Tm tt cch gii thi chn hc sinh gii Quc gia

mn ha hc 1999 - 2000
(Bng A)
Cu I : Cho s sau :
C
A

axeton

1,4-ibrom-2-buten

n-Butan

550 - 600oC

B1

C1

D1

glixerin trinitrat
A1

1) CH2 - CH2
Mg

B2

C2

D2

ete khan

2) H3O+

isoamylaxetat
A , A1 , B , B1, B2 . . . D2 l cc hp cht hu

c .

1) Hy ghi cc cht cn thit v iu kin phn ng trn cc

mi tn .
2) Vit cng thc cu to ca tt c cc hp cht hu c s
trn .
3) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng to thnh glixerin trinitrat t
n-butan theo s trn .
Cch gii
ThO2 , t

1)

CrO3 / H+

Mn(CH3COO)2

C
D

axeton

H2O / H+

Al2O3 / ZnO

Br2

G
CH2Br-CH=CH-CH2Br
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH2-ONO2
550 - 600oC
CH -ONO2
H2SO4

Cl2

400-500oC
Cl 2 , H2O
NaOH dd

B1

HNO 3

C1

D1
450-500oC

CH2-ONO2
A1

1) CH2 - CH2
HCl

Mg

C2

D2

CH3COOH

B2
CH3CO2C5H11-i
to

ete khan

2) H3O+

H+ ,

2)
A: CH2=CH2 ; B : CH3CH2OH ; C: CH3-CH=O ; D : CH3-COOH ; A1 :
CH3-CH=CH2 ;
G : CH2=CH-CH=CH2 ; B1 : CH2=CH-CH2-Cl ; C1 :
CH2Cl-CHOH-

CH2Cl ;
D1 : CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH ; B2 : CH3-CHCl-CH3 ; C2 : ( CH3 )2CH-MgCl
;
D2 : ( CH3 )2CH-CH2-CH2OH . ( Hoc C l CH3COOH , D l Ca(CH3COO)2
vi iu kin phn ng hp l ; hay A l CH4 B l CH CH , C l CH3CH
= O) .

3)

550 - 600oC

CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH 4

CH3-CH=CH2

450-500oC

CH3-CH=CH2
+

HCl

CH2Cl

ClCH2-CH=CH2
+ HCl

CH2Cl-CHOH-CH2Cl
+ 2 NaCl
+

Cl2

+ Cl2

ClCH 2-CH=CH2
+

H 2O

CH 2Cl-CHOHto

+ 2 NaOH

CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH +
3 H 2O

CH 2OH-CHOH-CH2OH
H2SO4

CH2-ONO2
CH-ONO 2

10-20oC

CH2-ONO2

3 HNO 3

Cu II :
1) Tm hp cht hu c A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I u cha
35,56% C; 5,19%H ; 59,26% Br trong phn t v u c t khi
hi so vi nit l 4,822 . un nng A hoc B vi dung dch NaOH
u thu c anehit n-butiric , un nng C hoc D vi dung dch
NaOH u thu c etylmetylxeton . A bn hn B , C bn hn D , E
bn hn G , H v I u c cc nguyn t C trong phn t .
a. Vit cng thc cu trc ca A , B , C , D , E , G , H v I .
b. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra .
2) Hai xicloankan M v N u c t khi hi so vi metan
bng 5,25 . Khi monoclo ho ( c chiu sng ) th M cho 4 hp cht,
N ch cho mt hp cht duy nht .
a. Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca M v N .
b. Gi tn cc sn phm to thnh theo danh php IUPAC .
c. Cho bit cu dng bn nht ca hp cht to thnh t N ,
gii thch .
Cch gii : 1) a.

M = 28 . 4,822 =135 (vC ) .

