INTRODUCTION TO CAD

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD):

It also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer
technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting
describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provides
the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting,
documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic
files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct
correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction,
manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based
software utilizes raster-based environments.
CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of
technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as
materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including
automotive, ship building, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design,
prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special
effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of
computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using
techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance,
CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics
(both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.
Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting
systems to 3D solid and surface modelers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow
rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle,

even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic
modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD computer-aided design and drafting.
CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all
types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial
structures (hospitals and factories).
CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of
physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual
design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition
of manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects.
CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-aided
technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened
design cycle. CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it out and save
it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.

INTRODUCTION TO PRO-E

Pro /ENGINEER (Pro/E) is developed by PTC Company. It is a program that is used to

create precision three dimensional computer models. The 3-D parts created on Pro /E use a
technique known as solid modeling. Other important definition used to classify Pro/E is: featurebased parametric bi-directional associative software.
Pro /E is a fully parametric CAD program This means that the geometry of features (e.g.,
holes, slots) on a part have to be fully specified in terms of size, shape, orietation, and location.
This specification allows the user to write equations (i.e., relations) which decribe how features
on individual parts or multiple parts should relate to each other. For example, in an engine, if the
diameter of the piston is increased or decreased, the corresponding engine block is automatically
modified to match the specifications of the new piston. For the student, full parametrics means

that you must have a strategy before you start modeling of what features you want and how you
want to constrain them within the part.
To work with Pro-E first we should know about the main modules to design any part or
assembly with required documentation.
They are:
1. Sketcher
2. Part Modeling
3. Assembly
4. Drawing/Drafting
5. Sheet Metal

DESIGNING OF HELICAL GEAR USING PRO-E

Open Pro-E and open new part file with required units (mmns).
Draw a sketch on front plane with two circles one is with dia. 25mm and other dia.
Will be added with relations so dont give any dimension Done Ctrl + D.
Go to tools menu relations now add the Relations and Local parameters, as
shown below ok.

Right click on the sketch - Edit Definition Tools Relations select outside circle
dimension and In relations type sdo = r02 as shown below

And then extrude the circles with required thickness.

To create the teeth curve trajectory.

Select curve tool from equation done select coordinate system define
cylindrical type the data as below.

We can get the blue color curve as shown below to see this use wire frame.

Draw a line on right plane up to ends of the body then select variable section sweep
with required relation as shown below.

Using variable section sweep cut remove the material up to one tooth it looks
asbelow.

The above tooth will be patterned with axis method to get the required no. of
teethes as shown below it shows the final output of helical gear.

Do the same procedure for pinion and finally we get it as below.

After creating both the gear and pinion go to assembly module and assemble them
with required constraints finally we get the assembled model of gear and pinion as
shown below.

ANALYSIS

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

INTRODUCTION

The finite element method represents an extension of the matrix methods for the
analysis of framed structures to the analysis of the continuum structures. The basic philosophy of
the method is to replace the structure of the continuum having an unlimited or infinite number of
unknowns at certain chosen discrete points. The method is extremely powerful as it helps to
accurately analyze structures with complex geometrical properties and loading conditions. In the
infinite method, a structure or continuum is discretized and idealized by using a mathematical
model which is an assembly of subdivisions or discrete elements, known as finite element, are
assumed to be interconnected only at the joints called nodes. Simple functions such as
polynomials are chosen in terms of unknown displacements at the nodes to approximate the
variation of the actual displacements over each finite element. The external loading is also
transformed in to equivalent forces 1applied at the nodes. Next, the behavior of each element
independently and later as an assembly of these elements is obtained by relating their response to
that of the nodes in such a way that the following basic conditions are satisfied at each node:

Equations of equilibrium

The compatibility of displacements

The material constitutive relationship

The equations, which are obtained using the above conditions, are in the form of
force-displacement relationship. Finally, the force-displacement equations are solved to obtain
displacements at the nodes, which are the basic unknowns in the finite element method.
1

The basic idea in the finite element method is to find solution of a complicated
problem by replacing it by simpler one. Since a simpler one in finding the solution replaced the
actual problem, we will be able to find only an approximate solution rather than exact solution.
In finite element method, it will often be possible to improve or refine the approximate solution
by sending more computational effort.
This is a numerical solution for obtaining solutions to many of the problems
encountered in engineering analysis. In this method, the body or the structure may be divided in
to small elements of finite dimensions called finite elements. The original body or continuum is
then considered as assemblage of these elements connected at a finite number of joints called
nodes.

