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SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY

Designing a Home Automation


System by using RF receivers
Final Year Project
Md Nasfikur Rahman Khan
Hons) Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Supervisor: Dr. Hongwei Zhang

2nd May, 2014

Preface
This report describes project work carried out within the Engineering
Programme at Sheffield Hallam University between October, 2013 and April,
2014. This submission of the report is in accordance with the requirements
for the award of the degree of BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic
Engineering under the auspices of the University.

Abstract

Home automation is a famous and most used technology in the world. The
main object of this project is to develop a home automation system with a
four button key fob transmitter by using RF (Radio Frequency) technology.
Nowadays, houses are gradually shifting from normal switches to centralized
control system, involving a remote control transmitter. This technology is not
only easy to use but also helps to prevent missuses of energy. Remote
control (key fob) transmitter is small and very light weight, which will work
from a decent distance. It helps elderly people to control switches from
anywhere up to 75 feet. This four button key fob transmitter is also very
productive for commercial uses in Industrial and medical systems.
To accomplish this object, it is designed into two parts. Both the parts have
individual toggle type receivers but they work in same frequency. One of
these toggle receivers works individually with some of the home appliances
but the other one interfaced to an Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller to
convert the signals from toggle to latching format. Arduino IDE software has
been used to compile some programs related to the microcontroller
ATmega328.
This project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can control
home appliances by sending an SMS through a mobile or a computer.
Benefit of using this technology is there will not be any range limitation
compared to Radio Frequency technology.

Acknowledgements
I would like to take this opportunity to thanks my project supervisor Dr
Hongwei Zhang for his support, guidance and advice. I also want to thank
my second marker Dr Tim Breikin. I want to thank Mr Mark Wesseler for
giving his valuable support during lab sessions.
Finally I want to thank my father for his encouragement, support and help
as an Electrical and Electronic Engineer.

Table of Contents

Abstract.......................................................................................................0
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................3
Table of Contents.........................................................................................4
List of figures...............................................................................................6
List of tables................................................................................................7
Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................8
1.1 Aims and Objectives............................................................................8
1.2 Overview of the report.......................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature review.......................................................................11
2.1 Home Automation.............................................................................11
2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:................................................12
2.1.2 History of Home automation:.......................................................14
2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:...........................................15
2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:................................16
2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:.................................................16
2.2 Embedded System.............................................................................17
2.3 Microcontrollers................................................................................17
2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers.....................................................17
Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure..........................................................19
3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system.....................................19
3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system............................19
4

3.2 Design description:............................................................................20


3.2.1 Power Supply:..............................................................................21
3.2.2 Lighting System...........................................................................23
3.2.3 Temperature Controlling System..................................................25
3.2.4 Security System...........................................................................26
3.3 Summary..........................................................................................27
Chapter 4: Simulation and the Testing.......................................................29
4.1 Produce the circuit for living room.....................................................29
4.2 Program an Arduino board for latching..............................................30
4.3 Produce the bedroom circuit..............................................................34
4.4 Connection and testing......................................................................34
4.4.1 Hardware.....................................................................................35
4.4.2 Testing.........................................................................................38
Chapter 5: Results and Discussions...........................................................41
5.1 Simulate Results...............................................................................41
5.2 Description........................................................................................45
5.3 Discussions.......................................................................................47
Chapter 6: Critique....................................................................................49
6.1 Unsuccessful goals............................................................................49
6.2 Improvement needed.........................................................................50
6.3 Struggling Points...............................................................................50
6.4 Methods of improvement:..................................................................50
Chapter 7: Costing.....................................................................................52
Chapter 8: Summary and Future Works.....................................................53
5

References..................................................................................................54

List of figures
Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)...........21
Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System...............................25
Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2..............................................................31
Figure 4 Starting state of the software........................................................31
Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay.......................................32
Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons.........................................................32
Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection...................................33
Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG).................................35
Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver...............................................................36
Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG).....................................36
Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014).........37
Figure 12 Diagram for living room..............................................................39
Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom..................................................................40
Figure 14 Flow chart of the system.............................................................44
Figure 15 Circuit for living room.................................................................46
Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom....................................................................46

List of tables
Table 1 Illumination level of house.............................................................24
Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system..................................26
Table 3 Costing of devices...........................................................................52

Chapter 1: Introduction
Home Automation is the housing extension of building automation system.
This system is actually automating the residential activity. The trendiness of
home automation has increased tremendously in recent years for the reason
of higher usability and simplicity by using remote control (key fob), smart
phones and tablet connectivity (through Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, Zig bee
etc.). Home automation actually is the termination of the automation system
for the maintenance of home appliances.

Modern home automation system introduced during the world fair of

1934 in Chicago.
The first 'wired homes' built by hobbyists from America. In 1984, the
American Association of Householders invented the term of 'smart

house'.
In 1960s, an American engineer, Jim Sutherland developed 'ECHO IV'
named a developed home automation system.

The main and very basic need of using home systems like light, fan, air
conditioner, air heater by using different switches in different places.
Therefore people, especially adult people need to put a lot of afford to switch
all those components separately and with enough power to press. Those
switches are mostly made very unsafe way and it is also asking more energy
to put. These problems could be solved if home automation system would be
used.

1.1 Aims and Objectives


Home automation system has different kinds like, remote control home
automation, mobile phone home automation. Aim of this project is to
demonstrate an unostentatious Home automation system that apprehends
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an outlying key fob controller and home machineries (here I will try to show
that by using some LED's).
Here, the project is based on remote control home automation system, which
could help to save energy like electricity and lots of physical strength. It
could be secure, flexible, help to prevent power and more accurate
outcomes. Most of houses in the cities of the developed countries now using
remote control, mobile or touch screen based home automation system to
prevent energy and ensure adequate safety.
To accomplish the project, here first of all, trying to discuss about the
research has been done based on Home Automation and all related
hardware & Software.

A Remote Control transmitter has been used to transfer signals.


Then receivers have been used to receive signals. After receiving the
signal, receiver will control to turn on-off some different home appliances
after getting the signal from the key fob transmitter (as example, lights,

heater, oven etc.).


Two different rooms and four different parts of a small flat (kitchen area,
leaving area, reading area and sitting area) will try to control through a

remote control transmitter and receiver.