C : H : Br

35,56 5,19 0,74

:
:
4 : 7 :1
12
1
80

( C4H7Br )

( 12 .4 + 7 + 80 )

135
n=1
Cng thc phn t ca A , B , C , D , E , G , H , I l C4H7Br .
So snh t l s nguyn t C v H suy ra cc hp cht c 1 lin kt
i hc 1 vng no .
Thu phn dn xut halogen phi cho ancol , khi thu phn A
hoc B thu c anehit n-butiric , vy A ( hoc B ) c mch
cacbon khng phn nhnh v c C=C u mch ( v nhm
C=C-OH s chuyn thnh nhm
C-CH=O ) .
Cht C ( hoc D ) phi c C=C gia mch cacbon ( v nhm
C=C-CH3 s chuyn thnh -CH-C-CH3 ) .
OH
O
Da vo cc d kin u bi suy ra :
CH3CH2
H
CH 3CH2
Br
CH3
Br
A:
C=C
;
B:
C=C
;
C:
C =C
H
Br
H
H
H
CH3
CH3
D:
C =C
H

CH3
CH2Br
C=C
H
H

CH3

CH 3
;

E:

Br

H ( hoc I ) : CH3

G:

CH 2Br
I ( hoc H ) :

Br

CH3

Br
b. Cc phng trnh phn ng :
CH3-CH2-CH=CHBr + NaOH
+ NaBr
CH=O
CH3-CH=C-CH3
+ NaBr
Br

C=C

[ CH 3-CH2-CH=CH-OH ]
CH3-CH2-CH2-

NaOH

[ CH 3-CH=C-CH3 ]

OH
CH3-CH2-C-CH3
O
Nu cht C v D , hoc E v G l nhng ng phn cu ta v
v tr ca lin kt i C = C (ng phn c lin kt i pha
3

trong mch bn hn ng phn c lin kt i u mch, th d

CH3-CH=CBr-CH3 : C v CH3-CH2Br=CH2 : D )
2) a. M = 5,25 . 16 = 84 (vC ) ; M CnH2n = 84
12n + 2n
= 84
n=6
CTPT ca M ( N ) : C6H12 .
Theo cc d kin u bi , M v N c cc CTCT :
M :

N :

CH3

Cl
b.
-CH2Cl ;

a5 )
a1 :
a2 :

CH3 ; Cl
- -Cl

(a1 )

Cl
CH3

CH3 ;

a2 )

a3 )

1-Clo-2-metylxiclopentan
1-Clo-3-metylxiclopentan
Clometylxiclopentan
a3 : 1-Clo-1-metylxiclopentan
Cloxiclohexan

a4 )

a4 :
a5 :

c. Cu dng bn nht ca N :

V : Dng gh

bn nht . Nhm th
bn hn v tr a .
Cu III :

Cl

v tr e

COOH
1) Axit xitric hay l axit limonic HOOC-CH 2-C(OH)-CH2-COOH
c cc gi tr pKa l 4,76 ; 3,13 v 6,40 . Hy gi tn axit ny theo
danh php IUPAC v ghi ( c gii thch ) tng gi tr pKa vo nhm
chc thch hp .
2) un nng axit xitric ti 176 oC thu c axit aconitic
( C6H6O6 ) . Kh axit aconitic sinh ra axit tricacbalylic ( hay l axit
propan-1,2,3-tricacboxylic ) . Nu tip tc un nng axit aconitic s
thu c hn hp gm axit itaconic ( C5H6O4 , khng c ng phn
hnh hc ) v axit xitraconic ( C 5H6O4 , c ng phn hnh hc ) ;
hai axit ny chuyn ho ngay thnh cc hp cht mch vng cng c
cng thc phn t C5H4O3
Hy vit s cc phn ng xy ra di dng cc cng thc
cu to , v cho bit axit aconitic c ng phn hnh hc hay
khng ?
4

3) Ngi ta c th tng hp axit xitric xut pht t axeton v

cc ho cht v c cn thit . Hy vit s cc phn ng xy
C : H : Br

35,56 5,19 0,74

:
:
4 : 7 :1
12
1
80

ra .
Cch gii :
3,13
1)
COOH
pKa nh nht v
HOOC - CH2 - C - CH2 - COOH
mnh nht ca
4,76
OH
6,40
.
(6,40)
(4,76)
Axit 2-hiroxipropan-1,2,3-tricacboxylic
2)
COOH
170oC
COOH
COOH
HOOC-CH2C-CH-COOH
CH2CHCH2-COOH
HO H

COOH C 3 c
chu nh hng -I
2 COOH v OH

[H+]

