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sc3LJfJfPetmf?mmmeere3
SPE 22782
Analysis of and Solutions to the CaC03 and CaS04 Scaling
Problems Encountered in Wells Offshore Indonesia
J,E, Oddo, .Rice U.; J.P. Smith, MAXUS Southeast Sumatra Inc.; and M.B. Tomson, Rice U.
SPE Membere
Copyright
1991, society
of Petroleum
Engineers
for presemation
Inc.
Conference
and Exhibition
Engineera
held in Dallas,
TX, October
6-9,
1991.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following rewew of reformation contained in an abstract submdted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
aa presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are suuecl to correction by the author(s). The material. as presented, does nfil necessarily raflect
any position of the society of Petroleum Engineers, ifs officers, or members. Papers presented al SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Ednorial Committees of Ihe Society
of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to COPY is restricted to an abstract of not more Ihan 200 words. Illustrations may not ba copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment
of where and by whom the psper is presented. Write Publicalione Mansger. SPE, P.(.I Box S33836, Richardson, TX 75063-3636
U.S.A. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.
233
x,
SPE 22782
224
SPi 22782
I
235
.
SPE 22782
the squeeze fluids will also produce significant fluids during to simulate the downholc production parameters and maintain 3(NI
reduction. As this may not be easy to determine and if this cannot psi (2.07 M.Pa),225 F (107 C) and do the experiment with a 1.1%
determined with any certainty, then the important sands should C02 in helium atmosphere. Note, helium is used instead of air so
be squeezed individually. The inhibitor to be used in such a that the pump does not develop gas bubbles in the piston chambers.
squeeze has been determined (see below) with inhibitor evaluation The synthetic brine will not precipitate CaC03 at room temperature
tests.
and pressure in a 1.1% CQ atmosphere.
Although dilute acid procedures will dissolve calcium
The evaluation is accomplished by starting the experiment
carbonate, the dilute acids that were recommended for scale clean- with two brine containers. One has scale inhibitor at 10 mg/1and
up will probably do little to stimulate the nwxvoirs in the sense the other has no inhibitor.The ratio of inhibited brine to uninhibited
of a conventional acid treatment. Ifcmcentrated acid stimulationof brine is decreased until precipitation of CaC03 is detected in the
the reservoirs is deemed to be required by Pcrtamina/MAXUS system. Recipitation was detected in the system by in-line pH
engineers, an additional step will be added to the procedures and measurement. Since the evaluation required a 1.1% C02
will be done with filtered fresh or produced water with scale atmosphtne and 300 psi (2.07 MPa), the evaluations could not have
inhibitor. Seawater will be avoided to minimize the chances of been done in a P-Mac machine. The mixing pump is capable of
calcium sulfate scale formation. Seawater treatments will not work 4500 psia and can mix the two brines accurately to less than 1%.
with strong acids. It may be stated however, that in some cases The pump contains no metallic surfaces that contact the brine so
EDTA treatments for scale removal have brought the wells back to that no adsorption of inhibitor onto a metal surface is possible. The
expected production levels and that acid stimulation of the tubing is made of PEEK material.
reservoirs may. not be required and, for reasons discussed
The results of the evaluations can also be seen in Table 4.
pnwiously, maybe detrimental.
The minimum amount of inhibitor to successfully inhibit
The procedures were designed in three parts 1) a clean-up precipitation of CaC03 is shown in the table and the inhibitors are
phase using dilute acids or EDTA to remove scale build-up from ranked from the most effective inhibitor at the top of the table and
the last production rum 2) the inhibitor squeeze phase to place the the least effective at the bottom. The proprietary A sample had a
inhibitor pill in the mervoic and 3) an overflush phase to move the precipitate in the bottom of the bottle which failed to rcdkolve
inhibitor into the reservoir a designated distance and maximize upon stirring or heating of the sample. Should the product contain
contact area. The procedures were designed to remcwe scale and precipitates in the field squeeze,these solids can plug the formation
present an environment conducive for inhibitor retention in the face and therefore, the product would need to be filtered before
rescuvoirs and slow release during production. The inhibitor use. Aminotri-(methylene phosphoric) acid (ATMP) is a generic
squeezes are now being performed with low inhibitor
product with a proven track record with CaC03 scale.
concentrations in a low pH environment with longer contact times
(48 hours) and larger overtlush volumes.