Next one of those receivers has been used with an Arduino board, which
will be programmed to work as a reset circuit. Then it will connect with
the receiver and help to reset some of the home appliances according to

our set timer.


Need to write a programme for the Arduino board to work as a reset
circuit and then have to connect it with the receiver board to take the

signal from the transmitter.


Different appliances simplify by different LEDs which will get signal from
the key fob transmitter.

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1.2 Overview of the report


This report will explain the design and production of the embedded
controlled home automation system in 7 different chapters.
Chapter 1 will introduce the background of the home automation system,
the aims and the objectives of the project.
Chapter 2 will describe the basics of home automation system, embedded
system and other literature reviews related to the project.
Chapter 3 will explain the procedure of designing the home automation
system. Here we will explain how we connected each and every part.
Chapter 4 will show the outcome of the project and discuss the results.
Chapter 5 will find out the weak points of the project and the way to
improve.
Chapter 6 will explain the costing of the project, including each and every
component and equipment used in the project.
Chapter 7 will summarise the project and described the further work to get
a better outcome.

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Chapter 2: Literature review


Automation is very famous thing for today's world. Nowadays, human are
trying to control everything automatically without any physical efforts. In
this process Home automation system has been introduced to using home
appliances without any muscle power. Basic task of this system is to turn on
and off different home appliances.

2.1 Home Automation


Home Automation is the boarder extension of building extension. Home
Automation may include imploded control of lighting, heating, ventilation
and air conditioning, appliances, security locks of gates and doors and other
systems for providing convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and safety
security.
Definition of Home automation can be explained in three ways.

Performance based
Home automation system is the procedure how people can get
automated performance from all home appliances which we cannot get
with our physical efforts. As example, switch control lights take
fractionally more time than the automated lighting system. The
performance based definition is actually depends on saving more
energy and power.

Services based
Home automation system can provide more and unrested services
then the human efforts. For a sample, when we are sleeping, through
this system we can control our room temperature without any kind of
disturbances. Through this way our home system can control all the
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appliances according to its setting. In simple we can say, through this


system we can get more comfortable and flexible home condition.

System based
System wise we can say, Home automation is the technology, which is
formed a networking system to make the all home appliances working
together in a harmony, which gives us instant control over all the
appliances individually. This system provides us safe, convenient,
high-efficiency and comfortable home environment.

2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:


Home automation offers to the conduct of computer and information
technology to monitor home appliances and features. Home automation
systems can extent from usual remote control of lighting through to diluted
computer/micro-controller

based

networks

with

different

degrees

of

intelligence and automation. Home automation is obtained for motives of


ease, security and energy efficiency

( Stephen Lindsay ,2013 :156160 ) .

In present construction in industrialized countries, most houses are


depending on wire for electrical power, telephones, TV cable or antenna, and
doorbell. Though, most of household tasks are automated by the
development of specialized machineries. As example, automatic washing
machines are developed to reduce the physical labour of washing clothes
and water heaters attenuated the labour essential for bathing.
Other regular household duties, like food conservation and preparation have
been automated in large range by processing them into factory, with the
increment of pre-produced and pre-packaged foods. In some advanced
countries such as the United Kingdom, tumid dependence on commercial
food

preparation

businesses,

such
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as

fast

food

take-away.

Volume

manufacture and the factory settings accommodate forms of automation


that would be ineffective or too expensive in a home setting. Ascertained
foods qualify feasible further automation of stirring the food within the
house.
The use of aerial or aqueous fuels, and afterwards the use of electricity
occupy tumid automation in air and water heating; decrease the physical
afford necessary to manually refuel furnace and stoves. Progression of
thermostats allow of more automated restraint of inflaming, and later
cooling.
As

the

number

of

controllable

instruments

in

the

home

rises,

interconnection and communication becomes a necessary and wished


characteristic. For example, a heater can transmit a discrete message when
it requires cleaning or a fridge when it wants service.
Houses will become "intelligent" and will dispatch signals or signs to the
controller when any movement happens inside. In case there is no one
supposed to be home and the alarm system is adjusted, the system could
deliver signal towards the proprietor, or the police, or an emergency number.
In instinctive installations, it may be as expansive as rotation of the lights
when a person admits into the room. In commencing installations, houses
can intuition not only the appearance of a person inside but indicate the
person and apparently set adequate lighting, temperature, sound levels or
TV channels, acceptance the account of the day, the time of day, and other
multiplicators.
Simple examples of Home Automation are like, using of a remote control to
turn on and off a light across the room or unlocking the front or back door
as you pull into the driveway. Rotation of your home sprinkler system by
using your mobile phone device or logging in from your computer at work to
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check and view your home security cameras are also examples of using
home automation. Home automation includes everything that provides you
remote or automatic control of the electronic components inside it.

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2.1.2 History of Home automation:


Home automation featured in science fiction scripts for many years but
came out in reality or practical world since the early 20th century through
the introduction of using electricity in home. Then it increased through the
rapid development of information technology.
The usage of electrical home automation started between the years 1915 to
1920. It began to seem more useful and cheaper than the use of servants.
The system also helps to maintain a luxurious status without huge amount
of expanses.

Automation system started by the introduction of wheel. Automation


system improved a lot by the beginning of sailing boats. And then the
early 1900s automation system improved very fast and then we can
see the invention of electricity and that brings the beginning of Home

automation. On that period we got the electronic bulbs.


1978 X10 improves switches, thermostat controllers and other home
appliances like fan. On that period we actually get introduced with all

sorts of home appliances which made life more comfortable.


By 1984, Home automation became hot cake for the western
countries. Some of the house hold appliances started to be controlled
automatically without any outsider efforts. On that period of time
Home automation technology spreads to security system like garage

doors, entertainment system control, environment control and more.


During the later 80s and early 90s, wireless connection started to be
utilized in house. Through Wireless connection people started to

control different home appliances by staying away from home.


On the later part of 90s Home automation started to spread all over
the world. On that period mobile GSM and Zigbee system started to
operate that section besides remote control system.

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2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:


There are several kinds of Home automation system have been introduced.
First and the most common Home automation system was wired home
automation system like light, fan garage doors controlled by switches. Then
it introduced with the wireless Home automation system. Remote controlled
Home automation system is very famous and the most utilized Home
automation system. Then, people started to use broad band system, Wi-Fi
networking system and many more.