HOOC-CH2C=CH-COOH
-H2O

( C 6H8O 7)
( C 6H8O 6)
Axit xitric
Axit tricacbalylic

HOOC-

( C6H6O6)
Axit aconitic

to - CO2

HOOC-CH2-CH=CH-COOH

HOOC-CH2-C=CH2

COOH
( C5H6O4)
itaconic
to - H2O

( C5H6O4)
Axit xitraconic

Axit

to - H 2 O

CH2

( C5H4O3 )
( C5H4O3 )
5

Axit aconitic c ng phn hnh hc v c c hai iu

kin cn v .
3)
O
Cl2
O
HC N
CN
CH3-C-CH3
Cl-CH2-C-CH2-Cl
ClCH2-C-CH2-Cl
xt

OH
2
KCN - 2 KCl

COOH
CN

H2O

HOOC-CH2-C-CH2-COOH

C-CH2-CN

NC-CH 2-

OH

H+

OH
Cu IV :
1) X l mt isaccarit khng kh c AgNO3 trong dung
dch amoniac. Khi thu phn X sinh ra sn phm duy nht l M (Danoz , c cng thc vng dng ). M ch khc D-riboz cu
hnh nguyn t C2 .
CH3OH

M
metyl ca M
HCl xt

CH3I

H 2O

Q
baz xt

dn xut 2,3,4-tri-OH + xt

a. Xc nh cng thc ca M , N , Q v X ( dng vng

phng ) .
b. Hy vit s cc phn ng xy ra .
2) t chy 0,2 mol hp cht A thuc loi tp chc thu c
26,2 gam kh CO2 ; 12,6 gam hi H2O v 2,24 lt kh N2 ( ktc ) .
Nu t chy 1 mol A cn 3,75 mol O2 .
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A .
b. Xc nh cng thc cu to v tn ca A . Bit rng A c
tnh cht lng tnh , phn ng vi axit nitr gii phng nit ; vi
ancol etylic c axit lm xc tc to thnh hp cht c cng thc
C5H11O2N . Khi un nng A chuyn thnh hp cht vng c cng
thc C6H10N2O2 . Hy vit y cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
v ghi iu kin (nu c ) . A c ng phn loi g?
Cch gii :
1) a. T cng thc dn xut 2,3,4-tri-O-metylca M suy ngc s
ra cng thc ca Q , N v M , t suy ra X

CHO

CHO
H

OH

CH3O

OH

OCH3

OH

OCH3

CH2OH

CH3O
OH

CH3O
CH3O

CH2OH

(Dn xut 2,3,4-tri-O-metyl ca M )

(D-Riboz)

OH
5

OH

(X) 4
HO 3

O
1

OH

H3O+

OH

HO 3

OH

OH

(M)

1
OH

OH
O

CH3OH
HCl

(N)

OH
HO

OCH3

O
CH3O

CH3I
NaOH

CH3O

(Q)
OCH3

CH3O

OH

b.Vit ngc vi s trn .

26,2
0,6(mol)CO 2
44

2,24
0,1( mol) N 2
22,4

12,6
0,7( mol) H 2 O
18

2) a. S mol cc sn phm sinh ra khi t chy 0,2 mol cht

A:
- Nu t chy 1 mol A , s mol cc sn phm sinh ra : 0,6 . 5
= 3 ( mol ) CO2 ;
0,7 . 5 = 3,5 (mol ) H2O ; 0,1 . 5 = 0,5 (mol ) N2 . Suy ra phn t A
cha 3 nguyn t C , 7 nguyn t H v 1 nguyn t N .
Gi thit A cha nguyn t O , cng thc ca A l CxHyOzNt .
Phn ng chy :
to

t/2 N2

CxHyOzNt
(1)

3,75 O2
3,75 + z/2 = x

(2)

x CO2
+

+ y/2 H2O

y/4

Bit x = 3 ; y = 7 ; t = 1 ; Gii (2) ta c z = 2 .