Two general procedures were discussed with ~
Pertamina/MAXUS for the inhibitor squeeze along with their
Phosphonate residuals were measured in the laboratory
advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the general ptiedures
using the extraction technique developed specifically for brines at
were alte]ti to accommodate the use of tlesh or produced water or
seawater as the basic solvent. All solutions used in the procedures Rice University. llte results of the analyses arc shown iti Table
are filtered before use in the wells to minimize the chances of 5. The wells with EDTA clean-ups and phosphonate residuals have
plugging on the formation face. This is important because some had a factor of three longer pump runs than the average. This
Pertamina/MAXUS produced brines will precipitate calcium verifies the conclusiorrs reached by calculation and laboratory
c@onate upon standing and produced water must be filtered. All simulation. The data indicate that the wells can be treated by
seawater used as kill fluids contains 10 ppm active scale inhibitor. squeeze treatments properly applied and pump runs can be
This is extremely importantand should not be minimized since significantlyincreased.
calcium sulfate scale may form in the well as a result of not adding
inhibitor to the kill fluids if seawater is used. After the inhibitor ~
squeeze is administered, the useof further kill fluids or any other
kind of solution into the zones squeezed or the wells after the Five inhibitor squeeze applications are planned for :he
overflush solution is displaced by one well volume should be _Pertamirra/MAXUS wells in Indonesia sing the techniques
described @ this paper. Results from the inhibitor squeeze
strictly avoided since Lhiswill alter the squeezeprocedure.
Since the squeem procedures to be performed in a low pH applications and the actual prcmdures followed should he available
environment, the acid fornt of the ATMP (see evaluation section for the convention.
below) is suggested to be purchased. The acid form sh6uld also be
~NCLUS 10Ns
the cheapest and most concentm.d (50% active coni+en-tition).
..* -1. The wells should be treated with scale inhibitor to protect the
..
production quipment, the producing reservoirs and the
perforations from the formation of scale. Calcium carbonate
Thirteen scale inhibitors (Table 7) were evaluated for
probably is formed only within the fust few inches from the
Pertarnina/MAXUS. The synthetic brine composition used for the
wellbore in the fotmation. Scale inhibitors should be
evaluations consisted of 200 mg/1Ca2+,750 mg/1HC03- and 8875
administered using the inhibitor squeeze process.
Cl- and represented a Zelda or Farida brine. After laboratory
analysis of the Intan brine, it is suggested that the Mm brine is 2. Saturation Indices and scale prediction methods developed by
similar enough to the synthetic brine that no further inhibitor
the authors were used and accurately accessed the scaling
evaluations am needed for the Intan Field. pmblcms.
The schematicdiagram of the inhibitorevaluation apparatus
can be see in Figure 2. The Pertarnina/MAXUS synthetic brine 3. Treat strings are not recommendedfor the PcrtaminalMAXUS
wells. Proper mixing of the inhibitors with the produced fluids
posed the problem that the brine will precipitate CaC@ at room
will be problematical with the use of treat strings due to the
temperature and pressure with an atmospheric partial pressure of
number of production zones. Treat strings will IKUprotect the
~. The brine does not precipitate in the surface quiprnent of the
well from scale formation in the perforations or in the
wells due to the pressure in the production quiprnent and the C02
adjoining formation.
gas in the brine system. Rather than change the composition of the
brine to be stable at room temperature and pressure, it was decided
236
SPE 22782
$.
7.
8.
9.
