Small Ships Guidance 0

SMALL SHIPS AND SPECIAL DUTIES
Health and safety at work in brief
Guidance for crews on small ships
Even though the ships are small, the risks surrounding you are not.
Bo Jacobsen, Seahealth Denmark
2
Contents
Introduction
Using chemicals on board
12
- Chemicals are dangerous
12
Risk assessments
- Register products
13
- Mapping
- Replace the most hazardous products
13
- Assessment
- Use workplace instructions
14
- Action plan
- Understand what code numbers
- Risk assessment document
- Follow-up
Prevention principles
Safety takes time! less than a minute
Publisher:
Responsible Editor:
Written & edited by:
Illustrations:
Graphic design:
Printed by:
10
Seahealth Denmark
Connie S. Gehrt
Bo Jacobsen
Lars-Ole Nejstgaard
martinsonnedesign
Grefta Tryk A/S
mean and how to use them
14
Storing paint
16
- Paint shop
16
- Store room
16
- Paint locker
17
Seahealth Denmark 2012, Copenhagen.

All rights reserved.
All trademarks acknowledged. Limited copying
permitted with acknowledgement of source.
ISBN: 978-87-92084-28-6
3
5
SMALL SHIPS
INRODUCTION
Introduction
Sometimes health and safety at work becomes a
little too academic and involves too much paperwork. Sometimes all that is needed is a simple
solution and a short explanation to the question:
What should we do here?
This guidance gives brief answers and explanations.
It should be regarded as a basis for workplace
health and safety as it explains how to tackle the
fundamentals of risk assessments and handling
chemicals.
will typically address other issues than those in

this basic guidance. They may deal with management, communication, safety culture, ergonomics
and other issues. They may answer the question,
for example, What is the best way to circulate
incoming e-mail round the ship? or How can we
separate passengers from cars when disembarking
from small ferries? The guidelines will be drawn
up with assistance of you in the industry to keep
the focus precisely on the challenges facing you.
Specic guidelines will also be drawn up for:
We assume that you are using our Health and Safety

at Sea software. The programme is available from
I.C. Weilbach and supports both English and
Danish.
The guidance will be supplemented with a series
of more specic guidelines that specically address
the challenges you face on board. These guidelines will build on the general foundation and
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INTRODUCTION
SMALL SHIPS
SMALL SHIPS AND SPECIAL DUTIES
Health and safety at work in brief
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SMALL SHIPS
RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment
A risk assessment is the same process as for
a workplace assessment. We prefer to use risk
assessment since that is most common used
in the maritime industry.
You are now about to tackle a job. But what is
the best way of doing it? And how can you do
it without coming to harm? The answer is: risk
assessment!
With a risk assessment, you collect and describe
the best working methods using the experience
of the job that you already have. Experience that
you are now passing on to relief crews or the new
people who join ship in future.
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The most important reason for doing so in writing

is that it shows how you have agreed the job
should be done - every time. It also means you
have a document to which you can add improvements appearing when preparing to do the job
the next time.
Here you identify the risks of each individual task

and duty. There are dierent ways of identifying
jobs that can be risky to do. You could for example
ask at the next safety meeting. Talk to your workmates about what they think is hazardous in their
daily duties.
The frameworks and tools for helping with risk

assessments are structured around ve phases.
You can also make inspections with the safety organization and divide the ship into smaller areas and
review them for risks. The ideal method is naturally
a combination an open dialogue on the jobs you
have to do and the risks associated with them, with
everyone on board getting involved with health
and safety.
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SMALL SHIPS
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You need to assess the various risks involved in

a job. Do so by asking two initial questions:
Here you should describe how you mean to protect

yourselves against the risks you have identied (see
p. 9). You should use the principles of prevention
when identifying how you should protect yourselves.
1) How likely is it that you will have an injury?

2) How serious might it be?
The two questions are to agree on the risks you
need to protect yourselves against, and how much
protection is required. If you do not take this
approach, many risks may be overlooked and it
is often the minor risks that lead to injury.