Cng thc phn t ca A : C3H7O2N
b.
A + HNO2
N2 , suy ra A cha nhm -NH2 .
A + C2H5OH
C5H11O2N , suy ra A cha nhm -COOH . Vy A
l aminoaxit
to

A
hp cht vng C6H10N2O2 (do 2 phn t A phn
ng vi nhau loi i 2 phn t H 2O ) , suy ra A l - aminoaxit .
NH2
Cng thc cu to ca A :
CH3-CH-COOH
Tn ca A : Alamin , axit - aminopropionic .
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
to

C3H7O2N + 3,75 O2
+
1/2 N2
CH3-CH-COOH +
HNO2
+ H 2O
NH2

+ H 2O

CH3-CH-COOH +

NH2
2 CH3-CH-COOH
NH2

3 CO2

3,5 H2O

CH3-CH-COOH + N2
OH

HCl khan

C2H5OH

CH3-CH-COOC2H5

CO
CH3CH
NH + 2 H2O
NH
CHCH3
CO

ClNH3+

NH3

NH2
CH3-CH-

COOC2H5 + NH4Cl
Cu V :
1) C 5 l ng ring bit cc cht : cumen hay l
isopropylbenzen ( A ), ancol benzylic ( B), anisol hay l metyl phenyl
ete ( C ), benzanehit ( D) v axit benzoic(E). Bit (A) , ( B ) , ( C ) ,
( D ) l cc cht lng .
a. Hy sp xp th t tng dn nhit si , gii thch .
b. Trong qu trnh bo qun cc cht trn , c mt l ng
cht lng thy xut hin tinh th . Hy gii thch hin tng bng
phng trnh phn ng ho hc .
c. Hy cho bit cc cp cht no ni trn c th phn ng vi
nhau . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v ghi iu kin ( nu c ) .
2) Trong qu trnh iu ch metyl tert-butyl ete ( MTBE ) t
ancol , ngi ta thu c thm 2 sn phm khc .
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch MTBE t
hirocacbon .
b. Vit cng thc cu to hai sn phm ni trn .
c. Vit cng thc cu to cc sn phm sinh ra v phng trnh
phn ng khi cho MTBE tc dng vi HI .
3) C mt hn hp cc cht rn gm : p-toluiin ( p-metylanilin ) ,
axit benzoic , naphtalen . Trnh by ngn gn phng php ho hc
tch ring tng cht .

Cch gii :
1) a. Th t tng dn nhit si :
(CH3)2CHC6H5 C6H5OCH3 C6H5CH=O
C6H5COOH

C6H5CH2OH

(A)

(C)

(D)

(B)

(E)

-Phn cc
-Phn cc
-Phn cc
-Phn cc
-Phn cc
(yu hn C)
(yu hn D)
-Khng c
-C lin kt
-C lin kt
-Khng c
-Khng c
lin kt
hiro lin
hiro lin
lin kt
lin kt
hiro .
phn t (yu
phn t mnh
hiro .
hiro .
hn ca E
).
A , B , C , D , E c khi lng phn t xp x nhau .
b. L ng cht D ( C6H5CH=O )
2 C6H5CH=O
+
O2 (k k)
2
C6H5COOH
(lng)
(rn ,
tinh th)
c.
H + , to
C6H5COOH + C6H5CH2OH
C6H5COOCH2C6H5
+ H 2O
H+

C6H5CH=O

+ C6H5CH2OH

C6H5-CH-

OCH2C6H5

OH
H+

C6H5CH=O
C6H5CH(OCH2C6H5)2 +

+ 2 C6H5CH2OH
H 2O

2)a.
2 CH4

(CH3)2C=CH2

O2

H + , to

HOH

(CH 3)3C-OH

Br2

(CH3)3C-OH

+ Br- )

xt , to
2 CH 3OH

NaOH d.d

Hoc (CH3)3CH

(CH 3)3C-Br

a.s
140oC
+

CH3OH
H2 O

b.
CH3OH
H2 O

(CH3)3C-OH

CH3-O-C(CH)3
H+
140oC

CH3OH

CH3-O-CH3
9

H+
140oC

C(CH)3

(CH3)3C-OH
+ H2 O

(CH3)3C-OH

(CH3)3C-OH+

c.
CH3-O-C(CH)3

HI

CH 3OH

(CH3)3C-I
3)-Khuy u hn hp rn vi lng d dung dch NaOH long , ch axit
benzoic phn ng to thnh natri benzoat tan ; hai cht cn li khng phn
ng , lc tch ly hn hp rn v dung dch . Axit ho dung dch natri
benzoat bng dung dch HCl long :

