normally, the circuit breaker for machine
application (52G) and generator protection relays sense a fault current
of high asymmetry and interrupts the short circuit successfully. But, if
we want to observe the dynamic performance of a synchronous
machine during this type of a fault, we should assume that there is no
protection device assigned to protect machine during short circuit at
machine terminals. In this case study, input torque is held constant at
N.m. For clarification, normal steady state generator
operation is depicted by the phasor diagram shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 12: Traces of stator currents (Iqdos) in rotor reference frame

Fig. 13: Trace of stator Current (Ias)

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IV. CONCLUSION
Synchronous machines play a very important role in the stability
of power systems, since they are used in the majority of the
electrical power generation systems around the world. A dynamic
model of typical LM6000 gas turbine synchronous machine by taking
into account of damper windings is developed in this paper based on
first engineering principles. A detailed computer model simulating the
dynamic response characteristic of LM6000 synchronous machine is
presented.

V. BIOGRAPHIES
Roozbeh Eshraghnia received his M.S.E.E from Ferdowsi

University in 2006. He was a Senior Power System Planning

Engineer for IGMC before working for GE in 2008. He is
currently with Balance of Plant Department (BOP) of GE
Power and Water Distributive Power in Houston TX, USA as
a Project Lead Engineer. His general area of research is power
system planning/operation. He has been active in the area of
power system dynamics and security. He has done extensive
research in analyzing power systems and dynamic performance of electric
machinery. He has also done research in power system planning and
maintenance scheduling. He has published several papers in IEEE and other
recognized conferences.
Randy J Kleen, P.E. Currently with GE Power and Water
Distributive Power in Houston TX, USA as Chief Consulting
Engineer Electrical. Prior experience was with Stewart and
Stevenson Gas Turbine group as Chief Engineer. General
expertise is design and installation of AC generators and Gas
Turbine control systems. Received his B.S.C.E from
University of Houston in 1995 and his E.T from Southeast
Community College Milford NE. in 1977.

Fig. 14: Traces of electrical torque, rotor speed & electrical angle


The dynamic torque-angle characteristics have shown in Fig. 15 and

16 yields a very lucid illustration of the fault and switching sequence
and the return of the machine to its original operating condition after
the fault is cleared.

VI. APPENDIX

Fig. 15: Trace of torque versus electrical angle characteristics

All following parameters given in this Appendix are expressed in per

unit unless otherwise specified.

VII. REFERENCES

Fig. 16: Trace of electrical torque and rotor speed per second

[1] GE Energy document, "LM6000 SPRINT, Gas Turbine Generator set

Product Specification"
[2] A. Fodor, A. Magyar, K.M. Hangos, "Dynamic modeling and model analysis
of a large industrial synchronous generator" IEEE Conference on Applied
Electronics, Sep. 2010 pp. 1-6
[3] D.R. Brown and P.C. Krause, "Modeling of Transient Electrical Torques in
Solid Iron Rotor Turbo generators, " IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and system,
Vol. 98, Sep/Oct 1979 pp. 1502-1508
[4] A. Fodor, A. Magyar, K.M. Hangos, "Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of A
Synchronous Generator" Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry Veszprem,
Vol 38, Jan 2010, pp. 21-26.
[5] R.H Park, "Two-Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines Generalized
Method of Analysis-Part I,"AIEE Trans., Vol 45, July 1929, pp.716-727.
[6] R.E. Doherty and C.A. Nickel, "Synchronous Machines-III, Torque-Angle
Characteristics under Transient Conditions, "AIEE Trans., Col. 46, Jan 1927, pp.
1-8
[7] P. C. Krause, Analysis of Electric Machinery, New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.,
1987.
[8] Y. Takeda and B. Adkins, "Determination of synchronous machine
parameters allowing for unequal mutual inductances," Proceedings IEE, Vol.
121, No. 12, December 1974, pp. 1501-1504.
[9] Syed A. Nasar, Electrical Power Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 19



Fig. 17: Trace of unstable torque versus electrical angle characteristics @ 0.452 sec

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