FinalDocu (Chapd 1-3)

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
673 Quirino Highway, San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City

College of Engineering
Department of Electronics Engineering
LOAD POWER CONTROL VIA GSM
Hallig, Jhon Roy R.

Pelgone, John Alvin
Fajardo, Roldan A.
Corales, abegail C.
Simpia, Maria Rochelle
Vargas, Ron Eleazar C.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting
1.1 Background of the study.
1.2 Introduction.
1.3 Conceptual Framework.
1.4 Theoretical Framework.
1.5 Statement of the Problem/Objectives
1.6 Scopes and Limitation.
1.7 Significance of the study.
1.8 Definitions of Terms.
Chapter II: Review a Related Concepts (Studies/Literature)
2.1 Foreign Literature.
2.2 Local Literature.
Chapter III: Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Design and Procedure.
3.2 Plan and Circuits.
3.3 Respondents of the Study.
3.4 Research instruments.
3. 5 Statistical Treatment of data.

Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Setting
1.1 Background of the Study
As predicted, the Philippines are heading into a summer power crisis. One peculiarity of
the widespread use of English in the Philippines is the mismatch between seasonal names and the
months of the year. The Philippine term for this period is literally time of heat but among English
speakers this is summer, rather to the bemusement of Americans who associate that term with
June through August. Energy crisis is a major problem being faced by the government,
researchers and Engineers in the Philippines and other countries in the world. Since it is a
necessity to human and animals, we cannot ignore this issue as it will massively affect the lives,
operations on daily basis and life supports of all the living things in an area particularly in the
Philippines. Introducing a new kind of renewable energy resources would serve as a big hand not
only to make peoples lives easier but also to mold the situation of the future in all terms:
Technological, agriculture, industrial operations, scientific knowledge or information and any
other aspects that may relate.
The main response to the predicted shortages has been the Interruptible Load Program
(ILP). This enrolls large establishments who have their own generators (shopping malls, office
buildings, factories) to voluntarily interrupt their power from the main grid and start running
their generators when a shortage is predicted. The concept is that if an outage occurred they
would have to do so anyway, so it is more socially and economically beneficial to do this in a
planned fashion. Though the details of compensation its source and amount have not been
finalized, many firms have signed up. Some private sector economists feel this will be sufficient.
Others are not so sanguine, including the governments Department of Energy. Thus, last year,
the administration of President Noynoy Aquino requested a joint congressional resolution
granting him emergency powers for a limited time period to fast-track contracts for new power
generation. The proposal was controversial naturally the political opposition was suspicious of
increased presidential powers; some felt that since the ILP was in place it was not necessary, and
others recalled the Ramos example as yielding high-priced power. [14]

The Philippines high electricity rates have not only hurt ordinary consumers, but have
also served as among the biggest barriers against investments in the country. Analysts say that
what the Philippines needs the most is not more privatization and economic liberalization which
have actually exacerbated rather than ameliorated the country's structural economic weaknesses
since the 1990s. What the country needs is a stronger state that (a) can bust oligarchic collusion,
and (b) protect the interest of the consumers and productive sectors of the economy.
This feeds into the discourse about a power shortage of another kind the allegedly
waning power of President Aquino. Last year there were controversies about pork barrel funding
through legislative-executive collaboration, and a flexible executive budgetary process
(the Disbursement Acceleration Program), both of which were declared unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court. Many warned that without these political tools the presidents influence over the
legislative. [14]
What we see today in the Philippines is more a country that has come to confront its
internal demons than an emerging market firmly placed on an inexorable tiger road. Nothing
underscores this complex picture more than the latest uproar over an alleged collusion among
power-generating companies to introduce a further hike in electricity prices. To put things into
perspective, the Philippines already has Asia's most expensive electricity rates, even higher than
post-Fukushima Japan. Such prohibitive rates have not only hurt ordinary consumers, but have
also served as among the strongest disincentives against manufacturing investments in the
country. [17]
But there is a deeper lesson to draw from the Philippines' power-generation predicament.
Contrary to the conventional analysis forwarded by most analysts, including Karen Brooks, what
the Philippines needs the most is not more privatization and economic liberalization per se -which have actually exacerbated rather than ameliorated the country's structural economic
weaknesses since the 1990s -- but instead a stronger state that (a) can bust oligarchic collusion,
and (b) protect the interest of the consumers and productive sectors of the economy. And we