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF FEM

The general nature of its theory makes it applicable to a wide variety of boundary
value problems in engineering. A boundary value problem is one of which a solution is sought in
domain (region) of a body subject to the satisfaction of the prescribed boundary (edge) condition
of the dependent variable of their derivatives. Mostly all engineering problems which are
illustrated in the table 4.1 of the finite element method comes under three categories of boundary
problems, namely
1. Equilibrium or steady state or time independent problem,
2. Eagan value problem,
3. Transient or propagation programs.

Table 4.1 various applications of Finite Element

Analysis
Area

of Equilibrium

study
1.

problems
Civil Static

engineering

analysis

structures

the

Eagan value Propagation

problems

problems

Natural

Propagation

of frequencies

of

stress

trusses, and modes of waves

frames,

structures

folded plates,
roofs,

shear

walls
2.

Aircraft Static

structures

analysis

Response

of frequencies

wings,

flutter

rockets,

stability

fuselages,

aircraft,

fins

3.

Natural

and rocket.

aircraft

and structures

loads,
dynamic
response

structures

aircraft.
of Natural

to

of random

missile

Hydraulic Analysis

of

Analysis

of

of

and

water potential

periods

resources

flows,

engineering

surface flows, shallow

and unsteady

free modes

viscous flows.

basins,

of state

fluid

flow

and

lakes wave

and harbors

propagation
problems

4.

Nuclear Analysis

Engineering

Response

nuclear

frequencies

pressure

and

vessels

stability containment

and of

structures

containment

dynamic

structures

structures

loads.

Natural

Crack

concentration frequencies
problems,

and

stress

of

analysis

of

reactor

containment

5. Mechanical Stress
design

of Natural

fracture

stability problems
linkages, under

of gears

pressure

machine

vessels,

tools.

and dynamic
loads.

to

and

pistons,
gears.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FEM

The step-by-step procedure for static problem can be stated as follows:

Step 1: Discretization of continuum

The first step in the finite element is to divide the structure of solution region in to
subdivisions of elements. The subdivision or discretization process of the continuum is
essentially an exercise of engineering judgment. These subdivisions are called elements, and are
connected to the adjacent of the elements in such a way that the original body is represented by it
as closely as possible. Hence, the general objective of such an idealization is to discretize the
body in to finite number of elements sufficiently small so that the simple displacement models
can adequately approximate the true solution.

Step 2: Selection of proper Interpolation model

Since the displacement (field variable) solution of the complex structure under
any specific load conditions cannot be predicted exactly, we assume some suitable with in an
element to approximate the unknown solution. The assumed solution must be from
computational point of view and it should satisfy certain convergence requirements.

Step

3:

Derivative

of

element

stiffness

matrices

(Characteristic matrices) and load 2vectors

From the assumed displacement model the stiffness matrix {K(e)} and load vector P(e) of
the element e are to be divided by using either equilibrium conditions or a suitable variation
principle.

Step 4: assemblage of element equation to obtain the

overall equilibrium equations
Since the structure is composed of several finite elements, the individual element
stiffness matrices and load vectors are to be assembled in a variable manner and the overall
equilibrium equations have to be formulated as:

[K] {d} = [P]

Where [K] is called assemblage stiffness matrix,
2

{d} is called nodal displacement vector and

P is called nodal vector for the complete structure.

Step 5: Solution of systems equations to find nodal values

of the displacement (field variable):
The overall equations have to be modified, to account for the boundary
conditions of the problem, after the incorporation of the boundary conditions, the equilibrium
equations are solved.

