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Physics Project:-
TRANSFORMER
Submitted to:
Submitte
Certificate
This is to certify that____________, student
(INTERNAL)
(EXTERNAL)
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor MR.
______________ , for hIS vital support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have come forth. I would also like to
express my gratitude to the OTHER staff of the Department of Physics for
their support during the making of this project.
TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE
Transformer
based on the
Principle
of
of
magnetic
flux
linked
with
coil
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating
voltage
to
high
alternating
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated
sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are
wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that
the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f
is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to
s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no
current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic
the iron core is also negligible.
INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may
be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
THEORY AND
WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
-----------------(1)
Es = -Ns d/dt
----------------- (2)
And
----------------(3)
= E Ep / Rp
E Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so
therefore
E Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Ip =
And
Is
Ep Ip and
Es I s
Or
Es I s
Ip / Is
Or
=
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose
in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power. i.e.
=
Es Is / Ep Ip
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore,
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S 1S2 is less than the
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Physics for class XII by pradeep
2.www.yahoo.com
3.www.google.com
4.www.live.com
5.www.rediffmail.com