won't have a dramatic turnabout in the Philippines' economic fortunes unless the Aquino
administration and its successors fully internalize the indispensable role of the state, which
ranges from ensuring the rule of law to protecting strategic sectors of the economy against
special interest, even in an era of economic globalization. [17]
The Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM), on the other hand, which commenced
its Visayas WESM in early 2011. By October 2012, the integrated WESM had a total of 124
participants comprised of 54 generating companies and 47 customer trading participants
comprised of six Private Distribution Utilities (PDUs), 26 Electric Cooperatives (ECs), 13 bulk
end-users and seven wholesale aggregators. Approximately 2,636GWH, translating to 9.2
percent of the total energy consumed in the Luzon and Visayas regions, were traded in the
WESM from October 2011 to April 2012, while the remaining 90.8 percent of the total volume
was transacted and settled outside the market. [18]
Our shortage of electricity is a real, serious problem that we cannot downplay. But if we
focus exclusively on it, we run the risk of seeing just the trees and not the forest. That was what
then energy undersecretary Rufino Bomasang told participants of a media briefing on business
and economics reporting convened by the Press Foundation of Asia at Los Baos, Laguna almost
two decades ago. Today, the scenario has not changed. In an article which appeared in Business
Mirror, Adam Jones wrote: As it stands, the (Philippines) relies heavily on outside sources of
energy, which account for roughly 65 percent of its energy needs. However, despite slowing
industrial demand for power, some industry insiders still believe the country could face a power
shortage of 3000 megawatts by 2012. Speaking in London in June 1997, then British
environment minister Michael Meacher said: Energy policies should be designed to promote
cleaner, more efficient energy use and production. We want a new and strong drive to develop
renewable energy sources. Doing so will create jobs, win exports and protect the environment.
Jones agrees. As the Philippines continue to pursue a path of global competitiveness, it is
becoming evident that securing an adequate energy supply will be ever more critical to its
growing industries. Harnessing renewable energy will surely play a larger role in the years to

come. The practice of converting resources into electrical energy arose for many reasons. In
some cases, it was not possible to make effective use of certain energy sources except by
converting them to electricity. [19]
As for our project, the load power control, it can manipulate the on and off system of
each appliances that are connected to the device via text message using GSM module. This
project can help out in terms of power saving or power consumption because it limits the
allowable power to distribute in every load, it also make sure that no load will overheat. Occur
because all of the load that are connected to device can virtually control and tend to shut down
once it detects overload s and high power consumption than the allowable power to use. The user
can send message to the device according to its code and the device connected on a particular
outlet to turn on or off. On the other hand the device can also send message to the user to inform
that the power consumption is high.

1.2 Introduction
Why do we use alternating current (AC) power? Why dont power companies just distribute
direct current (DC) power, since the first thing we normally do with modern appliances is
convert the AC to DC? The answer to those questions dates back to Thomas Edisons efforts to
promote his incandescent lamp and electrify New York.
Edisons generators produced DC power, which worked fine for local distribution, but required
either very large cables to supply loads more than a few blocks away, or a power station every
few blocks. This is because, at voltages practical for end use, large currents were required to
electrify more than just a small area. Enter Nikola Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, who
promoted high-voltage AC transmission lines with a low voltage substation every few blocks for
local distribution. The important difference was the substation only required a transformer, while
the DC solution required a complete steam-powered power plant. [16]
Ultimately, Westinghouse settled the war that ensued when he built a hydroelectric plant at
Niagra Falls that was able to supply loads hundreds of miles away. However, in the few
extremely long, point-to-point transmission lines, the balance tips back toward very high voltage
DC transmission lines (e.g., the power line from Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State to Los
Angeles).
AC power enabled many other inventions key to industrialization, from the induction motor and
gas discharge lamp ballasts to light dimmers and electric shavers. But part of the dark side of AC
power is this notion of power factor. The voltage for DC power is constant, so there is no phase
associated with it; AC power is (ideally) sinusoidal, with the voltage and current crossing 0 V at
120 times a second (twice per 60 Hz cycle). If the load (or even the power line) is slightly
inductive or capacitive, the current will either lag or lead the voltage. [14]

Power electronics is the technology of processing and controlling the flow of electric power by
modifying and supplying the voltage and current in a form that is best suitable to the customer at
the load end. Power electronics is more concerned with the electronics principles in the situations
that are related at a power level than at the signal level. This area of electronics originated from
the silicon-controlled Rectifier Evolution in 1956 by Bell Laboratory. SCR technology led the
breakthrough in power-handling capability of electronic devices by making minor changes in the
structure of signal electronics devices. This led to high-performance semiconductor devices with
better voltage and current-handling capability which are currently used in different applications
such as in blowers, fans, AC, battery chargers, refrigerators, dryers, HVDC transmissions, pf
correction with static compensators, static circuit breakers, relays, UPS, etc. Power electronics
amalgamates three major areas of electrical engineering: power, electronics, and control.
The power source to the PE system may be a DC or AC supply, depending upon the application
or condition of that location. The output of the PE system may be a variable AC or DC voltage or
may be a variable voltage and frequency. Thus, the power needs to be processed in between the
source and load. This is done with the help of a converter.
A failure in the converter affects the users, and the loss in the converter is the loss in the overall
system. A converter must be reliable and must be made of components having a negligible loss
such as semiconductor switches. The feedback component measures the parameters of the load
and compares it with a command signal. The difference of the two serves as a basis for the turnon and turn-off commands of the power electronics device. [14]
Monitoring the load on the motor that is driving a machine or process can give you
valuable information since this motor reflects the changes that are going on. On a mixer or
agitator, for example, as the viscosity increases, it will take more power to stir the mixture and