H2O
NaCl

C6H5COOH

NaOH

C 6H5COONa

( rn )
C6H5COONa

HCl

( tan )
C 6H5COOH

-Khuy hn hp rn cn li ( p-toluidin , naphtalen) vi lng d

dung dch HCl long , ch p-toluidin phn ng to mui tan . Lc tch
ly naphtalen ; kim ho dung dch mui , thu c p-toluidin :
p-CH3C6H4NH2
+ HCl
p-CH3C6H4N+H3Cl( rn )
(tan)
p-CH3C6H4N+H3Cl + NaOH
p-CH3C6H4NH2
+
NaCl + H2O
-C th tch theo trnh t sau :

NaOH long

p-CH3C6H4N+H3Clp- toluidin
HCl long , d

(tan)

Hn hp rn

lc

NaOH long, d

Axit benzoic + naphtalen

lc

( khng tan )
HCl
long

C6H5COONa
C 6H5COOH

(tan)
Naphtalen
(khng tan)
----------------------------------

Tm tt cch gii thi chn hc sinh gii Quc gia

mn ha hc 1999 - 2000 (Bng A)
10

Cu I :
1) Cho cc cht sau : HNO 3 , Cu , Fe , Na , S , C , NaNO 3 ,
Cu(NO3)2 , NH4NO3. Hy vit tt c cc phng trnh phn ng c th
to ra kh NO2 , ghi r iu kin phn ng (nu c) .
2) Mui amoni v mui kim loi kim ging v khc nhau c
bn nhng im no ? Nu ra mt vi th d c th .
3) Trong phng th nghim ho hc c 8 l ho cht mt nhn
ng ring bit cc dung dch: NaCl, NaNO 3 , MgCl2 , Mg(NO3)2 ,
AlCl3 , Al(NO3)3 , CrCl3 , Cr(NO3)3 . Bng phng php ho hc , lm
th no nhn bit c mi dung dch ? Vit cc phng trnh phn
ng xy ra v ghi iu kin ( nu c ) .
4) Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn sau
y ( c nh lut bo ton no c dng khi hon thnh phng
trnh trn ? ) .
230
a. 92U238
+ ...
90Th
235
206
b. 92U
+ ...
82Pb
Li gii
1) Cc phng trnh phn ng to ra NO2 :
Cu +
4 HNO 3 c
=
Cu(NO 3)2
+ 2 NO 2
+ 2 H2 O
to

Fe
+ 6 HNO3 c
+ 3 H2 O
Na + 2 HNO 3 c
H 2O

+
NO2

S
+
2 H 2O
C

+ 4 HNO3 c

2 H2 O

Fe(NO 3)3

3 NO2

NaNO 3

NO 2

to

6 HNO 3 c

H 2SO4

to

CO2

4 NO2

to

2 Cu(NO3)2
+

2 CuO

4 NO 2

O2

4 HNO3
=
4 NO 2
+
O2
2 H2 O
2) - Mui amoni v mui kim loi kim, lin kt trong phn t
thuc lin kt ion, u tan nhiu trong nc v khi tan in li mnh .
- Mui amoni v mui kim loi kim khc nhau nhiu v bn bi
nhit : Mui kim loi kim c th nng chy nhit cao v
khng b phn hu cn mui amoni rt km bn , khi un nng
phn hu d dng . (V d NaCl nng chy 800 oC v si 1454oC
, NH4Cl phn hu 350oC ; Na2CO3 nng chy 850oC , (NH4)2CO3
phn hu nhit thng ; NaNO2 nng chy 284oC cha phn
hu, NH4NO2 phn hu > 70oC ).
+

11

- Khc vi mui ca kim loi kim, mui amoni l mui ca baz yu

nn khi thu phn cho dung dch c tnh axit NH 4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
- Mui amoni tc dng d dng vi kim gii phng kh NH 3
NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 + NaCl + H2O
3) Hc sinh c th lm theo cch sau :
nh s th t cc l ho cht mt nhn ri ly ra mt lng nh vo
cc ng nghim
(mu A) lm th nghim, cc ng nghim ny cng c nh
s th t theo cc l.
Cho dung dch AgNO3 ln lt vo mi ng nghim (mu A) .
Nu thy kt ta trng, nhn ra cc dung dch mui clorua .
AgNO3

MgCl2 , AlCl3 ,CrCl3 .