(a) Types of Elements:

Often the type of element to be used is evident from the problem itself. For
example, if the problem involves the analysis of the truss structure under a given set of load
conditions, the type of element to be used idealization of obviously the the bar or line
elements. However, in some cases the type of the elements to be used for idealization may not
be appropriate and in such cases one has to choose the type of elements judicially. In certain
problem, the given body cannot be represented as an assemblage of only one type of elements. In
such cases we may have to use two or more types of element idealization.

(b) Number of Elements:

The number of elements to be chosen for idealization is related to the accuracy

desired, size of element and the number of degrees of freedom involved. Although an increase in
number of elements generally gives more accurate results, for
any given problem, there will be certain number of elements reaching the point, where no
significant improvement will be found. Moreover, since the use of large number of elements
involves large number of degrees of freedom, we may not be able to store the resulting matrices
in the available computer memory.

(c) Size of Elements:

The size of elements influences the convergence of the solution directly and it has
to be chosen with a care. If the size of elements is small, the final solution is expected to the
more accurate. However, we have to remember that the use of elements of smaller size will also
mean more complicated time. Sometimes, we may have to use the elements of different sizes in
the same body. Another characteristic related to the size of elements, which affects the finite
element solution is the aspect ratio of the elements. The aspect ratio is taken as the ratio of the
element largest dimension to the smallest dimension of the element. Elements with aspect ratio
of nearly unity generally yield better results.

(d) Convergence Requirements:

Since the finite element method is a numerical technique, we obtain a sequence of

approximate solutions as the element size is reduced successively. The sequence will converge to
the exact solution if the interpolation polynomial satisfies the following requirements.
1. The displacement function must be continuous with in the element.
2. The displacement function must be capable of representing rigid body displacements
of the element.
3. The displacement function must be capable of representing strain states within the
element.

(e) Nodal Degrees of Freedom:

The basic idea of FEM is to consider a body as composed of several elements,
which are connected at specific node points. The unknown solution or the field variables (like
displacements, pressures or temperatures) inside any finite element is assumed to be given by a
simple function in terms of nodal values of the element. The nodal displacement, rotations,
necessary to specify completely the deformation of the finite element is the degrees of freedom
of the element. The nodal values of the solution, also known as nodal degrees of freedom, are
treated as unknowns in formulating the system of overall equations. The solution of the system
equation (like force equilibrium equations) gives the value of the unknown nodal degrees of
freedom. Once, the nodal degrees of freedom are known, the solution within any elements will
also be known to us. For having the results in terms of nodal degrees of freedom the interpolation
function must be derived in terms of nodal degrees of freedom.

4.3. ASSEMBLY OF ELEMENT EQUATIONS

Once the element characteristics, namely, the element matrices and element
vectors are found in a global co-ordinate system, the next step is to construct the overall or
system equations.
The procedure of assembling the element matrices and vectors is based on the
requirement of Compatibility at the element nodes. This means that at the nodes where
elements are connected, the values of unknown degrees of freedom of the variables are same for
all the elements at the nodes.
(a) Incorporation of the Boundary Conditions:
After assembling the characteristic matrices [K(e)] and element characteristic
vectors P(e) the overall system equation of the entire domain of the body can be written (for any
equilibrium problems) as,

[K] {} = {P}

These equations cannot be solved for {} since the matrix [K] will be singular
and hence its inverse does not exist. The physical significance of this, in case of solid mechanics
problem, is that the loaded body or structure is free to undergo unlimited rigid body motion
unless some support constraints are imposed to keep the body or structure under equilibrium
under the loads. Hence some boundary or support conditions have to be applied before solving
for {}. In non-structural problems we have to specify one or sometimes more than one nodal
degrees of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom is dictated by the physics of the problem.

4.4. ADVANTAGES OF FEM:

1. Its ability to use various size and shape and to modal a structure of arbitrary
geometry.
2. Its ability to accommodate arbitrary boundary conditions, loading, including thermal
loading.
3. Its ability to modal composite structures involving different structural components
such as stiffening member on a shell and combination of plates, bars and solids, etc.,
4. The finite element structure closely resembles the actual structure instead of being
quite different obstruction that is hard to visualize.
5. The FEM is proven successfully in representing various types of complicated material
properties and material behavior (nonlinear, anisotropic, time dependent or
temperature dependent material behavior).
6. It readily account for non-homogeneity of the material by assigning different
properties to different elements or even it is possible to vary the properties within an
element according to a pre-determined polynomial pattern.