when it thins the load goes down. When cutting metal, as a tool gets dull, it takes more power to
make the cut. And, when a pump runs dry, the load drops off sharply. [15]
The purpose of this paper is to explore the conceptual requirements and opportunities to
develop load control schemes that are competitive with conventional generation based
approaches to providing power system control services. In principle, practically any measure that
can be taken by generating units (i.e., the supply side) to ensure that electricity generation and
load are equal has an equivalent countermeasure that can be taken by loads (the demand side).
The primary characteristic of load control that distinguishes it from conventional generationbased approaches is that it must deliver a reliable resource to the power system while
simultaneously maintaining a level of service commensurate with customer expectations. These
two objectives are often in competition, and one of the greatest technical challenges to the
competitiveness of engaging loads in power system services is to develop approaches that
balance these objectives. In order to balance systemic and local control objectives, we believe
load control schemes must meet the dual goals of being both fully responsive and non-disruptive.
In this context, we define fully responsive as enabling high-resolution system-level control
across multiple time scales. This is desirable for load control competitiveness because
conventional generation based approaches is they fully responsive. Furthermore, we define nondisruptive control as having an imperceptible effect on end-use performance [such as building
temperature, lighting levels, pump speeds, and electric vehicle state of charge (SoC)]. No
disruptiveness underpins the reliability and cost of providing load control: strategies that are
disruptive run the risk of frustrating customers to the point where they withdraw from the
program or demand higher payments to participate. Though we will discuss price response in this
paper, we will focus on direct load control and how organizations such as distribution utilities or
third-party companies might aggregate loads to achieve a desired response, possibly for
integration into electricity markets. [15]

1.3 Conceptual Framework

OUTPUT
Testing
Assembly
of Sensors,
Languages
Processors,
PROCESS
for PIC
Displays
Microcontrollers
and Drivers
Testing Software Applications
Creating a System Design Block Diagram, Schematics, and Layouts
Figure 1-1: Conceptual Framework

Diagram
Effective Power Load Control System

1.4 Theoretical Framework
1. A framework for load control in 3rd generation CDMA networks

- In this paper we present a theoretical framework for load control in thirdgeneration CDMA systems and discuss its application with a few examples.
Starting with the general transmission model we derive a unified description of
resource consumption and system load for the uplink and for the downlink. The
basic resources in a CDMA system are the total received power in the uplink and
the total transmitted power in the downlink. It turns out that very similar relations
can be found for the uplink and for the downlink. In addition to the well-known
formulation of the uplink noise rise we introduce the novel concept of downlink
power rise to define the system load in the downlink. The impacts of intrinsic
system attributes such as loss of orthogonality in the downlink and variable data
rate transmission are studied. Moreover, it is shown how the load control theory
can be applied to admission control, random access control and dynamic
scheduling the UMTS. [21]
2. Power Control of a Solar/Wind Generation System without Wind Measurement:

Passivity/Sliding Mode Approach
- This paper deals with the control of the output power of a solar/wind stand-alone
system. The control system regulates the generation of the wind subsystem in
order to satisfy, jointly with the photovoltaic generation subsystem, the load and
battery charge power demand. The controller is designed using a theoretical
framework that unifies passivity and sliding mode techniques. The resultant
control law does not need wind measurement and only relies on rotational speed
and current measurements. An analysis of the acceleration estimate error is carried
out and a countermeasure to compensate its effects is proposed. Finally, the

performance of the controller is assessed through computer simulation, using a
comprehensive nonlinear model of the plant. [21]
3. Achieving Controllability of Electric Loads

- This paper discusses theoretical frameworks for actively involving highly
distributed loads in power system control actions. The context for load control is
established by providing an overview of system control objectives, including
economic dispatch, automatic generation control, and spinning reserve. The paper
then reviews existing initiatives that seek to develop load control programs for the
provision of power system services. We then discuss some of the challenges to
achieving a load control scheme that balances device-level objectives with power
system-level objectives. One of the central premises of the paper is that, in order
to achieve full responsiveness, direct load control (as opposed to price response)
is required to enable fast time scale, predictable control opportunities, especially
for the provision of ancillary services such as regulation and contingency
reserves. Centralized, hierarchical, and distributed control architectures are
discussed along with benefits and disadvantages, especially in relation to
integration with the legacy power system control architecture. Implications for the
supporting communications infrastructure are also considered. Fully responsive
load control is illustrated in the context of thermostatically. [20]
4. Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Methods in Power System Network
- The intent of this paper is to present an analysis of reactive power control and
voltage stability in power systems. It identifies a new model used to enhance
voltage stability and exposes several key issues that had remained as research
challenges in this area. The steady state voltage and reactive power control in
distribution systems can be properly controlled by coordinating the available