Remote control Home automation system


First wireless Home automation system was based on remote control.
Most of the remote controlled system transfers the signal through RF
system. In that procedure user get the benefit of using something
different than the switches and they dont need to move to control
their home appliances according to their choices.

Global System for Mobile


By using GSM (Global System for Mobile) system, user can easily
operate his home appliances through a mobile phone by a simple
miscall or SMS (Short Message Services).

ZigBee
Through Zigbee technology user can easily control whole home power
supplies through a monitor power. It also uses mobile phone to control
the system without any delay or error. Through this technology people
can control their home appliances from anywhere in the world.

Besides for the development of Home automation system, Arduino,


Raspberry Pi and many more different companies are making some
PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) which make the life simpler.

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2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:


Home Automation system is the most helpful procedure to manage home
appliances from in or outside home. By using this system anyone can simply
maintain all the home appliances without any physical attendance at home.
This is the most convenience way of using modern technology in day to day
life.
Home Automation system is also the best way to provide adequate security
without too much physical efforts. Recently, Close Circuit Camera feeds also
provide you live or save views to protect your home in any conditions. You
can also control the alarm system in emergency as one of your friends want
to get in but does not have the key to unlock the door. All in all, it is the best
Hui Pan , 2009 :1213
.
way to provide safety to any unoccupied home

2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:


The new base in home automation is an android smart phone. Home
automation equipment recently use existing home Wi-Fi networks. But very
soon there will be some gadgets like google glass. Google Glass is a very
exceptional device which could be worn like glass but it will provide a screen
over the right eye. That screen is controlled by voice command and by
touching an intelligent touchpad on the right side.

It will connect via

Bluetooth or connect to Wi-Fi to a smart phone device and plays Google


Glass applications.
There is another project is coming in the Home Automation department is
named ivee, which looks like an alarm clock. This alarm clock can talk with
the operator, it can take order, and it can control some home appliance. As
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example, if anyone asks about the weather to ivee and if ivee is connected
with Wi-Fi then it can tell and show you the total forecast. It also can trigger
on and off the light and other home appliances like television, radio, light,
air-conditioner etc. Some other different kinds of Home Automation projects
are ongoing to improve and make easy the living of people.
For

modern

home

automation

system,

embedded

system

and

microcontrollers are the most important elements. There is a discussion


about these two topics.

2.2 Embedded System


All computing systems other than general purpose computer (with monitor,
keyboard, etc.) are embedded systems.
Embedded system is a way of working, organizing or performing one or many
tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan. In other words, an
arrangement in which all units assemble and work together according to a
program or plan. An embedded system is a system that has software
embedded into hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an
application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger
system. It processes a fixed set of pre-programmed instructions to control
electromechanical equipment which may be part of an even larger system
(not a computer with keyboard, display, etc.)

( Godse , Mulani ( 2009:15 ) ) .

For organising an embedded system, microcontrollers are the most essential


elements.

2.3 Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a small computer that contains a microprocessor which
controls some aspects of the environment. Microcontrollers are used for
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control some devices and engines automatically, such as home automation


system, automobile system, medical devices, remote control devices, power
controlling

tools,

quad-copter

and

other

embedded

system.

Some

microcontrollers use 4-bit words. For low power consumption, this kind of
microcontrollers operates at clock rate frequencies as low as 4000 Harz.
Microcontroller is the main aspect of designing an embedded system.
2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers
There are lots of microcontrollers from different brands. Here, a discussion
about some of the microcontrollers has been used for home automation
system.

Atmel

AT89

series:

AT89

series

is

an

Intel

8051

family

microcontrollers, which is an 8-bit microcontroller and manufactured

by the Atmel Corporation.


Atmel AVR series: Atmel AVR is a single chip microcontroller which is

developed by Atmel in1996.


AT91SAM (AT91 Smart ARM Microcontrollers) series: AT91 is a 32-bit

microcontroller integrated circuit and produced by Atmel.


Intel MCS-51 or 8051 series: 8051 is a single chip microcontroller
series developed by Intel and used in embedded system.

For the prospect of the project, an Atmel AVR series microcontroller


(ATmega328) has been used. ATmega328 is actually a reset microcontroller,
which helps to build a strong reset circuit.
All in all, this project's primary aspect is to develop a Home automation
system working as an embedded computer and a microchip works to control
some of the procedure.

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Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure


As already explained in previous parts, home automation is a smart home
maintenance system with intelligence, safety and luxurious home system.
This procedure helps to provide a comfortable, user friendly home system
and also reduces the cost of energy and utility. This home system also helps
the elders to sustain with the new technologies; it helps them to use all
home appliances with little effort.

3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system


First wireless Home automation system is the remote controlled Home
automation system and still it is the most user friendly automation system
in the world. In this procedure a remote control console can control all sorts
of home appliances according to the user's choice. This remote controlled
console can be a mobile phone or any ordinary remote control consoles like
a key fob.
A remote controlled console can transfer signal through different ways like
RF system, GSM technology, ZigBee etc. For this project we are using RF
(Radio Frequency) system.
3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system
Wireless Home automation technologies represent a system to utilize home
appliances with more ease and less efforts. Remote control system actually
provides the cheapest way to utilize those facilities. By the use of remote
control technology, user easily can get the facility through a less expansive
device like a cheap mobile phone set or a cheap key fob transmitter.

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Considering the other sources it is more comfortable to carry and easy to


control from anywhere. It helps to enhance the flexibility and security. For
example, if the user gets a message or signal by saying there is something
wrong or an intrusion then he can check the situation through video
cameras. Another example could be, turning on any home appliances like
heater, computer from outside the house or from any distances. In that
point it needs to mention the importance of controlling (turning on and off)
some home appliances when users are outside. Through this technology we
can listen the music system which is playing inside the house, user can
connect with personal computer to collect some important files or it could be
helpful to get a text when any home appliances need to check or change
(Aurell, 2005).
High flexibility, geographical distance and good scalability properties are the
most common reason to make remote-control system suitable for all sorts of
users.

3.2 Design description:


According to the previous discussion, Home automation system makes the
home condition and utilization of appliances easy, simple, comfortable and
flexible, user friendly, secure and saves energy. Therefore, the Home
automation system designed in this project with automatically control of
following factors.

Energy to start with


Temperature
Windows and doors
Power socket
Water heating
Illumination
Entrance control
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Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)

These points organises into four different systems.