Mu A

trng AgCl , suy ra cc dung dch: NaCl,

Khng c hin tng phn ng , suy ra cc dung

dch : NaNO3 ,
Mg(NO3)2 , Al(NO3)3 , Cr (NO3)3 .
Cho dung dch NaOH (d) vo ln lt cc dung dch mui
clorua :
-Nhn ra dung dch MgCl2 do to ra trng Mg(OH)2 .
MgCl2
+
2 NaOH
=
Mg(OH) 2 trng
+
2 NaCl.
- Thy khng c hin tng phn ng , nhn ra dung dch NaCl .
- Thy cc kt ta ri tan trong dung dch NaOH ( d ) , suy ra 2 dung
dch cn li l AlCl3 , CrCl3 . Tip tc thm nc brom vo : thy dung
dch xut hin mu vng do Cr +3 b oxi ho thnh Cr+6 , nhn ra
dung dch CrCl3 . Cn li dung dch AlCl3 .
AlCl3
+
3 NaOH
=
Al(OH) 3
+
3 NaCl.
Al(OH)3
+
NaOH
=
NaAlO 2
+
2 H 2O
CrCl3
+
3 NaOH
=
Cr(OH) 3
+
3 NaCl.
Cr(OH)3
+
NaOH
=
NaCrO 2
+
2 H 2O
2 NaCrO2
+
3 Br2 + 8 NaOH
=
2 Na2CrO4 + 6
NaBr + 4 H2O
-Nhn ra mi dung dch mui nitrat cng lm tng t nh trn .
4) p dng nh lut bo ton vt cht ( bo ton s khi , bo
ton in tch ) hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht
nhn
12

a.
2

U238

92

Th230

Pb206

90

2 2He4

b.
4 -

92

U235

82

7 2He4

n
+
Cu II :
1) xc nh hm lng oxi tan trong nc ngi ta ly 100,00 ml nc
ri cho ngay MnSO4(d) v NaOH vo nc . Sau khi lc k (khng cho
tip xc vi khng kh) Mn(OH)2 b oxi oxi ho thnh MnO(OH)2 .
Thm axit (d) , khi y MnO(OH)2 b Mn2+ kh thnh Mn3+. Cho KI ( d )
vo hn hp , Mn3+ oxi ho I- thnh I3-. Chun I3- ht 10,50 ml
Na2S2O3 9,800.10-3 M.
a. Vit cc phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra trong
th nghim .
b. Tnh hm lng ( mmol / l ) ca oxi tan trong nc .
2) T cc nguyn t O , Na , S to ra c cc mui A , B u c
2 nguyn t Na trong phn t . Trong mt th nghim ho hc ngi
ta cho m1 gam mui A bin i thnh m 2 gam mui B v 6,16 lt
kh Z ti 27,3oC ; 1 atm . Bit rng hai khi lng khc nhau 16,0
gam .
a. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi cng thc c
th ca A , B .
b. Tnh m1 , m2 .
Li gii
1) a. Cc phng trnh phn ng :
Mn2+
+
2 OHMn(OH)2
2 Mn(OH)2
+
O2
2 MnO(OH) 2
(1)
MnO(OH)2 +
4 H+ + Mn2+ = 2 Mn3+
+
3 H 2O
(2)
2 Mn3+
+
3 I=
2 Mn2+
+
I3(3)
I3+
2 S 2O 32=
S 4O 62+
3I
(4)
Hm lng ( mmol / l ) ca oxi tan trong nc :
o

n O2

9,8.10 3.10,50
0,0257 mmol
2.2

0,0257.

2) a. t A l Na2X ; B l Na2Y , ta c :
nA nB nZ

1000
0,257 mmol / l
100

Na2X

6,16.273
0,25( mol)
300,3..22,4

Na2Y
+
Z
Z c th l H2S , SO2 . Vy
C 0,25 mol th lng A khc lng B l 16,0 g .
So snh cc cp cht , thy A : Na2S ; B :