voltage and reactive power control equipment, such as on-load tap-changers,
substation shunt capacitors and feeder shunt capacitors. It began with an overview
of reactive power and voltage stability in transmission, distribution and load, and
the importance of providing reactive power locally. The description of selected
control features of shunt power systems such as SVC (Static Var Compensator)
static compensators of reactive power, STATCOM-type systems (Static
Compensator), static reactive power generators and systems that combine both
these solutions, which are referred to as SVC based on STATCOM were not left
out. It explains the need to improve the voltage stability of Power system, as well
as the increasing requirements for energy quality and security. It also discusses the
techniques that were adopted in controlling and monitoring of the rate of power
flow in the entire power system topology. This investigates the system to an
optimal level in order to reduce losses and ensures sufficiency of reactive power
control during normal and emergency conditions and to prevent voltage collapse.
[20]
5. Distorted and Unbalanced Systems Compensation within Instantaneous Reactive

Power Framework.
- Theory has been widely used to control active power filters since its formulation
in 1983. The compensation strategy used by the theory has not suffered
modification; so it used the constant power compensation strategy. In this way, the
supply instantaneous power after compensation is constant. This kind of
compensation strategy presents good results in the case of balanced and sinusoidal
voltages; however, it is not appropriate in the case of unbalanced or nonsinusoidal voltages. This paper extends the theory to get control strategies which
allow attacking the unity power factor compensation. [20]

1.5 Statement of the Problem/Objectives
1. To proposed a GSM based system for controlling the appliances for the people who are
not at home, this is done remotely by sending an SMS message from a mobile phone.
2. To effectively receive and transmit data via SMS.
3. To eliminate the need of being physically present in any location for tasks involving the
operation of appliances within a household/office.
4. To minimize power and time wastage.
5. To use GSM device interfaced with microcontroller in sending masked SMS.
1.6 Scope and Delimitation

The scope of our project Load Power Control Via GSM is immense. The future
implications of the project are very great considering the amount of time and resources it saves.
This project work is complete on its own in remotely and automatically switching on and off of
any electrical appliance not limited to household appliances, and sends a feedback message
indicating the new present state of the appliance.The proposed approach for designing this
system is to implement a microcontroller-based control module that receives its instructions and
command from a cellular phone over the GSM network. The microcontroller then will carry out
the issued commands and then communicate the status of a given appliance or device back to the
cellular phone.
1.7 Significance of the Study

Everything today is almost wirelessly controlled started from television via infrared
remote controller, speakers, air conditioners, and so many more. Even though it is controlled in
short range only, it plays very important role on our industry and society. The reason why this
study is vital can be explained in some aspects.
First, the findings of this research will rebound to the benefit of the society especially for
the parents usually away from their houses and live their children freely operating their home
appliances. This can operate everywhere you are as long as you have your cellular phone. Even
when you are working away from your home, everything plug unto this device can be control by
the users which can prevent over usage that can cause fire and ends one life.
Second, energy saving is very important, to save money, to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, and also to reduce air pollution. This device has a technology that can monitor power
consumption of anything plug unto it and limits its consumption, for that it will help to save
energy.

1.8 Definition of Terms
GSM Modem
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator
perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.GSM Modem comes in various
interfaces, such as PCMCIA Type II, USB, and Serial. GSM Modem is however the main
difference is that GSM Modem is wireless, while dial-up modem is wired.
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

LCD Display
LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other
smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow
displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less
power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light
rather than emitting it.
Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the
form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a
typically small amount of RAM.
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as
a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage
oscilloscope), is a type ofelectronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying
signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time.
Other signals (such as sound or vibration) can be converted to voltages and displayed.
Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of an electrical signal over time, such that voltage
and time describe a shape which is continuously graphed against a calibrated scale. The
observedwaveform can be analyzed for such properties as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time
interval, distortion and others. Modern digital instruments may calculate and display these
properties directly. Originally, calculation of these values required manually measuring the
waveform against the scales built into the screen of the instrument.

