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Research Article
Exact Solutions of Heat and Mass Transfer with
MHD Flow in a Porous Medium under Time Dependent
Shear Stress and Temperature
Arshad Khan,1 Ilyas Khan,2 Farhad Ali,1,3 Asma Khalid,1,4 and Sharidan Shafie1
1
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Mathematics, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
4
Department of Mathematics, SBK Womens University, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
2
1. Introduction
Heat and mass transfer process is observed in lots of practical
situations, for example, evaporation and chemical reactions
as well as condensation. The industrial applications include
many transport processes where the simultaneous heat and
mass transfer occurs as a result of combined buoyancy effects
of thermal diffusion and diffusion of chemical species. Possibly, this is because of the fact that, in many numbers of technical transfer processes, the study of mixed heat and mass transfer is helpful. Few attempts in this direction are made by Singh
[1], Narahari [2], Narahari and Nayan [3], Narahari and Ishak
[4], Chaudhary and Jain [5], Das et al. [6], Soundalgekar et al.
[7], and Muthucumaraswamy et al. [8, 9]. A few late efforts in
the same area of research are presented in [49]. Significant
concern has been originated in the study of magnetic field
and the electrically conducting fluids flow, while medium is
porous [10]. The unsteady free convection fluid flows which
Porous medium
B0
y
t
T(0, t) = T + (Tw T ) , 0 < t < t0 , T(0, t) = Tw ; t t0 ,
t0
u(0, t) f(t)
=
, C(0, t) = Cw
thin-film photovoltaic devices [17]. Whenever the conventional supposition of periodic outdoor conditions may lead
to substantial errors in the case of a significant temporary
deviation of the temperature from periodicity, such as in
air conditioning, periodic step changes in temperature are
important [18]. Here some of recent and important contributions [1824] are presented.
Fluid flow past an infinite plate is of much importance
due to its large practical applications. Such motion is due to
many effects such as motions due to wall shear stress. Closedform results of the problems with shear stress on the wall
are difficult; therefore a very rare research is found in the
literature. Slip velocity depends on the shear stress linearly;
this idea was presented by Navier [25]. Free convection flow
near a vertical plate that applies arbitrary shear stress to the
fluid was investigated by Fetecau et al. [26]. However, as yet
no research has been presented earlier in the literature which
mainly focuses on the free convection conjugate flow with
thermal diffusion, while taking arbitrary shear stress along
ramped wall temperature.
Therefore, exact solutions for MHD conjugate flow of a
viscous fluid past a vertical plate that applies arbitrary shear
stress to the fluid are presented in this paper. Exact solutions
of the initial and boundary value problems that govern the
flow are obtained by using Laplace transform technique.
From general solutions some of special and limiting cases are
derived. The results for velocity field, the temperature field,
and concentration field are shown graphically and discussed
for different embedded parameters.
2. Mathematical Formulation
Consider the unsteady MHD free convection flow of an
incompressible viscous fluid over an infinite vertical plate.
The geometry of the problem is presented in Figure 1. The
plate is along the -axis and the -axis is assumed normal to
it. The plate and the fluid are at stationary positions with the
constant temperature and concentration . The fluid
experiences shear stress () by the plate after = 0+ . In the
meantime, the plate temperature is aroused or let down to
+( )(/0 ), when 0 , and thereafter, for > 0 , is
kept at constant temperature and concentration is aroused
to . The radiation is taken in the energy equation. However,
the radiative heat flux is assumed negligible in -direction.
We suppose that the fluid flow is laminar, grey absorbingemitting radiation but the medium is with no scattering. Furthermore, we suppose that the fluid is electrically conducting.
Hence, we take the following Maxwell equations:
div B = 0,
Curl E =
B
,
(1)
Curl B = J.
In the above equations, B, E, and are the magnetic field,
electric field intensity, and the magnetic permeability of the
fluid, respectively. By using Ohms law, the current density J
is given as
J = (E + V B) ,
(2)
(0, ) = + ( )
(0, ) = ;
,
0
0 < < 0 ,
0 ,
(, ) = 0,
(ii) B is perpendicular to V.
(iii) The induced magnetic field b is negligible compared
with the imposed magnetic field B0 .
(, ) = ,
(, ) = ;
> 0.
(7)
V
1
J B = [(V B0 ) B0 ] = 0 .