Power Supply: Energy to start with


Lighting System: Illumination
Temperature Controlling System: Air conditioning system
Security System: Access control, Windows and doors etc.

3.2.1 Power Supply


The perfect remote-control Home automation system can be achieved by
provide a sufficient power to utilise the whole system properly. Though it is a
remote-control system, but the system needs two individual power supplies
for the transmitter and the receiver part. As example, if a user tries to use a
mobile phone as a transmitter, he needs to charge it first to make it
utilizable. Then he needs to use a different power supply for the lighting
system he tries to use.
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For a smart home, two kinds of power supplies need to be used.

Switching Power Supply


Automatic Power Supply
Rechargeable Power Supply

3.2.1.1 Switching Power Supply


As the name suggests, this is a simple switch controlled power supply. This
power supply controlled by turning switch on and off. This system could be
used for something which is less usable like the water heater in toilet. User
could use it during the time of using the toilet. For the prospect of the
project, this kind of power supply has been used only for the only for the
bedroom sector. However, this power supply can start working by getting the
signals manually from the user or the automatic power supply.
3.2.1.2 Automatic Power Supply
This is the power supply which helps user to control home environment for
making it comfortable and flexible before he gets in. Through this power
supply user can turn on most of the home appliances without entering the
house. User can control all the electronic devices very easily and with
comfort any time whenever he wants.
Automatic power supply is always working and this power supply does not
need to turn on and off. This supply system will be connected with the living
room appliances and also connect with the switch which turns on the
bedroom power supply.
According to this project through this power supply user can easily control
the living and kitchen area. It helps to turn on the whole house heating
system that makes our home more comfortable before getting in.

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3.2.1.3 Rechargeable Power Supply


Rechargeable or the battery controlled power supply has been used for
charging the remote control console. As example, if the user wants to control
the home automation system through a mobile phone then he needs to
make sure the phone is always charged on or the console's batteries are not
damaged.
In this project, it has been tried to use this battery controlled remote console
as the only transmitter. Through this device user can transfer the signals
from the transmitter towards the receivers.
Therefore, overall home automation system constituted by several kinds of
power supplies. Through this system, it has been trying to provide the main
energy for the all appliances of the house.
3.2.2 Lighting System
Lights are the most important home appliances in a house and intelligent
lighting system is the most important part of a smart home. An integrated
system used to control or contain a soothing visual environment is called
lighting system. Core of the lighting system is the brightness of the level
adjustment.
The whole house has couple of windows and doors, thats why the day light
motion would be considerable. In a bright day, the indoor lighting system
would be essential at all. Besides on that kind of times through this
procedure user can save a huge amount of power and energy.
On the other side, it has been tried to arrange a form for the whole system
that it can measure the necessity of lights during any time of day. As
example through this system user can get the signal through a mobile
phone or a remote control transmitter that he does not need to turn on the
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light before getting inside the house. A pre-set peak value has been arranged
to help to roll down the situation quickly. Through this way, the system also
can control the brightness of the lights.

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An example of home illumination level is given below (ToolBox, 2013).


Table 1 Illumination level of house

Activities
Living room area without sunlight
Living room area with sunlight
Getting in time
Time of cooking
During the time of reading
Entertainment time
Toilet time
Sleeping time

We know, Illumination, I =

Illumination (lux)
20-50
0-15
50-75
100-150
200
70-100
30-50
0-10

L f . . CV . LLF
AI

Where,
I= illumination (lux)
L1

= lumen per Lamp

Cv

= coefficient

LLF
AI

= light loss factor


2
= area per lamp ( meter ).

3.2.3 Temperature Controlling System


Temperature controlling system is one of the important systems for the
whole house during the winter or rainy periods. Basically in a western
country, where seven month is considering as winter period and only three
to five months consider as summer, this system is the most important
appliance of a house. Though we are developing this project considering all
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sorts of weather summer is also in consideration. Thats why temperature


controlling system is divided into three sectors,

Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System

For basic heating system a temperature controlled heater has been used,
which works with a timer PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) and a
temperature controlling equipment. This heater helps to remain the room
temperature 23 degree Celsius all the time. It is also noise less and
windless. So the user feels the house is getting hot not the heater.
Basically, cooling system is necessary during the time of summer. For the
smart house an automatic cooling system has been utilized, which does not
need to turn on manually. It helps to remain the house temperature 23
degree Celsius. It is also noise free but has some wind effects.
As mentioned before that the house has couple of windows and doors. Thats
why ventilation system has been utilized for this project. Through this
system user can utilize the day light and the natural environmental wind
facilities. However, when the force of the wind go beyond the margin of 23
degree Celsius then the windows will automatically closed to filter them out.
Overall through this system home temperature can be controlled and adjust
into a bearable situation any times of day or night.
Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system

House temperature

Heating

>23C(without

system
OFF

Cooling system
ON

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Windows

Ventilation

OPEN

system
OFF

wind)

OFF

OFF

CLOSE

ON

>23C(with wind)
<23C(without

ON

OFF

OPEN

OFF

wind)

ON

OFF

CLOSE

ON

<23C(with wind)
=23C(without

OFF

OFF

OPEN

OFF

wind)

OFF

OFF

CLOSE

ON

=23C(with wind)

3.2.4 Security System


Modern home is full of appliances and those need enough security system
and safety facilities. The main objective of the security system is to ensure
the safety of the house. It is developed by three systems, which have been
explained below.

Normal Security System


Night Time Security System
Emergency Alarm System

Nowadays, each and every house should have the security system for
controlling access. This is one of the convenient systems of the house.
Through this system users can control the unwanted entrances. For this
part a high resolution video camera has been used just outside the main
entrance that turns on whoever will use it for entering into the house, user
can find it out before any unwanted situation happens. Through this way
user can get a safe and secure entrance facility.
To get a safe and sound sleep, a high resolution camera has been used,
which can capture at night too. Besides for safety during the sleeping period
a timer has been connected with the main entrance that make the door
closed after a certain time at night ad it will remain like this if the user dont
unlock the door manually.
30

As the name suggests, alarm system controls all the alarms which control a
safe and secure house all the time. It is developed into two sections.

