Photometry Lec1

PHOTOMETRY
M.ARCH | Building Services 3rd Semester
Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui
18-09-2015
Introduction
Photometry subfield of radiometry; radiometric power scaled by the
spectral response of the human eye
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Quantum Theory
The watt (W), the fundamental unit of optical power, is defined as a rate of
energy of one joule (J) per second
Optical power is a function of both the number of photons and the
wavelength. Each photon carries an energy that is described by Plancks
equation:
Q = hc / l
where:
Q is the photon energy (joules)
h is Plancks constant (6.623 x 10-34 J s)
c is the speed of light (2.998 x 108 m s-1)
l is the wavelength of radiation (meters)
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Short wavelength ultraviolet light has much more energy per photon than
either visible or long wavelength infrared
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Visible Light
The lumen (lm) is the photometric equivalent of the watt, weighted to match
the eye response of the standard observer. Yellowish-green light receives
the greatest weight because it stimulates the eye more than blue or red light
of equal radiometric power:
1 watt at 555 nm = 683.0 lumens

the human eye can detect a flux of about 10 photons per second at a
wavelength of 555 nm;
this corresponds to a radiant power of 3.58 x 10-18 W (or J s-1).
Similarly, the eye can detect a minimum flux of 214 and 126 photons per
second at 450 and 650 nm, respectively.
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Visible Light
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Converting to Photometric Units

Power (Watts) is converted to luminous flux (lumens) via the relation:
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Luminous Flux
is measured in lumens.
The CIE defines the lumen in terms of the luminous flux of monochromatic
radiation at 555 nm.
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Luminous Intensity
is the amount of visible power per unit solid angle
measured in candelas (cd, lm/sr).
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Luminance
is the density of visible radiation in a given direction
measured in lm/m2/sr. luminance
Luminance is the measurable quantity that most resembles a persons
perception of brightness, although they are not quite the same.
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Illuminance
is a measure of photometric flux per unit area, or visible flux density.
measured in either lux (lm/m2) or footcandles (lm/ft2).
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Lighting
Luminous Flux & Intensity = light from a source
Luminance = light reflected by a surface

Illuminance = light falling on a surface
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Illuminance
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Illuminance
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Luminance
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Radiant and Luminous Flux

Radiant flux is a measure of radiometric power.
Flux, expressed in watts, is a measure of the rate of energy flow, in joules
per second.
Since photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, ultraviolet
photons are more powerful than visible or infrared.
Luminous flux is a measure of the power of visible light.

Photopic flux, expressed in lumens, is weighted to match the responsivity of
the human eye, which is most sensitive to yellow green.
Scotopic flux is weighted to the sensitivity of the human eye in the dark
adapted state.
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Irradiance and Illuminance

Irradiance is a measure of radiometric flux per unit area, or flux density.
Irradiance is typically expressed in W/m2 (watts per square meter).
Illuminance is a measure of photometric flux per unit area, or visible flux
density. Illuminance is typically expressed in lux (lumens per square meter)
or foot-candles (lumens per square foot).
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Radiance and Luminance

Radiance is a measure of the flux density per unit solid viewing angle,
expressed in W/cm2/sr.
Radiance is independent of distance for an extended area source, because
the sampled area increases with distance, cancelling inverse square losses.
The radiance, L, of a diffuse surface is related to the radiant exitance (flux

density), M, of a surface by the relationship:
L=M/p
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Radiant and Luminous Intensity

Radiant Intensity is a measure of radiometric power per unit solid angle,
expressed in watts per steradian.
luminous intensity is a measure of visible power per solid angle, expressed
in candela (lumens per steradian).
Intensity is related to irradiance by the inverse square law, shown below :
I = E x d2
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Luminous Intensity Distribution Curves

The luminous intensity of any light source is compiled graphically into diagrams
known as candela or candlepower distribution curves.
A curve, generally polar, represents the variation of luminous intensity of a
lamp or luminaire in a plane through the light center.
The luminous intensity (I) is determined using the photometric data for the
specific luminaire used and the angular relationship between the luminaire
aiming direction and the direction from the luminaire to the calculation point.
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Types of Candlepower Distribution Curve

Rotational symmetrical
Light distribution same in all planes.
Usually Circular or Bowl shaped
luminaire
Planar symmetrical
Luminaire distribution is confined to
two vertical planes separately. Typical
distribution for Fluorescent Lamp
luminaires and Road Lighting
Asymmetrical
Asymmetry present in one of the
Planes of measurement.
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Radiant and Luminous Energy

The measures of all the energy received at a particular point or all the
energy contained in a particular radiation field.
Radiant energy is measured in watt-seconds, while luminous energy is
measured in lumen-seconds.
Radiant and luminous energy density, are the amounts of energy per unit
volume, measured in watt-seconds/m3 or lumen-seconds/m3.
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Luminous Efficacy
The ratio of luminous flux coming out (in Lumens) to electricity and/or heat going in (in Watts)
Expressed in Lumen/Watt
Energy that does not emerge as light emerges as heat.
There are three main source types for architectural lighting today:
Incandescent lights work by heating a filament until it glows with black body radiation
Electrical discharge (gas discharge) lamps pass a current through a gas to split it into a glowing
plasma. Fluorescent lamps are a kind of gas discharge lamp.
Light-emitting diodes (LED) send a current through a semiconductor to cause photon emission.
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Color Rendition Index (CRI)
The completeness of the spectrum of light is measured by the Color Rendition Index (CRI)
Unfiltered sunlight has a CRI of 100, and so do ordinary tungsten incandescent lights
sodium vapor lights have a CRI of only 5.
Most fluorescents have a CRI of 50 - 75
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The colour an object appears depends on the colours of light it reflects
White
light
White
light
Only red light

is reflected
Shirt looks red
Shorts look blue

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In different colours of light things would look different
Red
Shirt looks red
light
Shorts look black
Blue
Shirt looks black
light
Shorts look blue
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Reflection
Light reflecting off of a polished or mirrored surface obeys the law of
reflection: the angle between the incident ray and the normal to the surface
is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the normal
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Reflection
Diffuse reflection is typical of particulate substances like powders
Many reflections are a combination of both diffuse and specular
components. One manifestation of this is a spread reflection, which has a
dominant directional component that is partially diffused by surface
irregularities
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Refraction: Snells Law

When light passes between dissimilar materials, the rays bend and change
velocity slightly, an effect called refraction.
Refraction is dependent on two factors: the incident angle, q, and the
refractive index, n of the material, as given by Snells law of refraction:
n sin(q) = n sin(q)
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Total Internal Reflection

For a typical air-glass boundary, (air n = 1, glass n = 1.5), a light ray entering
the glass at 30 from normal travels though the glass at 19.5 and
straightens out to 30 when it exits out the parallel side.
total internal reflection occurs when nsin(q) = 1 (at q = 41.8 for n = 1.5
glass.
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Diffraction
Diffraction is another wave phenomenon that is dependent on wavelength.
Light waves bend as they pass by the edge of a narrow aperture or slit. This
effect is approximated by:
q=l/D
where:
q is the diffraction angle
l the wavelength of radiant energy
D the aperture diameter.
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Diffusion
It is often necessary to diffuse light, either through transmission or reflection
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Collimation
lamps use collimating lenses or reflectors to redirect light into a beam of
parallel rays
If the lamp filament is placed at the focal point of the lens, all rays entering
the lens will become parallel
Similarly, a lamp placed in the focal point of a spherical or parabolic mirror
will project a parallel beam
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Inverse Square Law

defines the relationship between the irradiance from a point source and
distance.
illumination E at a point on a surface varies directly with the luminous
intensity I of the source, and inversely as the square of the distance d
between the source and the point.
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Solid Angle Steradian
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A steradian is defined as the solid angle which, having its vertex at the
center of the sphere, cuts off a spherical surface area equal to the square of
the radius of the sphere.
Sphere contains 4p steradians.
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Lambert's Cosine Law

Illuminance on any surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence.
angle of incidence, is the angle between the normal to the surface and the
direction of the incident light.
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Illuminance Calculation (point by point)

Three Factors must be considered for
applying the Point by point method:
Luminous intensity,
Distance,
Orientation of the surface.
Inverse Square Law states that

E = I/ d2
Surface orientation is included in the Inverse
Square Law by adding a cos term:
E = I/ d2 cos
is the angle between the light ray coming
from the source to the point, and a line that is
perpendicular (normal) to the plane or surface
on which the illuminance is being measured
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Point By Point Method For Different Cases

Based on the orientation of the surface, we have 5 cases in application of point
to point method for lighting design as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Illuminance directly below the luminaire on a horizontal surface

Illuminance on horizontal surface but at angle to luminaire
Illuminance on vertical surface at angle to luminaire
Illuminance on a tilted or sloped surface
Illuminance on for multiple point source calculations
The illuminance values for a uniformity check are calculated using the
point-by-point method.
The inverse square law and cosine law are used to calculate illuminance at a
point from intensity data.
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Case 1
Illuminance directly below the luminaire on a horizontal surface
E = I / d2 cos ; [ = 0]
E = I / d2
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Case 2
Illuminance on horizontal surface but at angle to luminaire
E = I / d2 cos
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Case 3
Illuminance on vertical surface at angle to luminaire
E = I / d2 cos (90 )
E = I / d2 sin
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Case 4
Illuminance on a tilted or sloped surface
E = I / d2 cos
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Case 5
Illuminance on for multiple point source calculations
E = I / d12 cos 1 + I / d22 cos 2
d1
d2
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Instruments For Measuring Illumination
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Techniques & Types of Measurement

Several types of light measurement are possible.
These define WHAT you measure.
For each type of measurement, there are several
possible techniques. These define HOW you measure.
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Techniques
Types
Photometry &
colorimetry
Radiometry
Spectroradiometry
Total Flux
Angular Intensity
At a surface
At the source
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Techniques
Types
Photometry &
colorimetry
Total Flux
Angular Intensity
At a surface
At the source
How does it look

to humans?
Quantities start with photopic or luminous

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Techniques
Types
Radiometry
Total Flux
Angular Intensity
At a surface
At the source
How much
energy is
produced?
Quantities start with radiometric or radiant

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Techniques
Types
Spectroradiometry
Total Flux
Angular Intensity
At a surface
At the source
How is the
energy
distributed?
Quantities start with spectral or spectroradiometric

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Techniques
Types
Photometry &
colorimetry
Radiometry
Spectroradiometry
Total Flux
Light emitted in ALL directions
Quantities end with flux

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Techniques
Types
Photometry &
colorimetry
Radiometry
Spectroradiometry
Angular Intensity
Light emitted in SPECIFIED

directions and angles
Quantities end with intensity

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Techniques
Types
Photometry &
colorimetry
Radiometry
Spectroradiometry
At a surface
Light falling onto areas of an

object
Quantities end with irradiance or illuminance

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Techniques
Types
Photometry &
colorimetry
Radiometry
Spectroradiometry
At the source
Light emitted from areas

within the source
Quantities end with radiance or luminance

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Photometry + Total Flux = Total Luminous Flux
unit: lumens
Radiometry + Total Flux = Total Radiant Flux
unit: Watts
Spectroradiometry + Total Flux = Total Spectral Flux
unit: Watts/nm
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Photometry + Angular Intensity = Luminous Intensity
unit: candelas = lumen/sr

Radiometry + Angular Intensity = Radiant Intensity
unit: Watts/sr
Spectroradiometry + Angular Intensity = Spectroradiometric
Intensity
unit: Watts/(sr nm)
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Photometry + at a surface = Illuminance
unit: lux = lumen/m

Radiometry + at a surface = Irradiance
unit: Watts/m
Spectroradiometry + at a surface = Spectral Irradiance
unit: Watts/(m nm)
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Photometry + at a source = Luminance
unit: candelas/m = lumen/(sr m)

Radiometry + at a source = Radiance
unit: Watts/(sr m)
Spectroradiometry + at a source = Spectral Radiance
unit: Watts/(sr m nm)
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Measurements that might be required:

Total luminous flux, Total radiant flux, Total spectral flux
Luminous intensity, Radiant intensity, Spectroradiometric
intensity
Illuminance, Irradiance, Spectral irradiance
Luminance, Radiance, Spectral radiance
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Questions ??
Thank you
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PHOTOMETRY

M.ARCH | Building Services 3rd Semester

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

1 watt at 555 nm = 683.0 lumens

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Converting to Photometric Units

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Luminance = light reflected by a surface

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Radiant and Luminous Flux

Luminous flux is a measure of the power of visible light.

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Irradiance and Illuminance

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Radiance and Luminance

The radiance, L, of a diffuse surface is related to the radiant exitance (flux

Radiant and Luminous Intensity

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Luminous Intensity Distribution Curves

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Types of Candlepower Distribution Curve

Radiant and Luminous Energy

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Energy that does not emerge as light emerges as heat.

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Color Rendition Index (CRI)

sodium vapor lights have a CRI of only 5.

Most fluorescents have a CRI of 50 - 75

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Color Rendition Index (CRI)

Only red light

Shirt looks red

Shorts look blue

Color Rendition Index (CRI)

Shirt looks red

Shirt looks black

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Refraction: Snells Law

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Total Internal Reflection

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Inverse Square Law

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Solid Angle Steradian

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Solid Angle Steradian

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui

Abdullah Nisar Siddiqui