(3)
2
= ] 2 + ( ) + ( )
]
0 ;
2
= 2
, > 0,
, > 0,
2
= 2 + 1 2
(4)
, > 0,
(5)
(, 0) = 0,
(, 0) = ,
(, 0) = ;
0,
(0, ) ()
=
,
(0, ) = ;
> 0,
(8)
(6)
where , , , ], , , , , , , 0 , , , ,
1 , and are the fluid velocity in -direction, the fluid
concentration, the fluid temperature, its kinematic viscosity,
the gravitational acceleration, the constant density, the mass
transfer coefficient, the heat transfer coefficient, the fluid
electric conductivity, the heat capacity, the applied magnetic
field, the thermal conductivity, the radiative heat flux, mass
diffusivity, thermal diffusivity, and the permeability of the
porous medium.
The corresponding initial and boundary conditions are
4 4
,
3
(9)
= ] (1 + ) 2 ;
, > 0,
(10)
(11)
3
16
.
3
0
,
]
,
]0
(0, ) = ;
,
0
(0, ) = 1;
( ) =
0 < 1,
0
() ,
(0, ) = 1,
(, ) = 0,
(12)
(, ) = 0,
(, ) = 0;
> 0.
2
+ Gr + Gm ,
=
2
Preff
2
= 2,
(15)
(13)
( ) ]
Gm =
,
03
=
]
,
]
= 0 ,
]
0 = 2 ,
0
Sc =
Sr =
(14)
1 ( )
( ) ]
(, ) =
2 (, )
+ Gr (, ) + Gm (, )
2
(, ) =
2
1 (, )
,
Preff
2
(17)
(, ) =
2
2
1 (, ) Sr (, )
+
,
Sc
2
(18)
0,
= () ,
=0
1
,
(, ) = 0,
(, ) = 0,
(19)
(, )
= () ,
=0
(0, ) =
1
.
2
(, 0) = 0,
(, 0) = 0;
(16)
(, ) (, ) ,
( ) ]
,
03
02 0
2
1 2
+
Sr
,
=
Sc 2
2
Gr =
> 1,
(, ) =
1 Preff Preff
2
,
2
(20)
(21)
where
Preff
Preff 2
+ ) erf (
)
2
2
(, ) =
Preff
Preff
exp (
),
(22)
1 Sc 18 (1 ) Sc
+
2
(1 ) Preff
18 2
(23)
Sc
Sc2
) + 18 (( +
) erf
2
2
Sc 2 Sc/4
Sc
)
) 18 ((
(24)
+ 1
+1
6 (1 )
2 ( 5 ) + 1
7 (1 )
2 ( 1 ) + 1
+1
(26)
+1
8 (1 ) Preff
2 ( 1 )
11 (1 ) Preff
2 ( 1 )
10 (1 ) Sc
9
Sc ,
2 ( 5 )
( 3 )
(27)
1 = 2 (
(28)
1 () erf (1 ( ))
3/2
(1 )
Sc2
Sc
[18 (( 1 +
)
) erf (
2
2 1
2
)
1
2
1 /4
[
3/2
[ (1 )
Sc 1 2 Sc/4(1)
)] ( 1) ,
2Sc 318 Sc ( 1)
[
] ( 1) ,
( 1)
()
+1
(, ) = 1 + 2 ,
)] ( 1)
(, )
2Sc 318 Sc
=0
( 3 ) + 1
(, ) = (, ) + (, ) ,
Preff
Preff
Preff 2
)
) erf (
2
2
Preff
Pr 2
+ [18 (( 1 + eff ) erf (
)
2
2 1
+1
Preff /4 )
2 ( 1 ) + 1
+
2Preff
(, )
( 1 ( 1)) ,
=
=0
(, ) =
2 (1 )
1 (1)1 /4 erf (1 ( 1 ))
(25)
]
]
( 1) + [ 2
1
[
1
(2 1 ) 1 /4
] ( 1)
]
7 (
0
1 () erf (1 ( ))
3/2
(1 )
2
)
1
7
1 /4
+ [
3/2
[ (1 )
erf (
Sc
+ 3 ) ,
2
]
]
(2 1 ) 1 /4
+ 6 (
0
2 =
] ( 1)
]
3 () erf (3 ( ))
3/2
(3 )
2
)
3
Preff
(8 11 ) 1 Preff 1
1 )
erf (
2
21
2
Preff
(8 11 ) 1 +Preff 1
+ 1 )
erf (
212
2
+[
3 (1)1 /4 erf (3 ( 1 ))
]
]
( 1) + [ 6
3
[
] ( 1)
]
+ 4 (3 () erf (3 ( )))
0
Preff
Pr 2
8
( 1 + eff ) erf (
)] (
1
2
2 1
1) + [
1 /4
Preff
Pr 2
8
)
( + eff ) erf (
1
2
2
] ( 1)
Sc
9 3 3 Sc
3 ) + 9
erf (
23
3
2
erf (
Sc 2 Sc/4 10
Sc
)
+ 2 erf (
3
2
Sc
3 Sc3
) 10
232
2
(8 11 ) Preff 2 Preff /4 (8 11 )
+
1
12
erf (
erf (
10 Sc 1 2 Sc/4(1)
] ( 1) 10
3
3
Preff
Preff
( )
) [ 8 2 11 erf (
)]
1
2
2 1
3 (1)Sc3
( 1) + [ 10
232
(2 1 ) 1 /4
Sc
)] ( 1)
2 1
6
1 /4s
[
3/2
[ (3 )
1
Sc2
Sc
10
) [ 102
( +
) erf (
3
2
3
2
erf (
( 1) [ 7
1
[
Sc
3 +3 Sc
3 ) 9
23
2
(29)
1 (1)1 /4 erf (1 ( 1 ))
erf (
Sc
3 ( 1))] ( 1)
2( 1)
Sc
10 3 +Sc3
+ 3 )
erf (
2
23
2
Sc2
Sc
10
( 1 +
)] (
) erf (
3
2
2 1
1) + [
erf (
+[
(8 11 ) 1 (1)Preff 1
212
Preff
2( 1)
1 ( 1))] ( 1)
(8 11 ) 1 (1)+Preff 1
212
erf (
Preff
2( 1)
+ 1 ( 1))] ( 1)
(30)
1 ( ) 1 /4
(, ) =
,
(31)
where
(, ) = erf (
1 =
1
,
Preff 1
2 =
GrPreff
,
Preff 1
4 =
GmSc
,
Sc 1
6 =
GmScSrPreff Sc
,
Sc 1
7 =
GmScSrPreff Preff
,
Preff 1
2
+1
( 1 ) + 1
(, ) =
Gr
,
8 =
Preff 1
10 =
12 =
,
Preff 1
13 =
,
Sc 1
16 =
Preff 1
Sc 1
(32)
19
( 3 ) + 1
+1
(34)
20
( 1 ) + 1
+1
21
21
Sc +
Preff
( 3 )
( 1 )
9
Sc ,
( 3 )
(35)
where
GmSc3/2 SrPreff
19 =
,
(Preff Sc) (Sc 1)
21 =
+ 1
+1
(, ) = (, ) + (, ) ,
1 = + ,
()
+1
18 = SrScPreff ,
20 =
( 3 ) + 1
GmPr3/2
eff SrSc
Preff
( 1 )
GmScSrPreff
,
Sc 1
GmScSrPreff
,
Preff 1
15 =
Gm
,
Sc 1
11 =
(33)
Preff
(0, )
.
=
1
3 =
,
Sc 1
9 =
Preff
),
2
(, ) = 3 + 4 ,
3
2
GmPreff SrSc
.
(Preff Sc) (Sc 1)
(36)
= 2 (1 () erf (1 ( )))
0
1 /4
+ 4 (3 () erf (3 ( )))
0
1 /4
3 ()
+ 19 (
0
erf (3 ( )))
1 /4
where
(, ) = 5 + 6 ,
1 ()
20 (
0
1 /4
erf (1 ( )))
5 = 2 (
0
Sc
3 3 Sc
3 )
erf (
21
23
2
+
Sc
21
)
erf (
3
2
Preff
21 1 1 Preff
1 )
erf (
21
2
21
] ( 1)
]
12 () erf (12 ( ))
3/2
(12 )
2
)
12
7
/4
+ [
3/2
[ (12 )
Preff
8 1 1 Preff
1 )
erf (
21
2
(38)
]
]
( 1) [ 7
12
[
Sc
3 3 Sc
9
3 )
erf (
23
2
(2 1 ) /4
Sc
9
)
erf (
3
2
+ 6 (
0
Sc
3 +3 Sc
9
+ 3 ) .