DISADVANTAGES OF FEM:

Specific numerical results obtained for a specific problem.

1. Experience and judgment are required in order to construct a good finite element
model.
2. A big computer and a reliable computer program (software) are essential. Input and
output data are tedious to prepare and interpret.

4.6. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS:

Finite element analysis was first developed for the use of aerospace and nuclear
industries where the safety of structure is critical. Today growth in the usage of method is
directly attributable to the rapid advances in computer technology. As a result commercial finite
element packages exist that are capable of solving the most sophisticated problems, not just in
structural analysis, but for wide range of phenomena such as steady state and dynamic
temperature distributions, fluid flow and manufacturing processes such as injection molding and
metal forming.
Finite element analysis is used in new product design, and existing product
refinement. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify the product or
structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, Finite Element Analysis may
be used to help in determining the design modifications to meet the new conditions.

Types of Analysis:
There are different types of analysis that are used in industry: Structural, Modal,
Harmonic, Transient and Spectrum.
Structural Analysis consists of linear and non-linear models. Linear models are simple
parameters and assume that material is not plastically deformed. Non-linear models consist of
stressing the material past its elastic capabilities. The stresses in the material then vary with the
amount of deformation.
Vibration analysis is used to test the material against random vibrations, shock and
impact. Each of these incidents may act on the natural vibration frequency of the material, which
in turn, may cause resonance and subsequent failure. So analysis is done on the material to
predict the life of the material. Heat-Transfer Analysis models the thermal conductivity or
thermal fluid dynamics of the material or structure. This may consist of a steady state or transient
transfer. Steady-state transfer refers to constant thermo properties in material that yield linear
heat diffusion.
Finite Element Analysis Process
The structure to be analyzed is subdivided in to mesh of finite sized elements of
simple shape. Within each element, the variation of displacement is assumed to be determined by
simple polynomial shape functions and nodal displacements. Equations for strain and stresses are
developed in terms of unknown nodal displacements. From this, the equations of equilibrium are

assembled in a matrix form, which can be easily programmed and solved, on a computer. After
applying appropriate boundary conditions, the nodal displacements are found by solving the
matrix stiffness equation. Once the nodal displacements are known, element stresses and strains
can be calculated.

INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS SOFTWARE

The purpose of a finite element analysis is to model the behavior of a structure

under a system of loads. In order to do so, all influencing factors must be considered and
determined whether their effects are considerable or negligible on the final result. Many software
are used for this purpose. ANSYS, Pro-E, Uni graphics, NISA, MSC, NASTRAN etc.

The ANSYS program is self-contained general purpose finite element program

developed and maintained by Swanson Analysis Systems Inc. The program contains many
routines, all interrelated and all for main purpose of achieving a solution to an engineering
problem by Finite Element Method.

ANSYS provides a complete solution to design problems. It consists of powerful

design capabilities like full parametric solid modeling, design optimization and auto meshing,
which gives engineers full control over their analysis.

The following are the special features of ANSYS software:

It includes bilinear elements.

Heat flow analysis, fluid flow and element flow analysis can be done.

Graphic package and extensive preprocessing and post processing.

The following shows the brief description of steps followed in each phase:

Table 4.2. Various stages of ANSYS.

PRE- PROCESSOR
PHASE

SOLUTION POST
PHASE

PROCESSOR
PHASE

Geometry

Element

definitions

formulation

Mesh generation

Overall

matrix Post

solution

operation
matrix Post data print out

triangulation
Materials definition Wave front
Constraint

Displacement,

definition

stress, etc.

Post data display

Load definition

Calculations

4.7.1. MESHING:
Manual Meshing:
In manual meshing the elements are smaller at joint.
This is known as mesh refinement, and it enables the stress to be
captured at the geometric discontinuity. Manual meshing is long
and tedious process for models with any degree of geometric
complication, but with useful tool emerging in pre-processes, the
task is becoming easier.