In your instructions, you provide directions for

who is to be notied before work starts and how.
For example which piping systems should be
blanked o and how. Or the pumps that are to
be disconnected and how.
The information that should be included in the
action plan must enable the supervisor or whoever is responsible for doing the job to manage
and do the job without the risks. So the action
plan must give details of who should be informed
and how before work starts. For example which
pumps should be switched o and how. Finally,
an action plan should include instructions on how
to involve the people who will be doing the job
and how to check that the job has been completed
- correctly.

7
SMALL SHIPS
RISK ASSESSMENT
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The written risk assessment document is generated

by the process you have gone through. You have
identied the risks of a job, you have assessed
them and described how and why protection
against these risks is needed.
When you have made a risk assessment, it is

important to check whether it works in practice.
This might mean that some of the preventative
methods you have used could lead to new risks
that you have not taken into account in the rst
instance. Then it is a matter of implementing the
work process on board.
The fact that you have done a written risk assessment document means that the supervisor or
the person doing the job can consider how you
have agreed the job should be done on board.
Because everything you do is done on the basis
of an existing risk, work is done the right way and
without forgetting the safety precautions you
have chosen.
Working with a risk assessment is an on-going

process and should be used as a dynamic tool.
So your preventative action should be reassessed when something new happens or at regular
intervals.
Something new could be if you discover something
that is not appropriate while you are doing the
job, if there is a near miss or if there is an accident.
PREVENTION PRICIPLES
SMALL SHIPS
Prevention principles
The principles of prevention should be used to select the best form of protection against a risk,
and they are listed here in the order you should use them also as required in the legislation.
Remove the hazard!

You most often get the opportunity to remove hazards when buying new equipment.
Buy equipment that does not cause noise or vibration, which has guards against
crush injury and provides protection against accidents in general. It could also be
that when you buy detergents, why not buy something that is not hazardous?
Then you do not need to have extraction or use personal protective equipment.
Reduce the hazard!
You can reduce the risk when selecting tools for the job. There is less vibration
when using a small needle-gun scalar that with a big one. And you cannot
use water to remove HFO stains on the deck, but neither do you have to use
diesel or thinners - there are alternatives.
Guard the hazard!

Have guards for lathe chucks, and for disks in angle grinders. Install barriers
around the place you are working, if you are pulling up deck plating or if
you can drop tools to a level below you. Or pressure test fuel injectors into
a closed container with extraction.
Get away from the hazard!

Instead of doing maintenance work on a small pump/ electric motor in the
engine room, take it up to the workshop where there is no noise or heat. You
can check valve operation, winch remote controls and automation in general.
Protect yourselves from hazards!

Personal protective equipment can be used as a supplement to the principles
of prevention above and in some cases, it is the only way you can protect
yourselves against a risk.
SMALL SHIPS
SAFETY TAKES TIME! - LESS THAN A MINUTE
Safety takes time!

less than a minute
Well, I knew that perfectly well. I should have
seen it. I just hadnt noticed it. We had actually
agreed not to and I just wanted to... All phrases
in explanations when we make mistakes in connection with a routine job. You might have done
the job many times before so why did it all go
wrong this time?
We often let our minds wander when doing a

routine job. Which means we are not so aware of
those around us, that we make assumptions and
that we generally do not think carefully before
tackling a job.
But hold on for a moment! Think about the job
you are about to tackle, even though it is something
you often do. And then take less than a minute to
remember the simple rules, which are:
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go wrong if we dont think carefully.
10
Bo Jacobsen, Seahealth
SAFETY TAKES TIME! - LESS THAN A MINUTE
SMALL SHIPS
STOP AND THINK
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11
SMALL SHIPS
USING CHEMICALS ON BOARD
Using chemicals on board
Chemicals are dangerous

Chemicals can cause sickness. When using
chemicals, it is often the low concentrations that
you breathe in over a long time that have the worst
after-eects since you are not aware of the danger.
If concentrations are high, you will realise that
there is something in the air and you will move
away. Getting chemicals on your skin can also
be dangerous and cause eczema.
Paint for outdoor use contains organic solvents,
it is ammable and generally not healthy to be
around. You are surrounded by chemicals on
board: hydraulic oil for cranes, lubricating oil for
the engine, paint for the deck and detergents in
the galley and accommodation. One estimate is
that we now use at least 50 dierent kinds of
chemicals on board small ships, possibly even more.
12
It is impossible to avoid chemicals but you can

