Introduction to Computer Science

By
Dr. Ahmed Taha
Lecturer, Computer Science Department,
Faculty of Computers & Informatics,
Benha University
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Book Title:
New Perspectives on Computer Concepts,
2014, Comprehensive
Authors:
June Jamrich Parsons, Dan Oja
Publisher:
Course Technology;
Edition:
16 edition (January 30, 2013)

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Book Contents
#

Chapter Title

Computers and Digital Basics

Computer Hardware

Computer Software

Operating Systems and File Management

Local Area Networks

The Internet

The Web and E-mail

Digital Media

The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics

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Information Systems Analysis and Design

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Databases

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Computer Programming

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Computers and Digital Basics

Contents
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All Things Digital

Digital Devices

Digital Data Representation

Digital Processing

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All Things Digital

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The Digital Revolution

Analog vs Digital

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The Digital Revolution

Digital Revolution is an ongoing process of social,
political, and economic change brought about by digital
technology, such as computers and the Internet.
Information Age is a period in history when information is
easy to access and affects many aspects of everyday life,
from the economy to politics and social relationships.

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The Digital Revolution

Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers,
sound, photos, and video into data that can be processed
by digital devices.
The significant advantage of digitization is that things as
diverse as books, movies, songs, conversations,
documents, and photos can all be distilled down to a
common set of signals that do not require separate
devices.

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When did the Digital Revolution Begin

Engineers built the first digital computers during World
War II (1939 to 1945) for breaking codes and calculating
missile trajectories.
In the 1950s, computers were marketed for business
applications, such as payroll and inventory management.
Some historians mark the
1980s as the beginning of the
digital revolution

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The Digital Revolution Phases

Data Processing

Computers
were huge,
complex, and
expensive
devices.
They existed in
in big
corporations
and government
agencies

Personal Computing

Network Computing

Personal
computing
Model is
presented.
Computers
were not
connected to
networks, so
they were
essentially selfcontained units

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Computers
became
networked.
Network
technology
allowed to
connect
multiple
computers, and
share the
Internet
connection

Cloud Computing

Cloud
computing
provides access
to information,
applications,
communication,
and storage
over the
Internet

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Phase I: Data Processing

Data Processing is the computing model for the first
phase of the digital revolution.

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Phase II: Personal Computing

The first personal computers were made in 1976.
The most popular uses for personal computers were word
processing and gaming; sound systems and graphics
capabilities were primitive.

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Phase II: Personal Computing

Personal Computer is characterized by small,
standalone computers powered by local software.
Local software refers to any software that is installed on
a computers hard drive.
On the business, large computers continued to run
payroll, inventory, and financial software.
Some managers used personal computers and
spreadsheet software to crunch numbers for business
planning.
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Phase III: Network Computing

A Computer Network is a group of computers linked
together to share data and resources.
The Internet is a global computer network originally
developed as a military project.
The Web (short for World Wide Web) is a collection of
linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be
accessed over the Internet.

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Phase III: Network Computing

Computers were the primary devices for accessing the
Internet during the period from 19952010, but
applications, media, and data remained on the local hard
disk.

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Phase IV: Cloud Computing

The cloud
represents Internet
based services, such
as applications and
social media, that are
available from
computers and
handheld digital
devices.

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Phase IV: Cloud Computing

With cloud computing, you can use your browser to
access word processing applications that run from the
Internet, instead of software that you have installed on
your local hard disk.

You can use online applications to manage your e-mail,

create floor plans, produce presentations, and carry out a
host of other activities.
You can store your data in the cloud, too, making it
available no matter what computer youre using as long
as it has an Internet connection.
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Phase IV: Cloud Computing

Social Media are cloud-based applications designed for
social interaction and consumer-generated content.
They include social networking services, wikis, blogging
services, photo sharing services, and microblogging sites

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Digital Devices

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Computer Basics
A Computer is a multipurpose device that accepts input,
processes data, stores data, and produces output, all
according to a series of stored instructions from a
computer program.