Burglar Alarm
Gas & Fire Alarm

Burglar alarm is the alarm system which normally used for night security.
Sometimes, this alarm system proves very helpful when the house members
are outside. It started to give responses or signals if there is any indecent
situation happens like robbery or stealing. Sometimes this system helps the
user to find any unwanted person inside the house. There is a button for the
user to set it off. However, if the user willingly or unwillingly does not turn it
off and it continued for more than three minutes then there will be a signal
send to nearest police control room to find the solution.
Gas and fire alarm is very important source of safety of a house. If gas leaks
is detected by gas monitor or fire monitor can detect flames, heat and smoke
anywhere in the building, this alarm will be activated. Without any delays,
doors and windows will be unlocked and opened. This system will give a
signal to all the members of the house and in order to avoid gas explosion or
fire distinguish; ventilation system will be automatically switched off. Then
the system will send a signal towards the fire station to reduce the
destruction.

3.3 Summary
The main method used in this smart home system is using automation
system to control and develop an appropriate design for the system to
achieve the goal to build a smart house. Because of the utilization of the
four basic factors of automation system, this house can get the intelligence
without the physical effort of human. Power supplies are given the energy,
lighting and temperature controlling system help to maintain a sustainable
31

condition by adjusting temperature and illumination. Security system helps


to provide a safety environment for the users of the house. Through a smart
control design, it could also reduce the energy cost for users.
According to the whole discussion, priority level could be like,
Power supply > Security system > Lighting system > Temperature controlling
system.
Through the priority level it's can be said that, Temperature controlling is
needed but its priority comes after lighting system. Because people can stay
on cold but it would be tougher to live without light. Then security system
gives us safe and prosperous life but before all, a power supply is needed to
make all those work.
In the end, it can be said that a smart home makes life easy, comfortable
and simple. It also helps to reduce risk and also the energy cost.

32

Chapter 4: Simulation and the Testing


The Objective of the project is to design and simulate a remote controlled
home system. The design of the system been explained in Chapter 3 and
now we will describe the simulation of the system including the building of
the circuit. The simulation part will be described into four different parts
and all the parts consist of some sections.

Produce the circuit for living room


Program a Arduino for latching
Produce the circuit for bed room
Connection and testing

As explained, for building a perfect home automation system according to


the design, four different steps need to follow. In the simulation, actual
home appliances are replaced by some different colour LEDs.

4.1 Produce the circuit for living room


Living room area is the most important of the house. Besides, attached
kitchen makes it more essential. This sector of the house is controlled by the
automatic power supply. In this sector of the house consists of four
important parts of this design.

Automatic Power Supply


Security system
Temperature controlling system
Lighting system

This system runs by the automatic power supply. This power supply has
been controlled by sensors on all the doors and windows.

Through this

sensor, the power supply can turn off if there is no member in the house
33

and no signals from the users. These sensors will automatically turn on if
there are any traces of movement inside the house or any signal from the
users. As example, if the user just gets closer to the main entrance door or
any windows, this sensor will help the power supply to turn on
automatically. Through this circuit, has been trying to control the lighting
system of that area. Besides, the power supply works automatically. So,
whenever the user sends a signal to turn on the light, it gets on without any
delay. Same way user can control the temperature of the house. To
accomplish this goal, an Arduino board has been needed to connect with the
receiver to transfer the signals and get the benefit of latching.

4.2 Program an Arduino board for latching


For the project an Arduino Uno Rev3 board has been used and the
description of the hardware will explain in the later part of this chapter. This
device has been used to control the temperature controlling system of the
house. For simulating the device it has been tried to follow some previous
examples given on the software itself. The typical first program for a
microcontroller which is simple blinks of a LED on and off. For the project, it
has been needed to change some part from the given examples. On that part
pin 13 has been declared as LED pins and in Arduino itself has a LED,
which is connected with pin 13. Besides when during the use of Arduino
with the receiver, it has been connected with the LED using as sample of our
whole heating system.
Whole Procedure through the software, trying to explain in some steps,

First need to download the software Arduino IDE 1.5.6-r2 and open it

34

Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2

Then, the software needs to run.

Figure 4 Starting state of the software

35

Next, find out the 'BlinkWithoutDelay' file from the examples and try
to change some parts of the given codes. Then need to compile it.

Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay

Same way, need to open another example named 'Button' and then
change it according to project needed.

36

Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons

Then

another

programming

code

from

the

example

called

'StateChangeDetection' need to run and then some change of codes


need to be done.

Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection

37

4.3 Produce the bedroom circuit


This project is actually based on a smart and small flat consists of one or
more than one bedrooms. Besides the bedroom area is also attached with
toilet and shower facilities. Overall that sector of the house is far more
important than it looks. This sector of the house is controlled by a switching
power supply. In this sector of the house consists of three important part of
our design.

Switching Power Supply


Security system
Lighting system

This system runs by a power supply which is controlled by switching system.


This switch can be controlled manually and automatically. This power
supply is also connected the automatic power supply, which easily can
manipulate this service by the choice of user or sometimes for condition. In
short we can say, this power supply also get power from the automatic power
supply, but it can start and continue to work without the help of automatic
power supply.
In this circuit, the design of lighting system for the bedrooms and the toilet
needs to simulate. If the circuit gets the power supply manually or
automatically then the lighting system will start working whenever it gets
the signal from the user. This circuit also build a security system for the
bedroom and toilet area. Overall it builds simultaneously to provide all kind
of ease, comfort and flexibility a person can get from his or her bedroom
area.

4.4 Connection and testing


For this project, a perfect home automation system includes all the sectors
according to the design need to format. Because of enough time, funding
38

and minimum resources it was not possible to build it was as decided. There
are some parts which are not simulated as declared. Below, a demo version
has been trying to portray similar to the design.
4.4.1 Hardware
First of all, need to describe all the hardware available for the project. As
explained that the aim of the project is to build the whole process
controlling by three separate power supplies.

Switching
Automatic
Rechargeable

To achieve this aim three separate and very cheap battery holder power
supplies has been used. One of those power supplies works for the
transmitter (rechargeable), one for the automatic power supply and the other
one is occupied for the switching power supply.

Transmitter: Instead of using an android touch screen or a mobile phone


remote control console, a key fob transmitter has been possible to
arrange. This transmitter is very easy to use and comfortable to carry.
This key fob works on 315 Mega Harz frequencies and can control four
separate appliances through four different keys or buttons. This
transmitter is based on remote control encoder PT2262; it is actually
paired with PT2272 utilizing Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor
(CMOS) technology. For this transmitter two CR2016 coin cells has been
used and altogether it weighs 21.22g.