use those that are less hazardous and you can use
chemicals with care and protect yourself against
the risks. Here are some ideas and solutions for
what you can do:
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Registration means you rst need to get on overview on what products you have on board and
where. So walk around your stores with an A4
pad and jot down the products you have on the
shelves. If you do not use the product anymore,
get rid of it.
In the rst instance, note:
1) Storage locations on the ship
(e.g.: under the forecastle)
2) Trade name (e.g.: Enviromate 2000)
3) Supplier/manufacturer (e.g.: Drew).
When you have been round your storage locations,
sit down at your computer and get your list of
chemicals set up for their correct locations in
your Health and Safety at Sea program.
Paint products must be disposed of

according to current legislation and
company procedures.
SMALL SHIPS
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Generally, there are many more chemicals on
board than those actually used. Often because
some products change trade name or supplier over
time or because a product may only have been
needed once for a specic job. At other times we
stick with a product because we have always used
it but in the meantime, less hazardous, better
products have appeared on the market.
Try reviewing the points below and see whether
you can get rid of some of the chemicals or substitute them for less hazardous products.
1) Do we use this product anymore?
2) Is the product necessary or can we do without it?
3) Can the product be replaced by one that is less
hazardous?
4) Do we have another, less hazardous product that
we use for the same purpose on board?
5) Does the Health and Safety at Sea program
recommend a substitution product?
6) If you cannot see what is in the pot or container,
it should be thrown out.
7) If there is no safety data sheet for the product
or you cannot get one, throw it out.
13
SMALL SHIPS
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A workplace instruction is a safety data sheet zipped
up with information specically for the ship on
how to work safely on board.
We use workplace instructions when safety data
sheets are too general, comprehensive and technical. A safety data sheet only relates to the product
regardless of whether you are using a detergent
on board or in a childrens play school.
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We also have code numbers for all paints and
we are used to using the number as a quick
reference for how we should protect ourselves
when painting. In Denmark we take code numbers
for granted. But these are solely Danish numbers
which are only found on products sold in Denmark.
CODE NUMBER
A good, informative workplace instruction should

include the ship-specic information below:
ce Instruction.
on the label or in the Workpla ventilation and
Read the codenumber
Use
Product Selection Table.
instructions.
Choose product using the
nt in accordance with these
personal protective equipme
product
:
There are 7 code numbers
00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1) The location of eye-wash stations

2) The location of re ghting equipment
3) The location of materials for cleaning up
product spills, etc.
4) Technical prevention and the location
of personal protective equipment
5) Disposal methods for any spilled products/
chemicals
6) Any safety committee comments on using
the product.
You are now ready to work!

14
The second gure
The rst gure

Risk when inhaling the
Risk when in contact with

KODENR. 1993
35
The higher the code number,

inthe greater the risk when
haling vapours.
Product Selection Table

The table states the maximum
(mixture ready for house)
Code no.
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allowed gure before the
the product
:
There are 6 code numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
the greater
The higher the code number,
and ingestion of
the risk when in contact
the product.
hyphen (-) allowed to be
used for painting indoors
and on car decks.

requirements
Normale exposure and
kheads in machinery spaces
incl. toilets and deck/bul
E.g. crew accommodations
ents
ry spaces and on car decks.
High exposure and requirem
locker rooms, oors in machine
E.g. galleys, bathrooms,
ents
Special exposure and requirem
i t re
f
So it is important that what code numbers tell us

