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andspeakthelawsthatgovernthem.
ENDOFPREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
IS14804:2000
IndianStandard
SITING,DESIGNANDSELECTIONOF
MATERIALSFOR
RESIDENTIALBUILDINGSINHILLYAREAS
GUIDELINES
ICS91.020:91.040.30:91.100
BIS2000
BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS
MANAKBHAVAN,9BAHADURSHAHZAFARMARG
NEWDELHI110002
August2000
PriceGroup6
i
HillAreaDevelopmentEngineeringSectionalCommittee,CED56
FOREWORD
ThisIndianStandardwasadoptedbyBureauofIndianStandards,afterthedraft
finalizedbytheHillAreaDevelopmentEngineeringSectionalCommitteehadbeenapproved
bytheCivilEngineeringDivisionCouncil.
Hillyareasinourcountryarepronetonaturalcalamitieslikehighspeedwinds,heavy
rainfalls,cloudbursts,flashfloods,frequentlandslides,etc,andmostregionsfallunder
seismiczonesIVandV.Thesenaturaldisasterscauseannuallossestolifeandproperty.The
availabilityofdataontypesofhousinganduseofbuildingsmaterialsinhillyregionis
limited.Thebuildingmaterialsemployedinconstructionofresidentialbuildingarelimitedin
theiravailibity.Therefore,conservationofmaterialsassumesimportanceindesignaswellas
constructionactivities.Theuseofnewmaterialsandtechnologiesisimperativeinadditionto
theneedtolaydownstandardsonstrengtheningmeasuresfortheexistingstructures,aswell
asdesignparametersfornewstructures.
Thisstandardonlyprovidesguidelinesinrespectofdisasterresistantconstructions.For
detailscorrespondingcodesofpracticesmaybereferredwhereverapplicable.
Emphasisshouldbelaidwhiledesigningthelayoutofbuildings,soastomeetthe
requirementsforproperdisposalofrainandsewagewaterwithproperspoutsandguttersin
theroofsothattheundueloadingisnotgeneratedinthefoundationorintheretainingwall
duetoaccumulationofwater.
Thecompositionoftechnicalcommitteeresponsiblefortheformulationofthis
standardisgivenatAnnexC.
ThereisnoISOstandardonthesubject.Thisstandardhasbeenpreparedbasedon
practicesprevalentinthefieldinIndia.
Forthepurposeofdecidingwhetheraparticularrequirementofthisstandardis
compliedwith,thefinalvalue,observedorcalculated,expressingtheresultsofatestor
analysis,shallberoundedofinaccordancewithIS2:1960Rulesforroundingoffnumerical
values(revised).Thenumberofsignificantplacestoberetainedintheroundedoffvalue
shouldbethesameasthatofspecifiedvalueinthisstandard.
ii
IndianStandard
SITING,DESIGNANDSELECTIONOFMATERIALSFORRESIDENTIALBUILDINGSIN
HILLYAREAS
GUIDELINES
1SCOPE
1.1
Thisstandardprovidesguidelinesrelatingtoplanninganddesign,aswellasselection
ofbuildingmaterialsforconstructionofresidentialbuildingsinhillyareas.
1.2
Theseguidelinesareapplicabletogeneralresidential,lowrisebuildings,builton
individualplotsofland,eithernonengineeredormarginallyengineeredstructures.However,
forindustrialandspecialbuildingsspecificrequirementsmayhavetobeconsidered.
2REFERENCES
TheIndianStandardsgiveninAnnexAcontainprovisionswhichthroughreferencein
thistextconstituteprovisionofthisstandard.Atthetimeofpublication,theeditions
indicatedwerevalid.Allstandardsaresubjecttorevisionandpartiestoagreementbasedon
thisstandardareencouragedtoinvestigatetheposibilityofapplyingthelatesteditionsofthe
standardsindicatedinAnnexA.
3TERMINOLOGY
Forthepurposeofthisstandard,thefollowingdefinitionsshallapply.