Na2SO4 . Vy :
13

Na2S

H2SO4

Na2SO4

H2S
b. Tnh m1 , m2 :
m1 = 78 0,25 = 19,5 (g)
m2 = 19,5 + 16,0 = 142,0 0,25 = 35,5 (g)
Cu III :
1) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ( nu c) ca kh
clo , tinh th iot tc dng vi :
a. Dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng , khi un nng )
b. Dung dch NH3 .
2) Trong cng ngh ho du , cc ankan c loi hiro
chuyn thnh
hirocacbon khng no c nhiu ng dng hn . Hy tnh nhit ca
mi phn ng sau:
C4H10
C4H6 + H2
;
Ho1
(1)
CH4
C 6H6 + H2
;
Ho2
(2)
Bit nng lng lin kt , E theo kJ.mol-1 , ca cc lin kt nh sau :
E , theo kJ.mol-1
435,9
416,3
409,1
587,3
Lin kt
H-H
C-H
C-C
C=C
( Vi cc lin kt C-H , C-C , cc tr s trn l trung bnh trong cc
hp cht hirocacbon khc nhau ) .
Li gii:
1) a. Cc phng trnh phn ng ca kh clo , tinh th iot vi
dung dch NaOH ( to thng , khi un nng) :
ngui

Cl2

2 NaOH

NaCl

+ NaOCl

H 2O

nng

3 Cl2
3 I2

6 NaOH
+ 6 NaOH

5 NaCl + NaClO 3 + 3 H2O

= 5 NaI
+ NaIO 3
+ 3

H2O

b.Cc phng trnh phn ng ca kh clo , tinh th iot vi dung

dch NH3 :
3 Cl2
+ 8 NH3
=
N2
+ 6 NH4Cl
3 I2
+ 5 NH3
=
NI3.NH3
+ 3 NH4I
2) Tnh nhit ca phn ng :
* Tm h s cho cc cht
C4H10
o
H 1
(1)
hay H3C - CH2- CH2-CH3
2H2

C 4H6 +

H2

CH 2=CH-CH=CH2

;
+

14

6 CH4
H

C 6H6

+ 9 H2

(2)

Trong Ei , Ej l

nng lng lin kt

* T Hophn ng = i Ei _ j Ej
gia , to thnh)
i=1

v u v cui (tham
trong phn ng .
i , j s lin kt

j=1

th i , th j .
Do
Ho1 = ( 10 E C-H + 3EC-C ) - (6 EC-H + 2 EC=C + EC-C + 2
EH-H )
Thay s , tnh c Ho1 = + 437,0 kJ.mol-1
Tng t , ta c
Ho2 = 24 EC-H - ( 3EC-C + 3 EC=C + 6 EC-H + 9 EH-H )
Thay s , tnh c Ho2 = + 581,1 kJ.mol -1. (Ho2 > 0 , phn
ng thu nhit ) .
Cu IV :
1) Hy vit phng trnh ho hc v cu hnh electron tng
ng ca cht u , sn phm trong mi tng hp sau y :
a. Cu2+ ( z = 29 ) nhn thm 2 e
b. Fe 2+ ( z =
26 ) nhng bt 1 e
c. Bro ( z = 35 ) nhn thm 1 e
d. Hg o ( z =
80 ) nhng bt 2 e
2) Ho tan 7,180 gam st cc cha Fe 2O3 vo mt lng rt d
dung dch H2SO4 long ri thm nc ct n th tch ng 500 ml .
Ly 25 ml dung dch ri thm dn 12,50 ml dung dch KMnO 4
0,096 M th xut hin mu hng tm trong dung dch .
a. Xc nh hm lng (phn trm v khi lng) ca Fe tinh
khit trong st cc .
b. Nu ly cng mt khi lng st cc c cng hm lng ca Fe
tinh khit nhng cha tp cht FeO v lm li th nghim ging nh
trn th lng dung dch KMnO4 0,096 M cn dng l bao nhiu ?
Li gii:
1) a.
Cu2+
+
2e
Cu o
[Ar] 3d9
+
2e
[Ar] 3d 10
4s1
b.
Fe2+
e
Fe 3+
[Ar] 3d6
e
[Ar] 3d 5
c.
Bro
+
e
Br [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
+ e
[Ar] 3d 10 4s1
4p6 = [Kr]d.
4f

14

5d

Hgo
2e
14
10
2
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
-

2e

Hg 2+
[Xe]

10

15

cc .
+

K hiu [Ar] ch cu hnh e ca nguyn t Ar ( z = 18 )