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Computer Basics
Input is whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a
computer system.
Output is the result produced by a computer.
Data refers to the symbols that represent raw facts,
objects, and ideas.
When data is processed, organized,
structured or presented in a given context so
as to make it useful, it is called Information.
Data

Data is used by machines, such as

computers; information is used by humans

Data
Data

Information
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Computer Basics
In a computer, most processing takes place in a
component called the Central Processing Unit or CPU.
The CPU of most modern computers is a microprocessor,
which is an electronic component that can be
programmed to perform tasks based on data it receives

unsorted list

sorted list

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Computer Basics
Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds
data waiting to be processed, stored, or output.
Storage is the area where data can be left on a
permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for
processing.
File is a named collection of data that exists on a storage
medium, such as a hard disk, CD, DVD, or flash drive.

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Computer Basics
Computer Program is a series of instructions that tells a
computer how to carry out processing tasks.
These programs form the software that sets up a
computer to do a specific task.
When a computer runs software, it performs the
instructions to carry out a task

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Computer Basics
Software
Types

Application
Software

System
Software

A set of
computer programs
that helps a person
carry out a task

It helps the computer

system monitor itself in
order to function
efficiently

Ex. Word Processing

Ex. Operating System

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Computer Types
Computer Types

Personal
Computers

Servers

Mainframes

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Supercomputers

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Computer Types
Personal Computer is a microprocessor-based
computing device designed to meet the computing needs
of an individual.
It commonly includes a keyboard and screen.

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Computer Types
The term workstation has two meanings:
It can simply refer to an ordinary personal computer that is
connected to a network.
A second meaning refers to powerful desktop computers used for
high-performance tasks, such as medical imaging and computeraided design, that require a lot of processing speed.

Typically, it costs a bit more

than an average personal
computer.

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Computer Types
The term Server has several
meanings. It can refer to computer
hardware, to a specific type of
software, or to a combination of
hardware and software.

The purpose of a server is to serve computers on a

network (such as the Internet or a home network) by
supplying them with data.
Any software or digital device, such as a computer, that
requests data from a server is referred to as a client

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Computer Types
Any personal computer, workstation,
mainframe, or supercomputer can
be configured to perform the work of
a server.

Server does not require a specific

type of hardware.
However, computer manufacturers such as IBM, SGI, HP,
and Dell offer devices called servers that are especially
suited for storing and distributing data on a network

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Computer Types
Mainframe Computer is a large
and expensive computer capable of
simultaneously processing data for
hundreds or thousands of users.

Mainframes are generally used by businesses or

governments to provide centralized storage, processing,
and management for large amounts of data.
Mainframes remain the computer of choice in situations
where reliability, data security, and centralized control are
necessary.
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Computer Types
Supercomputer is one of the fastest
computers in the world.
Because of their speed,
supercomputers can tackle complex
tasks and compute-intensive
problems that just would not be
practical for other computers.

Common uses for supercomputers include breaking

codes, modeling worldwide weather systems, and
simulating nuclear explosions.

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Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a specialpurpose microprocessor that is built
into the machine it controls.
Sometimes, it is called a computeron-a-chip or an embedded computer
because it includes many of the
elements common to computers.

It controls your microwave oven, digital video recorder,

washing machine, and watch

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Digital Data
Representation

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Data Representation Basics

Data Representation refers to the form in which data is
stored, processed, and transmitted.
Data can be represented using digital or analog methods.

Digital data is text, numbers, graphics, sound, and video

that have been converted into discrete digits such as 0s
and 1s.
In contrast, analog data is represented
using an infinite scale of values.

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Data Representation Basics

The 0s and 1s used to represent digital data are referred
to as binary digits.
A bit (binary digit) is a 0 or 1 used in the digital
representation of data.
Numeric data consists
of numbers that can be
used in arithmetic
operations.
Digital devices represent
numeric data using the
binary number system.
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Data Representation Basics

Character data is composed of letters, symbols, and
numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations.
Digital devices employ several types of codes to
represent character data, including ASCII, EBCDIC, and
Unicode.