237
ZEA-1
ZEA-2
ZEA-4
ZEA-5
ZEB-1
ZEB-2
ZEB-3
ZEB-4
ZEB-8
ZEB-9
ZEC-2
ZEC-5
ZEC-6
ZEC-8
ZEC-9
ZEC-12
ZED3
ZED4
ZED-5
12/8@301
09/87/333
11/75/107
09n7t93
lon8/69
02J83129
Of-#87145
08f87122
());:&m
12/88/31
01/89/9
03187138*
0518W 12
0418W184
11/81/120
09/87/10
08/87126S*
05/88/33
03/89/170
04187157
lofliiw
03188MP
10/90
07187117*
09i83/184
03/88/68
08188198*
10/89/112
())$;1
10/88/141
03t89/192
1lj89]165
09/83/63
08/87/50
10/90
06/87/66
08187f10
11/87/103
02488/107
06188J19*
0319W9
ZEE-1
2333-8
ZEE-9
FAA-1
FAA-2st
FAA-3
FAA-4
FAA-5st
FIM4-6
FM-7
FAA-8
FAB-1
FAB-3
FAB-5
FAB-6
FAB-7
10/87/92
03/89/36
03/88/71*
09/87/362
08/8?/178
06/88/259
05/82/520
07186/203
07/88/40
09/88/205
03/90/19
07182164
09/89/113
c3/83/146
05/83/90
09/84/184
09/84/102
08/84/64
0918314
11/88/17
09/89/115
1lj83/54
07/84/52
09~;565
08/88/110
12/88/298
09189i298
12486*
01/83/97
08/83/48
10/83nl
01/85/207
02j861697,
0MUM253
01PNW2
071841188
0318511%
0718W
03189174
081891150
04i85147
10EW14*
Table 1 (cont)
Well Name
Date Reported
Mo/Yr/RunTu
Well Name
Date Reported
Mo/Yr/RunTim
ZED-6
Wsfl
12/87/27
10M
10/90
10/90
10/90
11/86/9
11/87167
08/88/155
0@9#4
FAB-7
FAC-1
FAC-3
04/87/195
04/89f260
07/87/38
10/89/161
09/87/128
07/89/81
03/90/125
02/90/584
10/90
10/90
04W5
03@0/318
z-;
INB-5
ED-;
FAC-4
RAF-3
n~-1
s?
CID-6
CID-8
* Scale not reported, but EDTA and/or scale inhibitorduring workover indicating scale
formation at some time in the past.
The list is probably incompletedue to scale not beiig reported in well historie$ e.g.
scale inhibitor squeezejob being done with no mention of scale indicatesother wells
probably have experienceda scale problem without mention in the well histories.
2 Recommended equations to calculate calcite Saturation Index (S I ) and to calculate pH for od and gas wells. Note:
& convenience, the units on VBrl,e and Voll are BPD and ntot is MMCF at STP per day (see note at bottom of table).
: Cr. = Ca2+ = Total Calcium
(C#+)(l-my
: log
~y
~:2
/
(-Iwo;)
log
~;02
*:02
(-H
[)
C02= Yml
10-4 - ~0~2~~~) and Yg
c~/
$~2(5.0VBnne + 1().OVOil)l()-Sp
(
1.0+
nLOt(T+ 460)
(Caz+)(HCO~)z
= log
log
C:oz
l)
(HCO~)
10-6T2
or -
1 I
SP - 3.42(1.S.)1~ + 1.373(1.S.)
(T4
: log (Ca2+)(HCO~) + pH - 2.76+ 9.88x 103T + 0.61 x 10fT2- 3.03x 1O-SP-2.348 (1.S~)l~+ 0.770 (1.S.)
(T5
(
)
e: Ca2+=Total calcium (M= mg/1+ 40,000} (HCO~) =Bicarbonate~alinity (M = mgil + 61,000); P =Total absolutepresstue (psia);
Cw = Fugacity coefflcent of C~ gas as a minor
T= Temperature (F); 1.S.=Ionicstr@th (M = mg/1TDS + 58,400 sing/1 Cl- + 35,450} @g
speciesin CH4+ Q
of CX12consideringgas plus oil plus brine--thisis essentiallythe fraction Q in the gas at the surfae, nmt
=Total number of MMCF of gas at
STP produced per day; VB~ ~ Barrels of brine produced per day VoiI~ Barrelsof oil produced per day;
C02.
Cc02 = ncoz x 1.38x 10?l(V~ + 3.04VOitknlw
MMCF of Q per day at STP= %XYmt
10I
4
c%.
u)
-u
m
n)
v
al
N
SPE 22782
Plop
M.=
in saturation
with
respect
AS J.,
to calcite,
for
and
od
)I(y%
+ 15.19 x 10_3AT - 1.64X l116A@)
log
-5.27
(I-2.1
X 10%AP
P2(yp)2(@;03)2
[)
(PYyf%
,PH = log
[1
+ 5.31 X
lWAT-2.253x106A(7)
-2.237
(T2.2
x K@Ap
(PY;%;%z
$cQ=,Xp
K
c02
P(2,84
X 104-
~~)
Mld~=
L@_____J
1.0+
(5.0v&ine
+ 10.OVO,I)
1O$P
@~(5.OVB,i..
[
10.OVO,I)IOSP
%0 + 460)
Vhcrc:
(T2.3
(T2.4
@ * f7uga~i~y~ffiticnt
P= Total absolurc PSCSSW fpsia); T = Temperature (OS%$g
n cm
+ ~
g~
of gas aI SW produc~ ~r
4 . Recommended
%ble
catcthtiosrs
or
free
!$sluratiors
re stetkd
sulfate.