CDMA
CDMA and GSM are both multiple access technologies. They're ways for people to
cram multiple phone calls or Internet connections into one radio channel.
CDMA required a bit more processing power. It's a "code division" system. Every call's
data is encoded with a unique key, then the calls are all transmitted at once; if you have
calls 1, 2, and 3 in a channel, the channel would just say 66666666. The receivers each
have the unique key to "divide" the combined signal into its individual calls.
Static VAR Compensator
A static VAR compensator is a set of electrical devices for providing fast-acting reactive
power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks. SVCs are part of the Flexible AC
transmission system device family, regulating voltage, power factor, harmonics and stabilizing
the system. Unlike a synchronous condenser which is a rotating electrical machine, a static VAR
compensator has no significant moving parts (other than internal switchgear). Prior to the
invention of the SVC, power factor compensation was the preserve of large rotating machines
such as synchronous condensers or switched capacitor banks.
MOSFET
The metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS
FET) is a type of transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals.
Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), drain (D), and body
(B) terminals,[1] the body (or substrate) of the MOSFET is often connected to the source
terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other field-effect transistors. Because these two
terminals are normally connected to each other (short-circuited) internally, only three terminals
appear in electrical diagrams. The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in
both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more
common.
Chapter 2
REVIEW A RELATED CONCEPT

2.1 Foreign Literature
According in [1] the paper presents Wireless Load Control Device (WLCD) using GSM module.
The WLCD consists of PIC18F4550, GSM Module, relay circuit, keypad, and LCD.
PIC18F4550 is used as a microcontroller to process the received data and then the output signal
is sent for on/off relay switch. The users can on/off load in two ways, either keypad or short
message service (SMS). The WLCD can control three loads and the current status of each load is
displayed on the LCD. A working prototype of WLCD was built to demonstrate the effectiveness
and efficiency of on/off load control through the GSM network.
In [2] the present system of energy billing is error prone and also time and labor consuming.
Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing like errors with electro-mechanical meters,
human errors while noting down the meter reading, and errors while processing the paid bills and
the due bills. The home appliances which consume more power cause an increase in the payment
of excessive bills. The remedy for all these problems GPMC (GSM based power meter and
control system) is developed which consist of the integration of a single phase Class 1,
IEC61036, standard compliance digital kWh power meter. It will keep track of the meter reading
of each day and the reading with the user identification number send it to the user as well as to
the electricity department and Electricity e-Billing system associated with electricity department
will keep the track of each SMS meter reading and the appropriate bill get generated at the last
day of the month and the bill is forwarded to user from the server. So there is no chance of
confusion to the user for paying the bill. The GPMC also feature distribution control system
which controls the power of the appliances remotely.
In [3] the remote power distribution system using GSM aims to design and implement efficient
and cost effective solution for replacing the manual process of power cut/load shedding from a
centralized location. It consists of two GSM modems, one at the control station and the other one
connected to the transformer from where the electricity is divided into certain branches in an

area. Here the control station modem utilizes GSM network to turn a branch line of a transformer
either on/off. It also consists of a LCD display which displays the state of the channel/branches
of the transformer as either on/off. In case of network failure, a set of manual switches are also
there to turn on/off the channels manually. Electromagnetic relays are used as circuit breakers.
In [4] the application of computer interfaced controlling devices increasingly rapidly in modem
age. Analogous wired systems are substituted by computer interfaced system alternatives in
growing number of industries. Such control systems had been developed with complex and
critical high-end stuffs. In this paper, we developed an automated system that controls the
switching of electric feeder power supply featuring the existing GSM technology. The target is to
operate the device according to a preset sequence of on-off mode for three feeders after a
particular time interval and to monitor the running condition. The device sends short message
updating the status of every action. It also warms the consumers about load shedding using GSM
module via sending message. Controlling the gate pulse of a MOSFET that operates the relay, it
executes on-off operation of the circuit breaker of the respective feeders. Since GSM technology
is used worldwide for communication, third world countries that are still struggling to meet the
power demand can use this technology to operate and monitor the condition of power
distribution. To operate the GSM device, AT command of GSM location operation for SIM900 is
used. This paper targets to improve the power distributing system in developing countries like
India, Bangladesh, Nepal where power crisis load shedding quite a common phenomenon.
In [5] this paper presents the development of Automatic Trip Control System for Energy
Management using GSM. The proposed system monitors the usage level of electricity of every
consumer at all the time. During excess of electrical energy used by consumer, the system will
give the alerts through an alarm circuit. After the alarm circuit, the consumer has to take an
alternative solution to cut-off excess supply from the Electricity Board (EB) to stop alarming.