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Data Representation Basics

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange, pronounced ASK ee) requires only seven
bits for each character. (codes for 128 characters)

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Data Representation Basics

EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange
Code, pronounced EB seh dick) is an 8-bit code used
only by older, mainframe computers.

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Data Representation Basics

Extended ASCII is a superset of ASCII that uses eight
bits to represent each character. (codes for 256
characters)

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Data Representation Basics

Unicode (pronounced YOU ni code) uses sixteen bits
and provides codes for 65,000 characters
It is a real bonus for representing the alphabets of multiple
languages.

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Data Representation Basics

Images (such as photos, pictures, line art, and graphs)
are digitized by treating them as a series of colored dots.
Each dot is assigned a binary number according to its
color.

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Data Representation Basics

Sound (such as music and speech) is characterized by
the properties of a sound wave.

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Quantifying Bits and Bytes

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Circuits and Chips

Bits are represented with two states of an electric circuit.
1 bit would be on and the state for a 0 bit would be off.
In practice, the 1 bit might be represented by an elevated
voltage, such as +5 volts, whereas a 0 bit is represented
by a low voltage, such as 0.2)

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Circuits and Chips

An Integrated Circuit (IC), (computer chip, microchip),
is a super-thin slice of semiconducting material packed
with microscopic circuit elements, such as wires,
transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors.

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Circuits and Chips

Integrated circuits are packaged in protective carriers that
vary in shape and size.

PGA ((pin-grid arrays)

DIP (dual in-line package)

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Circuits and Chips

The electronic components of most digital devices are
mounted on a circuit board called a system board,
motherboard, or main board.
The system board houses all essential chips and provides
connecting circuitry between them.

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Circuits and Chips

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Digital Processing

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Programs and Instruction Sets

Computer programmers create programs that control
digital devices.
These programs are usually written in a high-level
programming language, such as C, BASIC, COBOL, or
Java.
Programming languages use a limited set of command
words such as Print, If, Write, Display, and Get to form
sentence-like statements designed as step-by-step
directives for the processor chip.

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Programs and Instruction Sets

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How does source code get converted?

A compiler converts all the statements in a program in a
single batch, and the resulting collection of instructions,
called object code, is placed in a new file.

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How does source code get converted?

An interpreter converts and executes one statement at
a time while the program is running. After a statement is
executed, the interpreter converts and executes the next
statement, and so on

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How does source code get converted?

A microprocessor is hard-wired to perform a limited set
of activities, such as addition, subtraction, counting, and
comparisons.

This collection of preprogrammed activities is called an

instruction set
Each instruction has a corresponding sequence of 0s
and 1s.
The list of codes for a microprocessors instruction set,
called machine language, can be directly executed by
the processors circuitry.
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How does source code get converted?

A machine language instruction has two parts: the op
code and the operands.
An op code, which is short for operation code, is a
command word for an operation such as add, compare,
or jump.
The operand for an instruction specifies the data, or the
address of the data, for the operation.
Op code

Operand

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How does source code get converted?

A single high-level instruction very often converts into
multiple machine language instructions.

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How does source code get converted?

A programmer creates human-readable source code
using a programming language.
A compiler or an interpreter converts source code into
machine code.
Machine code instructions are a series of 0s and 1s that
correspond to a processors instruction set.

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What happens inside a computer chip?

The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is the part of the
microprocessor that performs arithmetic operations, such
as addition and subtraction.

It also performs logical operations, such as comparing

two numbers to see if they are the same.
The microprocessors control unit fetches
each instruction; Data is loaded
into the ALUs registers. Finally, the
control unit gives the ALU the green light
to begin processing,
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Instruction Cycle
The term instruction cycle refers to the process in
which a computer executes a single instruction.

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Instruction Cycle

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Instruction Cycle

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