Meshing controls:
The default meshing controls that the program uses
may produce a mesh that is adequate for the model we are
analyzing. In this case, we need not specify any meshing controls.
However if we do use meshing controls we must set them before
meshing the solid model.
Meshing controls allow us to establish the element
shape, midside node placement and element size to be used in

meshing the solid model, this step is one of the most important of
the entire analysis for the decisions we make at this stage in the
model development will profoundly affect the accuracy and
economy of the analysis.

4.7.2. SMART SIZING OF ELEMENT:

Smart element sizing (Smart sizing) is a meshing

feature that creates initial element sizes for free meshing
operations. Smart sizing gives the mesher a better chance of
creating reasonably shaped elements during automatic mesh
generation.

4.7.3. FREE AND MAPPED MESH:

A free mesh is one that has no restrictions in terms of

element shapes, and no specific pattern applied to it. Compared
to a free mesh, a mapped mesh is restricted in terms of the
element shape it contains and the pattern of the mesh. A mapped
mesh contains only quadrilateral (area) or only hexahedron
(volume) elements. If this type of mesh is desired, the user must

build the geometry as series of fairly regular volumes and/or

areas that can accept a mapped mesh.
4.7.4. PRE-PROCESSOR

The pre-processor stage in ANSYS package involves the following:

Specify the title, which is the name of the problem.
Set the type of the analysis to be used, i.e., structural,
thermal, fluid, or electro-magnetic, etc.,
Create the model The model is drawn in 1D, 2D, or 3D
space in the appropriate units (m, mm, in, etc). The model
may be created in pre-processor, or it can be imported from
another CAD drafting package through a neutral file format9
like IGES, STEP, ACIS, Para solid, DFX, ETC., ). The same units
should be applied in all directions, otherwise results will be
difficult to interpret, or in extreme cases the result will not
show up mistakes made during loading and restraining of the
model.
Define the element type, this may be 1D, 2D or 3D, and
specify the analysis type being carried out.

 Apply mesh Mesh generation is the process of dividing the

analysis continuum in to number of discrete parts or finite
elements. The finer the mesh, the better the result, but the
longer

the

analysis

time.

Therefore,

the

compromise

between accuracy and solution speed is usually made.

Assign the properties Material properties (Youngs Modulus,
Poissons ratio, density, and if applicable coefficient of
expansion, friction, thermal conductivity, damping effect,
specific heat, etc.,) have to be defined.

4.7.5. SOLUTION:

Apply the loads. Some type of load is actually applied to the

analysis model. The loading may be in the form of a point
load, pressure or a displacement in a stress analysis, a
temperature or heat flux in a thermal analysis and a fluid
pressure or velocity in a fluid analysis. The loads may be
applied to a point, an edge, a surface or even to a complete
body.

 Applying the boundary conditions. After applying load to the

model in order to stop it accelerating infinitely through the
computer virtually either at least one boundary condition
must be applied.
FE solver can be logically divided in to three main parts, the
pre-solver, the mathematical-engine and the post-solver. The
pre-solver reads the model created by the pre-processor and
formulates the mathematical representation of the model
and calls the mathematical-engine, which calculates the
results. The result returned to the solver and the post-solver
is used to calculate the strains, stresses, etc., for each node
within the component or continuum.

4.7.6. POST-PROCESSOR:

In this module, the results of the analysis are read and

interpreted. All post-processor include the calculation of stress
and strain in all of the X, Y, or Z directions, or indeed in the
direction at an angle to the coordinate axes. The principle stress
and strain may also be plotted.