about health and safety protection is passed on
to non-Danish crew.
A code number tells us how dangerous a product is
and consists of two numbers separated by a dash.
The gure before the dash indicates the danger
of inhaling the product and is used to decide
whether mechanical ventilation should be
established or whether a respirator should be
used. The number after the dash indicates the
danger from swallowing or contact with the
substance and indicates whether you should
use gloves for example, safety glasses or overalls.
You can order a code number schedule from the
Danish Maritime Authority to post where paint
is used. The schedule gives the requirements for
establishing mechanical ventilation, for example
in tanks, and it also lists the personal protective
equipment and special work clothing to be used.
At www.seahealth.dk you can download the code
number schedule.
SMALL SHIPS
Remember the safety equipment required
15
SMALL SHIPS
STORING PAINT
Storing paint
Most ships have paint on board and storing and
handling it properly is highly signicant for health
and safety.
You may remember perhaps that paint is hazardous
when you are holding a paintbrush but the dangers
get forgotten when you only have to store paint
or have to mix it or handle it in some other way.
In this section we provide suggestion on solutions
for storing and handling paint that you can use
on board. You need to decide on the health and
safety aspects of the suggested solutions and also
choose the solution that best matches the ships
maintenance requirements, tasking and routes.
Paint shop
This is where opened and unopened paint can be
stored. This workplace should have local extraction
installed so you can mix paints, clean paintbrushes
and the like.
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Store room
A store room can be used to store unopened
paint. In the store room you may not keep opened
paint or mix paint and in any other way handle it
in the room.
Paint shop requirements:

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Requirements for storerooms:

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STORING PAINT
SMALL SHIPS

#5
Paint locker
If there is a shortage of space, with no possibility
of establishing a paint shop, the solution is a paint
locker for storing paint.
Paint lockers can only be used to store paint.
Paint must not be mixed or handled in any other
way. This must be done out on deck.
We describe two examples of paint lockers and
the requirements you must comply with if you opt
for one of these solutions. Solution 1 is a locker
placed on deck and solution 2 is a room in the
ship used for paint storage.
Requirements for solution 1

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cabPS[ORS]TabSSZO\ReSZRSRb]O
bulkhead (remember to install natural
ventilation in the locker)
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of 200 litres of paint, thinners and hardener
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Requirements for solution 2

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(min. 6 air changes per hour)
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These solutions may be used on ships up to
1600GT and with a crew of 1-6 seafarers.
17
SMALL SHIPS
Visit www.seahealth.dk
18
This guidance gives brief answers and explanations. It should

be regarded as a basis for workplace health and safety as it
explains how to tackle the fundamentals of risk assessments
and handling chemicals.
You can nd information about Seahealth Denmark on our
webpage www.seahealth.dk and you are welcome to contact us.
Seahealth Denmark
Amaliegade 33B, 2
DK-1256 Copenhagen K
www.seahealth.dk

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SMALL SHIPS AND SPECIAL DUTIES

Health and safety at work in brief

Guidance for crews on small ships

Using chemicals on board

- Chemicals are dangerous

- Replace the most hazardous products

- Use workplace instructions

- Understand what code numbers

- Risk assessment document

Safety takes time! less than a minute

mean and how to use them

Seahealth Denmark 2012, Copenhagen.

will typically address other issues than those in

We assume that you are using our Health and Safety

SMALL SHIPS AND SPECIAL DUTIES

Health and safety at work in brief

En vejledning til mindre skibe og deres bestninger

Lorem ipsum dolor igus

Lorem ipsum dolor igus

The most important reason for doing so in writing

Here you identify the risks of each individual task

The frameworks and tools for helping with risk

You need to assess the various risks involved in

Here you should describe how you mean to protect

1) How likely is it that you will have an injury?

In your instructions, you provide directions for

The written risk assessment document is generated

When you have made a risk assessment, it is

Working with a risk assessment is an on-going

Remove the hazard!

Guard the hazard!

Get away from the hazard!

Protect yourselves from hazards!

SAFETY TAKES TIME! - LESS THAN A MINUTE

Safety takes time!

We often let our minds wander when doing a

SAFETY TAKES TIME! - LESS THAN A MINUTE

STOP AND THINK

ASSESS THE JOB

SINCE LAST TIME

USING CHEMICALS ON BOARD

Using chemicals on board

Chemicals are dangerous

It is impossible to avoid chemicals but you can

USING CHEMICALS ON BOARD

Paint products must be disposed of

USING CHEMICALS ON BOARD

A good, informative workplace instruction should

1) The location of eye-wash stations

The second gure

The rst gure

Risk when in contact with

The higher the code number,

Product Selection Table

allowed gure before the

hyphen (-) allowed to be

used for painting indoors

and on car decks.

So it is important that what code numbers tell us

USING CHEMICALS ON BOARD

Remember the safety equipment required

Paint shop requirements:

Requirements for storerooms:

Requirements for solution 1