Otherwise, the circuit breaker will come into OFF position and the supply will be tripping-off
coming from EB. The information about the particular consumer will be sent to EB through
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication Network).Then, the consumer has to give the
requisition to EB for making the circuit breaker coming into normal with the help of PIC
microcontroller, which is programmed to monitor the parameters of electrical energy. This
system helps for illegal usage of electricity, monitoring the energy, maintaining data on tariff etc.
The implementation and demonstration of the system were made.
In [6] the load monitoring and protection on electrical power lines are important factors in
Electricity Field. The Paper proposes a monitoring of Load and Power lines using SMS based
GSM Technology. The Proposed methodology is designed and implemented using mobile
embedded system to monitor and record load fluctuations with respect to current and voltage in
electric power lines and it also controls the same when line breaks during high load. The
proposed on-line monitoring system integrates a Global Service Mobile (GSM) Modem;
withstand along single chip microcontroller and sensor packages. It is installed at the site and
above mentioned parameter are recorded using -in -8-channel analog to digital convert (ADC) of
the embedded system .The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the system
memory. If there is any abnormality according to some predefined instruction and policies that
are stored on the embedded system EEPROM then GSM alerts to concerned control room
immediately. This mobile system will help the utilities to optimally utilize the protection of
power line and identify problems before any catastrophic failure. This system provides flexible
control of load parameters accurately and also provides effective means for rectification of faults
if any abnormality occurs in power lines using SMS through GSM network.
In [7] this project is also designed to protect the electrical circuitry by operating an
Electromagnetic Relay. This Relay gets activated whenever the electrical parameters exceed the
predefined values. The Relay can be used to operate a Circuit Breaker to switch off the main
electrical supply. User can send commands in the form of SMS messages to read the remote

electrical parameters. This system also can automatically send the real time electrical parameters
periodically (based on time settings) in the form of SMS. This system can be designed to send
SMS alerts whenever the Circuit Breaker trips or whenever the Voltage or Current exceeds the
predefined limits. This project makes use of an onboard computer which is commonly termed as
microcontroller. This onboard computer can efficiently communicate with the different sensors
being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory
is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the functioning of the
controller is dependent on these assembly instructions. The controller is programmed using
Embedded C language.
In [8] the Modern world intelligent control is adopted in every field, although the service
provider for energy are still uses the conventional methods for getting the energy consumed by
the customer. The conventional method is very time consuming and expensive which may also
lead to human error. Our proposed method will automatically send the data of the digital energy
meter to the service provider with the help of the GSM modem once in a day and hence the
system will generate a report and send to the service provider once in a day through SMS. The
same system can be used to check the last reading consumed by the consumer, when the demand
request send by the user through the same methodology. It can also be used to control the load
from both the ends with the help of relay circuit. An LCD display is provided to display the
readings and to update the consumers informations such as tariff change or sudden power cut.
In [9] Electrical energy is very important form of energy source in present day to day life. It
should be used very practical expediency for its proper utilization. But in India we have lot of
position where we have a more than necessary of production of supply for the electricity; still
many areas do not have the electrical supply for utilization. Distribution of electrical energy are
also responsible for encouragement of utilization because we are still not able to correctly
estimate our exact requirements of load by consumers and still power theft existing at a
particular time. Consumers are also not satisfied with the service providing by the power

companies. Most of Consumers have complaints regarding Energy meter errors in their monthly
bills. Energy theft is a major problem for the Electricity board, by this Technology
implementation the energy Theft completely eliminated. Through GSM metering we can get the
Energy consumed every weekly. The purpose of this project is to Remote Network Monitoring
and control of the Energy meter. The Electricity Department has the authority to read the meter
readings whenever they need without a human being visiting each and every house. This type of
energy meter reading is done by the microcontroller unit; the micro controller continuously
monitors and records the Energy Meter readings in its non-volatile memory location in the micro
controller unit. In this Project we are using of a GSM modem for remote monitoring and control
of Energy Meter by sending a SMS to the unit.
In [10] these days the electricity department has to send employees for taking meter reading
every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job. This project provides a convenient
and efficient method to avoid this problem. The electricity office can take the readings of
consumers using GSM at their place. The desired number is auto saved on the microcontroller
over a missed call. The main objective of the project is to develop a wireless based energy meter
reading system. Also the loads can be controlled GSM using this project. The microcontroller
takes the reading from the energy meter and displays the reading on the LCD. The reading of the
energy meter is also sent to the control room by a message via GSM modem. This GSM modem
also receives commands from any cell phone to control the electrical loads. It uses a standard
energy meter that delivers output pulses for microcontroller to do counting for necessary action.
On receiving command it can even switch ON/OFF the load. The power supply consists of a step
down transformer 230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to DC
using a Bridge rectifier. The ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is then regulated
to +5V using a voltage regulator 7805 which is required for the operation of the microcontroller
and other components.
2.2 Local Literature