4.8. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is probably the most commonapplication of the FEM. The term structural implies not only civil
engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, but also
naval, aeronautical, and mechanical components such as pistons,
machine parts and tools. The primary unknowns (nodal degree of
freedom) calculated in a structural analysis are displacements
other qualities, such as strains, stresses and reaction forces are
derived from the nodal displacements.
4.9. MODAL ANALYSIS

Definition: We use Modal Analysis to determine the vibration

characteristics (Natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a
structure of a machine component while it is being designed. It
also can be a starting point for another, more detailed, Dynamic
Analysis, such as a transient dynamic, a harmonic response
analysis, or a spectrum analysis.
Uses for Modal Analysis: The Natural frequencies and mode
shapes are important parameters in the design of a structure for
Dynamic loading conditions. They are also required if you want to

do a spectrum analysis or a mode superposition harmonic or

transient analysis.
We can do modal analysis on a pre stressed structure,
such as a spinning turbine blade. Another useful feature is modal
cyclic symmetry, which allows you to review the mode shapes of
a cyclically symmetry structure by modeling just a sector of it.
Modal Analysis in the ANSYS family of products is a
linear analysis. Any nonlinearity, such as plasticity and contact
(gap) elements, are ignored even if they are defined. You can
choose from several mode extraction methods: subspace, Block
Lanczos, Power Dynamics, reduced, unsymmetrical, and damped.
The damped method allows you to include damping in the
structure. Details about mode extraction methods are covered
later in this section.

4.10. STRUCTURAL STATIC ANALYSIS

Definition: A static analysis calculates the effects of steady

loading conditions on a structure, while ignoring inertia and
damping effects, such as those caused by time-varying loads. A

static analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as

gravity and rotational velocity), and time-varying loads that can
be approximated as static equivalent loads (such as the static
equivalent wind and seismic loads commonly defined in many
building codes).
Loads in a Static Analysis: Static analysis is used to determine
the displacements, stresses, strains and forces in structures or
components caused by loads that do not induce significant inertia
and damping effects. Steady loading and response conditions are
assumed; that is, the loads and the structures response are
assumed to vary slowly with respect to time. The kinds of loading
that can be applied in a static analysis include:
Externally applied forces and pressures
Steady-state inertial forces (such as gravity or rational
velocity)
Imposed (non-zero) displacements
Temperatures (for thermal strain)
Fluencies (for nuclear swelling)

A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading

conditions on a structure, while ignoring inertia and damping
effects, such as those caused by time-varying loads. A static
analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as
gravity and rotational velocity), and time varying loads that can
be approximated as static equivalent loads (such as static
equivalent wind and seismic loads commonly defined in many
building codes.
Loads in a Static Analysis: - Static analysis is used to determine
the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures or
components caused by loads that do not include significant inertia
and damping effects. Steady loading and response conditions are
assumed; that is, the loads and the structures response are
assumed to vary slowly with respect to time. The kinds of loading
that can be applied in a static analysis
Include: Externally applied forces pressures

 Steady-state internal forces (such as gravity or rotational

velocity)
Imposed (non-zero) displacements
Temperatures (for thermal strain)
Fluencies (for nuclear swelling)
Linear vs. Nonlinear Static Analysis: - a static analysis can be
either linear or non linear. All types of nonlinearities are allowedlarge deformations, plasticity, creep, stress stiffening, contact
(gap) elements, hyper elastic elements etc.
Overview of steps in a static analysis: The process for static analysis consists of three main steps: 1 Build the Model: - To build the model, specify the job
name, analysis title and then define the element types,
element real constants, material properties, and the model
geometry. The structural elements can be linear or nonlinear.
Material properties can be linear or nonlinear, isotropic or
orthographic, and constant or temperature-dependent. The
Youngs modules should also be defined.

2 Apply the loads obtain the solution:- In this step, define

the analysis type and options, apply loads, specify load step
options, and begin the finite element solution. The loads that
can be applied are :

Displacements- degree of freedom, constraints usually specified

at modal boundaries to define rigid support points.
Forces- concentrated loads usually specified on the model
exterior, moments.
Pressures- surface loads usually applied on the model exterior,
temperatures.
Fluencies- applied to stuffy the effects of swelling or creep.
3 Review the results: - Results from a static analysis include
the nodal displacements, nodal and element stresses, nodal
and element strains, element forces, nodal reaction forces
etc.

MODAL ANALYSIS:

TANGENTIAL FORCE:

BENDING LOAD APPLICATION:

AXIAL LOAD APPLICATION