If
the
gypsurnj
hemihydrate
[Sofl
S1.CaS04(Gyp)
+1.86 + 4.5xl&3T
and
= [CSO, - %g
SI-CaS04(Hemi) = loglo[[QJS~lj+
SI-CaS04(An)
For
cekatite
loglo[[~a][S@)+
Sulfate
M. mcrals.
Al I terms
needed
Ttsc term,
- 1.2x KHT7
anhydrite:
= log)o([QJS@])+
for Comnrmc
[S042.] refm
to the -centration
[S042-] = CS04.
of CM* is zero, or negligible,
of the tafrte.
concentration
PK
For
I rrdcx Equations
at the WtOcn
+ 10.7x103P
- 2.38W
+ 0.581-
for
L3x10_311~)
- @K
+ [(%04
- CMg - @K
)2 + 4@K
CS041nl~
- 6.9x@P
- 1.6611n + 0.491-
I
I
I
f166x1~31~
and bark
[S0:1
sI-srso4
= loglo[[CsJISO:])+
SI-BaS04
= loglo[[CM][SO:]]+
IWhsre: T= Tcrnpsnturc(l%
the
of imcomplexcd
Cw =WI suwssc
wnccnoacion
= m@
&::
rh
~u:m
-nmarion
tsmicw
58,4C&m&l
SI$ + %,06G
CMC = TOSSIwmcsium
~en~rion (MoW
= @
(hhtar).
Cl-+
35,45Lk
W + WM
mgf7Sr + 87,62(J
Species
Calcium
?+#nedum
Bicmbon@
sulfate
m
ReseIvoir Temp.
Reservoir Press.
MM(ID gas
BOPD
BWPD ..
230 mfl
20mg/1
0.5 mg/1
976 mg/1
25 m#l
0.081 Mole Fraction
240 F(116C)
2800 psi (19.3 MPa)
0.3 (8495 m3/d)
250 (39.8 m3/d)
250 (39.8 m3/d)
e7.
lle~
Inhibitor
ChemicalAl
~&ue~2~
(ATMP)2
chemical c
De#esJ2Dw (DTPMPy
ChemicalE
ChemicalF
ChemicalG
ChemicalH
ChemicalI
chemical J
chemical K4
ldcium carbonate
Temperature
F (C)
240
:%
180
180
hlcium Sulfate
TT
240
240
2ti
Ressure
ps;8y)
SI
pH
0.00
500
500
500
300
0.68
0.11
-0.18
0.03
5.44
6.05
5.89
5.80
6.00
~ssure
p$8y)
Cakium
sulfate
2800
2800
. .
Minimum EffectiveDose
(mgll) as supplied product
1.5
:::
2.0
2.0
2.5
5.0
5.0
7.0
8.0
;::
>10.0
nhibitor sample had a precipitatein the bottom of the sample bottle which would
tissolve upon heating and stirringwithin a reasonable time. The sample may
mm supersaturatedwith respect to the inhibkor. This precipitate may cause
lngof the reservoir face during a squeeze.
IPis aminotri(methylenephosphoric) acid which was supplied by the Monsanto
any and can .bepurchased from many manufactumrs.
klP is diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphoric) acid which was supplied
Monsanto Company and can be purchased from many manufacturers.
tilbition tendency was seen using this chemical at 10.0 mg/1. The evaluation was
wice to verifv the result.
mgll
::
lti
S1
mgtl
26:
26S6
-1.86
0.16
0.79
WCU Name
Iman CcqOsite
FAB-3
FAB-4
FAB.7
FAC-4
-ZEB-8
g:
ZEB-2
ZES-5
ZEW9
ZEC-2
m-s
ZEC-9
ZED-6
23Z&9
Drill Waul
Rcsd&hookMte
2.0
N.D.*
N.D.
N.D.
0.5. 0.s
1.0
N.D.
5.5, 5.4
X.D.
N.D.
0.5
0.4
N.D.
0.7
0.7, 0.6
N.D., N.D.
0.3. 0.6
N.D.
Inhibited
Brine
Uninhibited
Brine
I
Oil Bath
Totally Inert
225 F
Mixing Pump
Drain
Ionic Strength M
EllEl
Figure1. The negative log of the calcite mnditionsl volubility (pKc) vs. Temperature (F)
nd Ionk Strength (M)
<