According to [11] the Business Dictionary, a transformer is a device that converts an alternating
(A/C) current of a certain voltage to an alternating current of different voltage, without change of
frequency, by electromagnetic induction. A step up transformer receives a low voltage and
converts into a higher voltage, and a step down transformer does just the reverse.
Transformers allow you to use your 110V of appliance and 220V-240V.
The highest power of transformer 50w-750w with plastic handles. Also, it has a fuse as a
protective device for over voltage. This will be the initial warning as it blows to inform you or
the user that the ampere rating being used is more than the allowable. It also protects your
appliance against short circuits and other dangerous faults to avoid accidents like fire. We also
have a convenient switch for easier turn-on and shut-off without the need of pulling the plug
from your wall outlet.
In [12] this study aims to develop an automatic water meter reading system that will enhance the
Analog water meter data collection by utilizing wireless technology using GSM module system
for data transmission to increase the range of data transmission. It consists of the hardware and
the software design. The hardware involves the analog meter, the GSM module, the differential
pressure sensor, and a desktop or a laptop. While the software is developed in order to receive
and to store data transmitted from the GSM module into the database and output graphically. Ttest will be used to conduct and to verify if the readings from the design are comparable to the
actual volume measured from the analog meter.
In [13] Home monitoring system is an effective way to prevent many household accidents that
may occur whether we are aware or not. There are a lot of home control devices which were
developed in the past. Take fire hazards for example, there are a lot of ways for house fire to
occur like over heating appliances. Fire imposes a big hazard in our homes but there is a device
that was built to lessen the probability of this from occurring or at least lessen the damage done.
The fire alarm works whenever there is enough smoke that goes in the detector. It will
automatically make a sound to alarm the people inside the house, some home systems has a
built-in sprinklers that works when the fire alarm activates preventing further property
destruction. There are a lot of ways of designing a home control system but at these times, the

design must be adaptable and adaptive to majority of people. Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM) is a means of wireless communication between people. It can also be
used to communicate with devices such that it functions even if a user is not physically present in
the vicinity of the device. GSM is the most adaptable medium since it has a further range of
communication compared to Bluetooth and infrared. Moreover, it is also more accessible than
Wi-Fi since it is more widely available. A home monitoring system interfaced with GSM poses a
great advantage and convenience to the public. The user can be updated regarding the status (ON
or OFF) of his appliances which can prevent future damage. It will also be able to alarm the user
of any irregular activities of the appliances immediately even if the user is at another place.
Chapter 3
Research Design and Methodology
3.1
Design and Procedure

These are the sets of procedures that are use to make and to apply the system.

3.1.1. Expected Procedures for Constructing Prototype.
a. Research the basic and specific concepts for the prototype of the topic.
b. Design the possible circuits which the availability of the components are
exists that are in specified application.
c. It must be include the computation in each parameter to be use for the
prototype.
d. Explore the possible circuit experiments through simulation in the software
application until it operates.
e. For internal application, design a program for the specific prototype for its
function in the microcontroller.
f. Collect the materials, the tools and equipments, and measuring instruments.
g. Assemble in proper way.
h. Test each circuit block diagrams for the inspection.
i. Troubleshoot the errors.
j. Repeat the two previous steps until the prototype is in proper operated.
k. Prepare for the casing that exact for the circuit.
l. Assemble the case with safety.
m. Take more tests for its function.

n. Applied the prototype with its operating procedures.

3.1.2. Specific Procedures for Constructing Prototype
a. Collect the data related for the prototype Load Power Control with GSM
Application include the circuit applications.
b. Applied the list of possible circuit for selection for the design.
c. Make the counter part of the circuit from the research.
d. The lists of Load Power Control with GSM Application are CurrentVoltage-Sensor block diagram, Microprocessor block diagram, Relay
System block diagram, GSM module, LDC module, and Power Supply
block diagram that are to be test and applied.
For Current Transformer - Current-Voltage-Sensor block diagram
Create a current transformer for the application.
Test the current transformer with the applied load flat iron, 220 volts
source that are series in connection.
Scope and measure the results of the wave form of the oscilloscope and
the multi-tester.
Design the circuit for that sensor.
Make it at least three current sensors.
For the Voltage Transformer Sensors
Even applied low voltage transformer to capture the signal.

The same as other procedures to make as Current Transformer.
For Module Application GSM and LCD module application
Applied the modules with its application sheets with its interfacing for the
microcontrollers.
Be careful for the electrical application.
Test the modules with the application software provided by the module
instructions.
Applied the module in hardware mode.
For Microcontroller Application
PIC16F877A is a microcontroller application for processing the data by is

applied program for the prototype.
First, before to test this IC microcontroller, make the module type board
for the microcontroller.
Test the module board before use the microcontroller.
Test the microcontroller by lighting LEDs.

Build the program and simulate both software application and the
hardware application.
Create the consecutive tests until the program is functional.
Those test including the interfacing with the sensors, drivers and other
modules.
For Power Supply Application
The power supply has a capacity to support the system.
The supply transformer must be separate from the other transformer.
Make the design specified the power supply by the transformer at 230v
AC at 60Hz input and the output in center tap form of 12v DC at 3A.
The regulated output DC at 12v 3A with adapter for GSM and 5v 1.5A for
Microcontroller.

For Relaying System
3.1.3
The relays are the switches for the AC loads.
Check the current ac capacity for the application of the relays.