39

Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG)

Receiver: Considering the electronic & radio communication, a receiver is


a group of components that can receive electromagnetic or radio waves
and helps to convert the signal into a usable form. There is an antenna
which intercepts electromagnetic waves and transforms them into a
small source of information for the receiver, which receiver will transfer
into the craved signal or information. For this project a simple radio
frequency

receiver

has

been

used,

which

does

not

need

any

programming, addressing or configuring. It works on 5-10V direct


current

and

automatic

connected

with

the

315

MHz

matching

transmitter (4-key fob remote control).

Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver

It is actually a remote control decoder based on PT2272 - 4 data IR


application circuit. This transmitter and receiver can be paired for
transmitting and receiving exactly four signals. Besides through this
40

particular remote control transmitter user can control more than one
receiver at a time. Therefore if more than one receiver is in the area of
transmitter, then the transmitter can transfer same information to all of
them.

Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG)

Arduino Uno Rev3: Arduino is a micro-controller (ATmega328) based


programmable

circuit

board

that

can

be

used

in

electrical

multidisciplinary project. Arduino consists of an open-source single


board designed surrounding by a 32-bit Atmel ARM or an 8-bit AVR
microcontroller. (For the project we use Fundino Uno Rev3 which is copy
version of Arduino Uno Rev3). Uno means one in Italian language.
Arduino Uno or Arduino 1.0 stands for moving forward. Where first time
an Arduino board can be connected to a computer with a USB cable or
power to get started.

41

Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014)

42

LEDs: LED or Light Emitting Diode is an electrical component, which


has two terminals and conducting electricity in one direction. Diodes
are used in most of the electronic technologies like televisions,
computers, radios etc. Diodes are actually help to conduct electronic

components.
Software Requirement: Software is the most important part for the
project, because for the whole heating system we use an Arduino Uno
rev3 board. This board is preprogramed and for the project Arduino
IDE 1.0.5-r3 software (Integrated Development Environment) has been
used.

4.4.2 Testing
Simulation of overall system will be divided into two parts.
Part 1: First, here is an explanation of the entrance part of the house or the
living room area. Living room is the most important part of the house.
Attached kitchen makes it more important. This part consists of a light,
whole internal heating system, whole house power sockets and cooking
system. For this project some LEDs has been used as symbol of different
home appliances. Overall two different breadboards have been used and one
of them has been made for living room area. As explained before that the
receiver can work on 6V power supply, thats why for the living room we use
6V power supply which easily can help to accomplish demo version of our
key fob controlled smart home. A four battery included battery holder has
been used for getting 6V energy, which gives us more than 20mA direct
current. Then this power supply needs to be connected with the solder less
breadboard.
Here we connect the 315 MHz receiver's ground pin with the ground of the
power supply and the input pin with the other part (voltage in) of the power
supply. Then four LEDs connect with the four output pins of the receiver
43

(D0, D1, D2, and D3) and ground. The short leg of the LED's goes in ground
and big leg connects with the receiver. Some LEDs need some support from
the resistors but for this project we use the LEDs which are workable
without any support from resistors.

Figure 12 Diagram for living room

We also connect an Arduino Uno Rev3 board with the receivers output of D1
which is working for heating system of whole house. This Arduino board is
preprogramed as we explained before. However, for this particular project we
have to change some codes. This circuit is made with a micro controller
which helps to reset by itself. Pin 2 of Arduino is connected with ground and
pin 13 is connected with the LED, which we are using as heater (check the
figure below). Though heater is a kind of a home appliance what we use
often but long time use of heater can make lots of problems related to health
and mind. Thats why; we use this automatic reset micro controlling board
Arduino Uno rev3. This Arduino Uno Rev3 helps our circuit to control
heating system automatically after getting start.
Part 2: The other part of the house is the bed room area. This part consists
of a bed room and an attached toilet. For that part we use totally different
circuit board and a separate power supply. However, here we use the same
frequency's receiver and transmitter key fob. For that reason, we easily can
use the same fey fob we used for living room area. Though we can use the
same breadboard for that part too but though we are trying to use a same
frequency key fob so we dont want to make it more complicated.

44

Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom

Here, for the bed room area we use the same design as Living room.
Although for that part we do not use any Arduino board. This part is
consisting of a light for the bed room, a fan or cooling system for bed room, a
light for toilet and water heating system for toilet.
The transmitter of 315 Mega Harz can control the receiver contact with
them. For the cost and utility we use the same transmitter key fob here. We
connect everything same way as we have been done with Living room area.
To save energy we try to use two different power supplies and though its a
student flat so we think may be, there is no necessity to use both the parts
together. Bed room and toilet's power supply is connected with a switch that
need to press to turn on the power supply for that part. However the living
room area's power supply is on during we are outside and we can switch it
off when we will using the other part. On that we can turn on the heater
and the light of living room before getting into the house and after getting in
we can control both the supplies according to our choice. Sometimes, we
may need to use both the power supply together as example on party nights.
On that situation we can turn the bedroom and living room supplies
altogether and we can control both of the with a same key fob transmitter,
which makes the part more comfortable and effort less.
Overall, with less resources, facilities and expanses we try to maintain a
smart with all kind of automation facilities instead of the security system.
However, overall we can say the simulation and the testing was successful
45

and it can provide users a smart and intelligent home system with decent
sorts of facilities.

46

Chapter 5: Results and Discussions


A home automation system was designed, programmed and the model
version already has been built. Each and Every part of the system have been
assembled and tested. Now through this demo version has been trying to
simulate the operation of an actual home automation system for a small one
bedroom flat for student.