[Kr]
Kr ( z = 36 )
[Xe]
Xe ( z = 54 )
2) a. Xc nh hm lng ca Fe trong st cc .
Gi x l s mol Fe2O3 v y l s mol Fe c trong 7,180 g st
Fe2O3

3 H2 O

x mol
Fe2(SO4)3
x mol
Fe
+

3 H 2SO4
+

Fe
x mol
H2SO4

Fe 2(SO4)3
x mol
3 FeSO 4
3 x mol
=
FeSO 4

H 2
( y - x ) mol

(y-x)

mol
10 FeSO4 + 2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4
5 Fe 2(SO4)3 + 2 MnSO4 +
K2SO4 + 8 H2O
S mol FeSO4 c trong 500 ml dung dch :
2x y

0,096 12,5 500 5

0,120
1000 25

H phng trnh :
59,691 x
+ 55,847 y = 7,180
x

o,1 mol
= 1,596 g

2x
+
y
= 0,120
y = 7,180 1,596 = 5,584 g
5,584 100
Hm lng Fe tinh khit
=
77,77 %
7,180
b. Nu tp cht l FeO th lng dung dch KMnO4 0,096 M cn
dng :
1,596
0,0222
71,846

FeO
H2O
+

Fe

0,0222 mol

H2SO4
+

FeSO4

H 2SO4

+
FeSO 4

H 2
S mol FeSO4 c trong 500 ml dung dch : 0,0222 + 0,0999
5,584
0,0999
55,847

0,0999 mol

= 0,1221 (mol)

16

Th tch dung dch KMnO4 0,096 M cn dng tc dng vi 25

0,1221 25 1000
12,72(ml)
500 5 0,096

ml dung dch FeSO4 :

CuV:
1) Cho: Eo 25oC ca cc cp Fe2+ / Fe v Ag+ / Ag tng ng
bng - 0,440 V v 0,800 V. Dng thm in cc hiro tiu chun ,
vit s ca pin c dng xc nh cc th in cc
cho . Hy cho bit phn ng xy ra khi pin c lp t hai cp
hot ng .
2) a. Hy xp cc nguyn t natri , kali , liti theo th t gim
tr s nng lng ion ho th nht ( I1). Da vo cn c no v cu to
nguyn t a ra qui lut sp xp ?
b. Da vo cu hnh electron , hy gii thch s ln hn
nng lng ion ho th nht ( I1 ) ca Mg so vi Al ( Mg c I 1 = 7,644
eV ; Al c I1 = 5,984 eV ) .
Li gii:
1)
H2 ( Pt )
H+ 1M

Fe2+ 1M
Fe

p = 1at
o
2+
E Fe / Fe = - 0,440 V
cc Fe : cc
;
cc
H : cc
Phn ng :
Fe
2e
=
Fe2+
2 H+ + 2e
=
H2
+
Fe
+ 2H =
Fe2+ +
H2

H2 ( Pt )

H+ 1M

Ag+ 1M

Ag

p = 1at
EoAg+/Ag = 0,800 V
H : cc
Phn ng :

Eopin

Fe

EoAg+/Ag - EoFe2+/ Fe

cc Ag : cc
H2 2e
=
2H+
Ag+ + e
=
Ag
+
H2
+ 2 Ag = 2Ag
Fe2+
= 1,24 V

cc

+ 2 H+

Ag+ 1M
Ag
cc Ag : cc

cc Fe : cc
Phn ng :

Fe
2e
=
Fe2+
2 Ag+ + 2e
= 2 Ag
+
Fe
+ 2 Ag = 2Ag + 2 Fe2+
2) a. Th t gim I1 l Li , Na , K
17

Cn c : Cc nguyn t u thuc nhm I , c 1 e ho tr t

trn xung :
z
( z = 7 z = 19 )
r
r tng nhanh hn nn lc ht gia ht nhn vi 1e ho tr gim t
trn xung . Kt qu:
I1 gim t trn xung .
b.
Mg ( z = 12 ) c 1s22s22p63s2
Al ( z = 13 ) c
2
2
6
2
1
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Khi tch 1 e ca Mg t phn lp bo ho 3s1 phi tn nhiu nng
lng hn khi tch 1 e ca Al t phn lp cha bo ho 3p1 . Do Mg
c I1 ln hn Al .

18