The number relay equivalent of relay drivers.
Make a design board layout for the relays isolated from the digital circuits.
Check the requirements repeatedly for safety.
System Process and Procedures

These are the process and procedures are that how does the system works. It
includes the process of the microcontroller presented in flow charts (It must be to be
follow up, presently under of investigation during design and process.)

3.2
Plan and Circuit
REFERENCES
[1] S. Ouitrakul, S.
Load
Control
Device
Watanasophon, Wireless
using
GSM
[2] R. G. Sarangle, U. P.
Khot,
J.
Based
Reading
Module,
IPCBEE vol.66 (2014).
System,
2012).
Power
Meter
International
Modi
And
GSM
Control
(Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July

[3], T. Ismail , D. karki , Z. Mollick , S. D. , M. Deka, Remote Power Distribution System
Using GSM International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering (Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2014).
[4] A. A. Uddin, K. M. Shahriar, A. Mohammed, R. M. Mahbubur, Monitoring and Controlling
of electric feeders using GSM network technology, Chittagong University of Engineering
and Technology (CUET), Bangladesh,Department Electrical & Electronic Engineering.
[5] S. Sukhumar, P. M. Aravind, L. Manivannan , P. N. Kumar and N. Su. Vanitha, GSM Based
Automatic Trip Control System for Energy Management International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2013.
[6] M. Sarsamba ,P. Sangulagi, R. Yanamshetty, The Load Monitoring and Protection on
Electricity Power lines using GSM Network, September 2013,International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 9).
[7] A. Sachan, Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring and Control System with GSM
Modem, Department of Energy & Power Engineering NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan,
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE) Volume 1, Issue 6 (JulyAug. 2012), PP 13-21.
[8] K. P. Satheyamoorthy Dean, Smart Energy Meter Load Control, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (Vol. 2, Issue 8,
August 2013).
[9] H. S. Praveenkumar, B. S. Rakesh, P. S. Preetha, GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter
Reading With Load Control, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
Research (IJSETR), Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015 1428.
[10] M. Rangwala, I. Bhabay, V. S. Sharma, GSM Based Energy Meter With load Control, Thadomal
Shahani Engineering College T.P.S. III, 32 ND Road, Bandra (W), Mumbai-50.
[11] http://meijielectric.ph/transformers/

[12] R. N. Dita, P. P. C. Martinez , C. A. S Miranda, Remote Automatic Water Meter Reading
System using Global System for Mobile Communications, Mapa Institute of Technology
March 2013.
[13] A. C. Lagula, M. Latina, A. Te, Charmaine, Mobile Phone Graphical User Interface (GUI)
for Appliance Remote Control: An SMS-based Electronic Appliance Monitoring and Control
System (2013)
[14] S. Rood, 2015, J. Prsha, 2011, Asia Foundation Organization
http://www.asiafoundation.org/.
[15] A. Hiskens, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
http://www.kpmg.com/energyaspac.
[16] D. S. Callaway, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
http://www.kpmg.com/energyaspac.
[17] R. J. Heydarian, 2014, Academic, policy adviser, and author of "Asia's New Battlefield: US,
China, and the Struggle for Western Pacific", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/.
[18] R. G. Manabat, 2013-2014, The Energy Report, http://www.kpmg.com/energyaspac.
[19] J. V. Capuno, 2011, Article Writer at Edge Davao, http://www.edgedavao.net/.
[20] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3924445_A_framework_for_load_control_in_3
rd_generation_CDMA_networks [Jan 4, 2016].
[21] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3270251_Power_Control_of_a_SolarWind
_Generation_System_Without_Wind_Measurement_A_PassivitySliding_Mode_Approach

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QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

673 Quirino Highway, San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City

LOAD POWER CONTROL VIA GSM

Hallig, Jhon Roy R.

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Figure 1-1: Conceptual Framework

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

1. A framework for load control in 3rd generation CDMA networks

2. Power Control of a Solar/Wind Generation System without Wind Measurement:

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

3. Achieving Controllability of Electric Loads

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

5. Distorted and Unbalanced Systems Compensation within Instantaneous Reactive

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

1.7 Significance of the Study

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

1.8 Definition of Terms

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

2.2 Local Literature

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Design and Procedure

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

n. Applied the prototype with its operating procedures.

For Current Transformer - Current-Voltage-Sensor block diagram

Create a current transformer for the application.

Design the circuit for that sensor.

Make it at least three current sensors.

For the Voltage Transformer Sensors

Even applied low voltage transformer to capture the signal.

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

The same as other procedures to make as Current Transformer.

For Module Application GSM and LCD module application

Be careful for the electrical application.

Applied the module in hardware mode.

For Microcontroller Application

PIC16F877A is a microcontroller application for processing the data by is

Test the module board before use the microcontroller.

Test the microcontroller by lighting LEDs.

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Create the consecutive tests until the program is functional.

For Power Supply Application

The power supply has a capacity to support the system.

The supply transformer must be separate from the other transformer.

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY