Introduction To Indoor Electrical

Introduction to Indoor Electrical Equipment Inspection
Indoor Electrical
2009 FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Intended solely for use by FLIR/ITC distributors, customers and prospects only.
Infrared Training Center
Global Leader in IR Thermography Training. ISO-9001 Registered and NETA

accredited in IR Thermography Training. Level I, II and III Condition Monitoring IR
Certification, R&D Courses, and Application Courses.
2
Your Presenter
Jay Bowen
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Electrician/ Engineer 32 years Packer Fan (season ticket
holder),
Thermographer 15 years
Level III
Master Electrician - Wisconsin
Certified Electrical Inspector Wisconsin
Designer of Electrical Systems
- Wisconsin
Associate Degree Electronics
Technology
Electrical Contractor Previous Business owner
1
2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved

Electrical Safety Requirements
NFPA 70E (National Fire Protection

Association):Electrical Safety Requirements for
Employee Workplaces
Details OSHA 1910 Requirements
NFPA 70E
Electrical Safety Training

Approach Limits
Flash Hazard Analysis per NFPA 70E-2000, Part
II 2-1.3.3
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Face shields
Body protection from arc flash
Existing Standards
NETA 2007 - Acceptance Testing Specifications for

Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems
NEMA MG-1 - Information Guide for General Purpose
Industrial AC Small and Medium Squirrel-Cage
Induction Motor Standards
NFPA 70B - Recommended Practice for Electrical
Equipment Maintenance
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code Table 310 -13
Wire insulation temperatures
NFPA 70E - Electrical Safety in the Workplace
2

Existing Standards
ASNT SNT-TC-1A- [(2001)], Recommended Practice for Training and
Certification Non-Destructive Testing
ASTM E1934.2050-1 Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment
with Infrared Thermography
ASTM E1933.4671-1 Measuring and Compensating for Emissivity Using
Infrared Imaging Radiometers
ASTM E1897.4369-1 Measuring and Compensating for Transmittance of
an Attenuating Medium Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers
ASTM E1862.3882-1 Measuring and Compensating for Reflected
Temperature Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers
ASTM E1213 - 97(2009) Standard Test Method for Minimum Resolvable
Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
ASTM E1311 - 89(2004) Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable
Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
ASTM E1256 - 95(2007) Standard Test Methods for Radiation
Thermometers (Single Waveband Type)
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Criteria
One size does not fit all

Must have more than just temperature
measurements
Component
Load or amperage
Season
Time of day
System Importance
Accuracy of temperature
Emissivity
Angle
Trefl
Distance
Resolution
Direct and indirect tables

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NETA
Temperature difference
(T) based on
comparisons between
similar components
under similar loading.
Temperature difference
(T) based upon
comparisons between
component and ambient
air temperatures.
2F - 5F
2F - 18F
Possible deficiency; warrants

investigation
5F - 27F
18F - 36F
Indicates probable deficiency;

repair as time permits
-- -- --
36F - 72F
Monitor until corrective

measures can be accomplished
>27F
>72F
Recommended Action
Major discrepancy; repair

immediately
*** Metric Challenged ***

3

Criteria
Load is very important -- heating with low load

is very serious
Equipment designation -- key equipment
should have tighter criteria
Circuit consideration -- critical nodes should
have tighter criteria
Time of use or cycle how is this used and
when
Heat transfer effects -- wind, ambient or
environment, location these are not
considered in most criteria
Indirect Measurements how critical are
these?
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An Example
Problem= 133
Reference=87
Or
Delta = 46
Make this a
monitor.
11
An Example
Problem= 126
Reference=85
Or
Delta = 41
Make this a
monitor.
Wrong!!!
This is serious!
12
4

Preparing for an IR Survey
Routes are set up and routinely done to satisfy

the requirements driven by the Equipment
Listing and Schedule
Often, Level I thermographers are given
responsibility to perform IR surveys on a route
basis
We also recommend doing IR by walking
around as about 10% of your routine surveys
Someone authorized to open cabinets, etc
should accompany the thermographer
A method to collect the data
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Routine Survey
Systematically look at all IR sensitive

components
These are the components determined by
the results of the Equipment List and
Schedule study
The survey will normally be categorized by
Equipment type
Location
Time to do the survey
This all rolls up into an IR Route
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Other Tips and tricks
Compare, compare, compare

Stand still when looking at your thermal
or visual image
Large warm targets may indicate a more
severe problem than smaller hotter
targetsArea matters!
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5

Where to Start
Begin at service entrance

Recommend IR windows for over 600 volts.
600 volts and under, you can often remove covers with
proper PPE and safety considerations.
Look at bolted connections, terminations, bolted
pressure switches.
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facility electrical
Power distribution.
Panel boards, bus ducts, dry type transformers, tap/splice boxes.
Disconnect switches
Fusible/non-fusible. Remove cover, if possible
MCCs (Motor Control Centers)

Open the buckets, or use IR windows
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Motors
Normal Heating
18
6

Motors
Localized Heating
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Motors
Insulation Code
TABLE 1
Insulation System Class
Temperature Rating in
Degrees Centigrade /
Fahrenheit
105C/221F
130C/266F
155C/311F
180C/356F
Temperature Rise Allowance by Resistance (Based on 40C(104F) / Ambient Temperature)

All Motors with 1.15
Service Factor
(Hot Spot Allowance)
70(158)
*
90(194)
*
115(239)
*
Totally Enclosed Fan

Cooled Motors
60(140)
(5)
80(176)
(10)
105(221)
(10)
125(257)
(15)
Totally Enclosed NonVentilated Motors

65(149)
(0)
85(185)
(5)
110(230)
(5)
135(275)
(5)
Motors other than those

listed above
60(149)
(5)
80(176)
(10)
105(221)
(10)
125(257)
(15)
* When operating at service factor loading the hot spot temperatures can actually exceed the insulation rating resulting in shortened motor life.
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Motors
Comparison
21
7

Controller
Overload screw loose

228.6F
Max Temp: 241.7F
200
Ref Temp: 103.0F
150
100
78.3F
22
Panel Boards
Termination
23
Panel Boards
Breaker Heating
24
8

Panel Boards
Load correction software
26
Panel Boards
Bus Compression Connection
27
Fuses / Switches
Clip Tension
28
9

Fuses / Switches
Blade Mating
29
Breakers
Termination Failure
650.9F
600
Anaylsis: >1076F
400
200
Reference: 114F
20.6F
30
Breakers
Connection Torque
31
10

Transformers
Harmonics
33
Transformers
Low Oil
34
Bus ways / Buss duct
Connection Torque
35
11

Bus ways / Buss duct
83.5F
82
80
81.7F
78
76
74.9F
74
73.8F
36
Conductors / Terminations
Improper Conductor Size

105.6F
105
91.5F
100
95
90
99.5F
85
82.7F
38
39
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Improper Crimp
391.6F
350
291.8F
395.1F
300
250
200
161.4F
40
Improper Tightening
132.0F
120
132.8F
100
87.6F
80
70.4F
41
Capacitors / Batteries
Cell Breakdown
42
13

Capacitors / Batteries
136.0F
Anaylsis: 136.1F
120
100
Reference: 87.8F
80
77.0F
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Common Item
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Tools
Phasing meter
First Surface Mirrors

Motor Tester
Anemometer
Multimeter
Tach or RPM
Power Quality
Ammeter
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Reporting
46
Reporting
EPRI lists the following for an effective report
Time/date
Equipment identification
Location
Specific problem
Corrective action
Visible light image
Infrared image
Inspectors name and signature
Component temperature
Acceptance criteria
Ambient temperature
Site Conditions
Equipment load (for electrical equipment),
IR camera and lens
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15

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Message Board
Threads for
Thermography"
49
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Introduction To Indoor Electrical

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Global Leader in IR Thermography Training. ISO-9001 Registered and NETA