5.1 Simulate Results


After turning on the automatic power supply for the whole system, the
transmitter starts to deliver signals and then the receivers started to
receives the signals without any delay. 315 Mega Harz transmitter has been
used which consists of four keys or buttons which work for four different
parts of the whole process.
In that part, a briefly explanation of the overall outcome of the project has
been discussed. As it was discussed that, the project has been designed for
a small one bedroom flat and whole system has been divided into two
sections. One of those sections is the living area and the other one is the
bedroom area. First we will discuss about the living room area, which is
included with kitchen facilities and bedroom area is attached with a toilet
and shower facilities. Living room area is getting energy from an automatic
power supply and on the other hand bedroom area gets it from a switch
controlling power supply.
Living room area:
Automatic power supply turns on whenever any movement happens around
the entrance door of the building. After turning on the automatic power

47

supply which controls all the home appliances for the living room and the
kitchen area, it has been that the LED in Arduino board will turn
automatically on and it starts to latch or blink with minimum delay. It
happens because of the compilation of the program has been written for that
purpose.
As explained in Chapter 3, for the prospect of the project a same range of
receiver and transmitter has been used for the whole system. Through this
transmitter user can transfer signals for four different kinds of appliances
including the lighting system, temperature controlling system, power sockets
and cooking facilities.

Key
Key
Key
Key

'A' for lighting system


'B' for the whole temperature controlling system
'C' works for the power sockets
'D' will act to utilize the cooking facilities

For the use of living room facilities key 'A' has been used for turning on the
lighting system, key 'B' is working for turning on and off whole internal
home temperature or air controlling system (which also connected with the
Arduino board for latching the system properly), key 'C' is used for all the
power socket includes the socket for refrigerator, television, oven, table lamp
etc. and key 'D' helps to turn on the whole cooking systems including the
cooker, air distinguisher, water heater for kitchen facilities. Besides it has
been planned to use an alarming system for the whole house security. By
using the power socket system, user can accomplish this facility by spending
a little amount.
Bedroom area:
Bedroom area connects with the switch controlling power supply, so to run
the home appliances of bedroom area first user needs to turn on this power
48

supply. It can be done through the automatic power supply or by sending


signal manually by using the transmitter.
Considering the previous discussions, user will use same transmitter for
both the power supplies. However, the bedroom sector can get the energy
from the automatic power supply too, but it needs to come via the switch
controlling power supply. User can use both of this power supplies together
or he can use automatic power supply and turn off the switch controlling
power supply. Anyhow, automatic power supply will be always on if the user
is inside the house else he turn it off manually. Now, the outcome of the
bedroom circuit will be discussed here.
For that sector,

Key 'A' turns on and off the lighting system.


Key 'B' works for the temperature controlling system for that sector.
Key 'C' controls a separate lighting system for using the toilet and

shower facilities.
Key 'D' helps to use the water heating facilities only for the toilet and
shower area.

For using this area of the house, first user needs to turn on the power
supply connected with this area. Then, for turning on the lighting system of
bedroom, button or key 'A' of the transmitter need to press. Lighting system
for the bedroom will remain on until the user presses the button 'A' second
time. For turning on the cooler facility or fan, user needs to press key 'B' and
it continue to cooling the environment of the room until he turns it off by
pressing it again. As mentioned before, key 'C' works for the lighting system
of the toilet and shower area and same way, user needs to press key 'C' to
turn it on and off. Last but not the least key 'D' helps to use the water
heating system to enhance the toilet and shower facilities. If user wants to

49

use hot water for toilet and shower purposes, he just needs to press button
'D' and for cancelling the use same way press it again. Security of bedroom
area also confirmed through the same security system oriented for living
room area. All the windows are connected with some sensors and all of
those sensors are getting power from the automatic power supply (power
sockets).
Through this flow chart the whole system can be easily explained.

50

Figure 14 Flow chart of the system

51

5.2 Description
Through, the whole project controlled by three different power sectors and
one of them is for the transmitter which needs to be on all the time and
others are working for the receivers. So, first of all, user needs to make sure
both the power supplies are on and giving 4.5V to 7V and more than 20mA
current. User always needs to keep the key fob transmitter with him, that he
can control anything from anywhere at home. It has been discussed that the
key fob has four key and it works from the distance of 40-75 feet.
The power supply for living and kitchen area is already on. When user
presses key 'A' of key fob, it can be seen the light of living room turns on and
it remain like that until he presses the key 'A' again. In the same way, when
the button or key 'B' has been pressed, the overall home temperature
controlling system turns on. For controlling the temperature of home it has
been trying to use a clock timer to turn on and off or reset the air
conditioning system. An Arduino Uno Rev3 reset board has been used for
controlling the latching facility. To accomplish this goal, the key fob
transmitter gives signal to the receiver, receiver will transfer it to the Arduino
and then the Arduino converts the outcome into latching. For that reason,
when user presses key 'B', whole flat's heating system turned on for a time
being and turn off for same duration (we did not make the reset timer into a
reasonable time because of the need of our experiment)and it will turn on
again after a same amount of time. As discussed, key 'C' is connected with
the power sockets for the whole flat, so when we pressed key 'C' on the key
fob it transfers energy for the sockets of whole flat. Micro-wave oven,
television, refrigerator and rice-cooker get power through those power
sockets. So, when the whole power sockets turned on, all those appliances
automatically get power and then user can easily use those manually. Last
but not the least; key 'D' works for turning on the whole cooking system
52

includes, cooker, water kettle, etc. Besides, all of those appliances can be
controlled in the same time or more than one at a time or once at a time. As
example, before entering user easily can turn on the lighting system for
living room and the heating system that gives warm and comfortable
environment before getting in. Overall this system is the most important part
of the project.

Figure 15 Circuit for living room

For discussing the practical use of the bedroom facilities like light, fan, toilet
light and toilet water heater, first user needs to turn the power supply on
relevant to that sector. After turning it on, user can easily control all the
home appliances related to bed room. To turn on the light for the bed room
user needs to press key 'A', for tuning on the fan, user needs to use key 'B',
for using toilet facilities, we need to press key 'C' and key 'D' individually for
toilet light and toilet water heater.

53

Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom

54

5.3 Discussions
After completing the simulation, assemble and viewing the results, it is
obvious to see that the simulation of the home automation system achieves
the desired goals. It shows the acting status of a smart home, which covers
the sectors of ease, comfort and flexibility.
This smart home controls by four separate systems.

Power supply system can distribute energy for all the home

appliances into two separate sectors with minimum efforts.


Lighting system can adjust to control during any situation, either in

day or night periods.


Temperature controlling system helps to control room temperature

most of the time according to user's need.


Alarming system also helps to provide enough security throughout
the whole day and night.

The cooperation of the all the four systems can be beneficial for any kind of
home or flat. There are lots of supporting factors for utilizing this project in
practical environment. Through this procedure, user easily can control all
the home appliances with limited efforts and limited expanses. Some of
those technical merits are explained below.

Wireless radio frequency system makes the home system more

comfortable and safe to use.


Do not need to give any extra physical efforts to turn on and off any

appliances like, lights, and heater etc.


Overall expanse is very much in control and it is cheaper than the
other smart home prospects as example, touch screen, mobile control

etc.
Through this process user also can save some energy than the normal
switch controlled home automation.
55

It makes possible to control electronic devices without using ordinary

switch board, which makes the room visibly more attractive.


User can control most of the home appliances from 75 feet distance
during any time of day.

To control both the rooms separately we are using two distance two different
power supplies. However, we can control both of the rooms by using one
power supply. Then both the rooms appliances will work together and the
outcome will come in same time.
For using this method in real condition, user needs to consider some of the
factors.

Five control systems need to be designed more precisely and clearly.


All the details should be maintained carefully. As example, instead of

using battery power supplies, user can use a normal power supplies.
Because of real home experiences, instead of using four or five
appliances, use should consider to use more appliances. However, to
accomplish this goal, receivers with more outputs should be chosen to

use.
Instead of using only PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) controller,
user can consider to use a combination of PLC (Programmable Logic

Circuit) controller.
Economically it can be more beneficial to use a single power supply
instead of two separate power supplies.

With the consideration of the above factors, a practical smart home can be
designed, simulated and used with real experiences.

56

Chapter 6: Critique
During the whole project we have achieved lots of obstacles. However, if we
compared with our original specification then we will find some areas we
struggled a lot to achieve, some areas we could not get success and some
areas we need to improve.

6.1 Unsuccessful goals

Security System:
During the design, it had been decided that to use an alarm system for
maintaining the home security. However, it increased the total cost of the
project, besides the time period is not enough to achieve this goal.

Single power Supply :


For the saving of energy, it was needed to use a single power supply for
whole project. Using one power supply could help us to save more
energy. However, this goal could not be achieved. Though, using the
same frequency receivers reduce the amount of cost. Besides, using
same transmitter for both the receivers also reduce some energy and
cost.

Controlling room temperature:


In the beginning, it was the plan to control the temperature of the whole
house instead of maintaining whole heating system. The receivers have
been used are not capable to accept that kind of signals. Those receivers
and transmitter only can control momentary, toggle and latching signals.

57

6.2 Improvement needed

Using same breadboard:


We could use a big breadboard for the whole system, although we prefer
to use two separate breadboards for two separate parts. However, we can
use a big breadboard, where we can build both the circuits.

Distance of the transmitter:


The transmitter we are using can only work from the distance of 25-30
meters. That means, we can only control living room appliances from
very little distance.

More than four Appliances:


A room in a small flat could have more than four appliances in a room.
However, we could not achieve this goal because of limitation of the
receivers. Those receivers cannot give more than four outcomes.

6.3 Struggling Points

control both the circuits separately:


For the project we need to control both the circuit separately but
because of the same transmitter, we need to control power supplies
separately. That needs more effort and more energy too.

testing circuit:
We struggled a bit during the testing of the circuits. Using the Arduino
Uno Rev3 and the Arduino IDE software was a little touch to accomplish.

6.4 Methods of improvement:

Single power supply could be possible, if we can manage a different


receiver which provides more outcomes.

To control room temperature we need to use a regulator and a circuit


which would work for controlling the temperature.

58

To use single breadboard is very simple to accomplish. We just need to


buy a breadboard which is bigger that two different circuits could be
built in one.

By changing the transmitter we easily can control it from far distances.


Actually it depends on the frequency too. So changing of the transmitter
would be a solution for that.

To get more outcomes we just need to get some more output pins for the
receivers. For that, we can build those receivers on that way or we can
totally change the receivers. Same thing we need to do for controlling
both the circuit separately. We can change the frequency of one of the
receivers and use two separate transmitters or we can add a new
transmitter and change one of the receivers.

For reducing the energy, PCB system could be replaced by PLC system.
Through this way, energy could be saved in huge margin but the cost of
the project and the practical utilization would be tougher.

In the end, it could be said that, the project has some errors and some
unsuccessful sections. But overall, it is practically proved and almost there
where it was planned in the beginning.

59

Chapter 7: Costing

The Project is designed by based on a transmitter (Key fob), a receiver and


an Arduino Uno R3 board. These products we purchased from an American
company named, Adafruit Industries Ltd. The other materials we bought
from local shop, Maplin - Electronics Specialist.

315 MHz - Key fob 4-Button RF remote control was bought from Adafruit

Industries Ltd, an America based company.


Two 315 MHz - Toggle Type simple RF T4 receiver was bought from

Adafruit Industries Ltd.


Arduino Uno- R3 was bought from a China based company.
6 volt/100mA power supply battery holder was purchased from Maplin.
1.5 V 4 AA batteries were purchased from Maplin, Sheffield.
Solder less Two Breadboard was bought from Maplin, Sheffield.
LEDs, Wires, Cables and other tools has been utilized in the project were
bought from Maplin, Sheffield.

Table 3 Costing of devices

Electronic equipment
Key fob transmitter
T4 Receiver
Arduino Uno- R3
Battery Holder
4 AA batteries pack
Solder less breadboard
Extra equipment

Per cost
5.80
4.93
19.58
4.29
3
7.52
42

Units
1
2
1
1
2
2
Total cost =

The total cost of project is about 105 Inc. VAT

60

Total cost
5.80
9.86
19.58
4.29
6
15.04
42
105 Inc. VAT

Chapter 8: Summary and Future Works


The project designed, produced and tested a home automation system in
several parts.

Design System
Design with Arduino board
Program with code for Arduino
Assembling and testing the model for result.

This Project could be design in nature by using handy portable key fob
facility. The cost of the project is also not that high and it is also take less
time to consume. This Project can be useful for the people who want to use
unconventional way to use switches and that can help to reduce exceeding
use of energy and power, such as electricity.
So, overall it could be a beneficiary project for the practical, busy and urban
life.
However, this project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can
control home appliances by sending an SMS. Benefit of using this
technology is there will not be any range limitation compared to RF
technology.

61

References
All About Circuits (2003-2012:N.G.)[Online]
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/4.html [23/01/14]
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