erf (
23
2
] ( 1)
]
13 () erf (13 ( ))
3/2
(13 )
2
)
13
6
/4
[
3/2
[ (13 )
5. Limiting Cases
( 1) + [ 6
13
[
(, ) = (, ) + (, ) ,
]
]
(2 1 ) /4
7 (
Preff
1 +1 Preff
8
+ 1 )
erf (
21
2
Preff
+ 1 )
erf (
2
Preff
)
+ 8 erf (
1
2
2
)
12
( 1) + [ 2
12
[
Preff
21
)
erf (
1
2
21
1 +1 Preff
(37)
(12 )
3/2
2
/4
[
3/2
[ (12 )
Sc
3 +3 Sc
21
+ 3 ) ,
erf (
23
2
12 () erf (12 ( ))
(39)
(2 1 ) /4
] ( 1)
]
]
]
13 ()
+ 4 (
0
/4
13
Preff
Pr 2
8
)
( + eff ) erf (
12
2
2
erf (
12
+[
Sc
9 13 13 Sc
13 ) + 9
erf (
23
13
2
erf (
Sc
13 Sc3
) 10
232
2
Sc
13 +13 Sc
13 ) 9
erf (
213
2
erf (
Sc
+ 13 ) ,
2
Sc2
Sc
6 = 10 ( +
) [ 10
) erf (
2
13
2
13
2
Preff
Preff
( )
) [ 8 2 11 erf (
)]
12
2
2 1
( 1) + [
erf (
10 13 (1)Sc3
2
213
Sc
13 ( 1))] ( 1)
2( 1)
Sc
10 13 +Sc3
+ 13 )
erf (
2
213
2
Preff
2( 1)
+ 12 ( 1))] ( 1) ,
7
2
12 ()
= 2 (
0
/4
erf (12 ( )))
1
2
13 ()
+ 4 (
0
/4
erf (13 ( )))
13
10 Sc 1 2 Sc/4(1)
] ( 1) 10
13
13
erf (
12 ( 1))] ( 1)
(, ) = 7 + 8 ,
Preff
(8 11 ) 12 +Preff 12
+ 12 )
erf (
2
212
2
(8 11 ) Preff 2 Preff /4 (8 11 )
+
2
12
12
2( 1)
Sc 2 Sc/4 10
Sc
)
+ 2 erf (
13
2
Preff
(40)
Preff
(8 11 ) 12 Preff 12
12 )
erf (
2
212
2
+[
(8 11 ) 12 (1)Preff 12
2
212
(8 11 ) 12 (1)+Preff 12
2
212
erf (
Sc
erf (
)] ( 1)
2 1
Sc2
Sc
10
( 1 +
)] (
) erf (
13
2
2 1
1) + [
Preff
Pr 2
8
( 1 + eff ) erf (
)] (
12
2
2 1
1) + [
/4
13
Sc
21 13 13 Sc
13 )
erf (
213
2
Sc
21
)
erf (
13
2
Sc
21 13 +13 Sc
+ 13 ) ,
erf (
213
2
8
=
/4
12
Preff
21 12 12 Preff
12 )
erf (
212
2
Preff
21
)
erf (
12
2
Preff
21 12 +12 Preff
+ 12 )
erf (
212
2
Preff
8 12 12 Preff
12 )
erf (
212
2
10
7 (
Preff
8 12 +12 Preff
+ 12 )
erf (
212
2
Sc
9 13 13 Sc
13 )
erf (
213
2
213
3/2
(15 )
(2 1 ) /4
+ 6 (
3/2
(16 )
(15 )
2
)
15
(2 1 ) /4
16 ()
( 1) + [ 2
15
[
]
]
] ( 1)
]
/4
16
] ( 1)
15
Sc
9 16 16 Sc
16 ) + 9
erf (
216
2
16
erf (
Sc
16 Sc16
) 10
2
216
2
erf (
Sc
16 +16 Sc
16 ) 9
216
2
(2 1 ) /4
Preff
Pr 2
8
( 1 + eff ) erf (
)] (
15
2
2 1
] ( 1)
]
Preff
Pr 2
8
)
( + eff ) erf (
15
2
2
1) + [
2
/4
[
3/2
[ (15 )
]
]
( 1) + [ 6
16
[
2
)
16
6
/4s
[
3/2
[ (16 )
(, ) = 9 + 10 ,
3/2
+ 4 (
] ( 1)
]
16 () erf (16 ( ))
(42)
where
9 = 2 (
]
]
( 1) [ 7
15
[
Sc
+ 13 ) .
erf (
2
15 () erf (15 ( ))
2
)
15
7
/4
+ [
3/2
[ (15 )
(41)
Sc
9
)
erf (
13
2
13 +13 Sc
15 () erf (15 ( ))
10 =
Sc
+ 16 ) ,
2
Sc2
Sc
10
) [ 102
( +
) erf (
16
2
3
2
erf (
11
11
Sc
)] ( 1)
2 1
Preff
Preff
( )
) [ 8 2 11 erf (
)]
15
2
2 1
( 1) + [
/4
16
2
15 ()
20 (
(8 11 ) Preff 2 Preff /4 (8 11 )
+
2
15
15
/4
erf (15 ( )))
15
Sc
21 16 16 Sc
16 )
erf (
216
2
Sc
21
)
erf (
16
2
Sc
21 16 +16 Sc
+ 16 ) ,
erf (
216
2
12
3 (1)Sc3
10
Preff
(8 11 ) 1 +Preff 1
+ 1 )
erf (
2
215
2
erf (
/4
erf (16 ( )))
16
Sc 2 Sc/4 10
Sc
)
+ 2 erf (
16
2
16 ()
+ 4 (
Preff
(8 11 ) 15 Preff 15
15 )
erf (
2
215
2
/4
15
2
Sc 1 2 Sc/4(1)
] ( 1) 10
+ [ 10
16
16
2
216
Sc
3 ( 1))] ( 1)
2( 1)
15 15 Preff
21
215
(44)
erf (
Preff
15 )
2
Preff
21
)
erf (
15
2
Preff
21 15 +15 Preff
+ 15 )
erf (
215
2
Sc2
Sc
[ 10 ( 1 +
)] (
) erf (
16
2
2 1
Preff
8 15 15 Preff
15 )
erf (
215
2
( ) 15 (1)Preff 15
1) + [ 8 11
2
215
Preff
8
)
erf (
15
2
Preff
8 15 +15 Preff
+ 15 )
erf (
215
2
Sc
9 16 16 Sc
16 )
erf (
216
2
Sc
9
)
erf (
16
2
Sc
9 16 +16 Sc
+ 16 ) .
erf (
216
2
erf (
Sc
10 16 +Sc16
+ 16 )
erf (
2
216
2
erf (
+[
Preff
2( 1)
15 ( 1))] ( 1)
(8 11 ) 15 (1)+Preff 15
2
215
erf (
Preff
2( 1)
+ 15 ( 1))] ( 1) ,
(43)
12
6. Special Cases
The obtained velocities in Section 3 are more general. Hence,
some special cases of the present results are presented. In
order to learn much more about the physical importance of
the problem, technical relevance of these cases is found in
literature.
6.1. Case-I: () = (). Consider () = (), where
and () are a dimensionless constant and the unit step
function. The infinite vertical plate applies a constant shear
stress to the fluid which is observed after time = 0. There
is no change seen in convective part of the velocity, while the
mechanical part has been changed as
(, ) =
/41
;
(45)
(52)
sin ( ) /4
(, ) =
,
(53)
(, ) =
sin ( ) /4
.
exp ( ) cos ( + ) ,
2
2 4
(54)
equivalently
(, ) =
1 2 2 /42 1 2
+
, (46)
1
2 2 /42 2
, (47)
/4
(, ) =
.
(48)
(, ) =
sin ( ) /41
.
(49)
(50)
where
2
(, ) =
(, ) =
sin ( ) /41
,
2 /41
sin ( )
(51)
13
u(y, t)
1.5
Gr = 0.5, 0.8, 1
0.5
Figure 2: Velocity profiles for Preff = 0.350 ( = 1, Pr = 0.7), = 0.7, = 1.2, and different values of Gr when the plate applies constant
shear stress = 0.25.
u(y, t)
u(y, t)
1.5
M = 0, 1, 2
0.5
u(y, t)
1.5
0.5
2
y
8. Conclusions
The aim of this research is to examine the unsteady MHD
free convection flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid
over an infinite plate. The ramped wall temperature, thermal
diffusion, and wall shear stress to the fluid are taken. Closedform solutions for velocity field, temperature field, and
concentration field are obtained using the Laplace transform
technique. The results are shown in terms of the complementary error function. The initial and boundary conditions
are satisfied by the obtained results and different parameters
14
1
u(y, t)
Kp =1, 2, 3
0.5
Sr = 0.01, 0.9, 2
0.5
0.8
T(y, t)
u(y, t)
f = 1, 2, 3
0.6
Preff = 0.116, 0.175, 0.35
0.4
1
0.2
0
0
10
C (y, t)
u(y, t)
1.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
10
15
10
Conflict of Interests
are plotted. The fluid velocity (, ) is written as a sum of
two components, that is, convective and mechanical. The
velocity solution is further written as a sum of the steady-state
and transient solutions (, ), respectively, (, ) in the
second special case, in which the plate applies an oscillating
shear stress to the fluid. Magnetic parameter slows the fluid
flow.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge MOE and Research
Management Centre, UTM, for the financial support through
Votes nos. 04H27 and 4F255 for this research.
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