3.1EngineeredConstruction
WherenormalplanninganddesignpracticesofarchitectureandCivilEngineeringare
followedandsupervised.
3.2MarginallyEngineeredConstruction
Wheregeneraldesignrulesofthumbandspecificationsformainbuildingelementsare
followed.
3.3NonEngineeredConstruction
Wherepeopleorhouseholdersthemselvesconstructwiththehelpoflocalartisansand
withtraditionalmethodsandmaterials.
3.4DisasterResistantBuilding
Buildingwhichsufferonlylimiteddamagewhenstruckbyadisasteragent.
3.5EarthquakeResistantBuilding
Buildingwhichpermitsoccupantsadequatetimetoevacuatesafelyintheeventofan
earthquake.
3.6WindResistantBuilding
Buildingwhichprovidesabasicmarginofsafetyagainsthighwind.
3.7Ekra
Straws/reeds/splitbambooorbamboomatbothfacesplasteredwithmudand
cowdungorlimeandsandorcementandsand.
3.8Tarja
Bamboomatwovenindiagonalorobliquetwillpattern.
4ZONES
4.1
HillyareasinIndia,stretchfromKashmirandHimachalPradeshinNorthWestto
ArunachalPradeshandNagalandinextremeNorthEastcoveringthewholeofthe
Himalayanrange.Theentirestretchofhillyregionhaswidevariationsingeology,
geomorphology,climate,altitudeandmaterialsresources.Thevaryinggeologicalsituations
andongoingdevelopmentactivities,climaticvariation,hydrogeologicalconditionsresultin
differenttypesofhazardslikelandslides,avalanches,mudflows,flashfloodsoccurring
frequentlyintheseareas.Amongthevariouscatastrophiccalamities,thesehillyregionsalso
havehighriskduetoearthquakes.Theseareasarepronetoseismicactivityasmostregions
fallunderseismiczonesIVandV(seeIS1893).
4.1.1
UnprecedentedexploitationoftheHimalayasisanotherreasonforoccurrenceof
landslides.North,NorthWestHimalayanareasconsistingofJammuandKashmir,
HimachalPradeshandWesternUttarPradesharemorepronetoavalanches,earthquakes,
floodsandhighspeedwinds.Sikkimishighlypronetolandslidesandseismicactivity.North
EastHimalayanareaconsistingofArunachalPradesh,Mizoram,Nagaland,Meghalaya,
Tripura,ManipurandAssamaremostlyaffectedbyfloodsandfallunderseismiczoneV.
4.1.2
Thesehillyareasarepronetotwoormoretypesofnaturalcalamities,suchasfloods
andlandslides,earthquakesandavalanches,avalanchesandlandslides.Theremaybe
overlappingofoccurancesofdisasters.
5CLIMATE
5.1
HillyregionsoftheHimalayanrangefromNorth
1
WesttoextremeNorthEastfallundercoldhumidandtemperatehumidclimate.The
climaticconditionsshallbecategorisedonbasisofaverageofdailymeantemperatureand
relativehumidityforthemonth.Temperate20C30C,cool1520Candcold<15C
temperature,anddry2530,humid5075andveryhumid75100percenthumidity.
5.2
Thesehillyregionsarehavingfollowingclimaticconditionsduringthestatedmonths.
Month
North
NorthEast
January
Coldhumid
Coldhumid
May
Colddry
Temperatehumid
August
Nov ember
Coldhumid
Temperatehumid
5.3
Aresidentialbuildingshallessentiallybeaformofprotectionagainsttheexternal
climate.Theprevailingclimaticconditionshall,therefore,beamajorfactorforconsideration
indesignofahousetoensureareasonabledegreeofthermalcomforttotheoccupants.
5.3.1
Intemperatehumidareashadeisrequiredbutitshallbeobtainedbysegregationof
housesandshadytreeplantationnotveryclosetohouse.Removalofmoisturefromthe
surfaceoftheskinshallbeaprimerequirementforhumancomfort.
5.3.2
Incooluplandregions,thereisashortswingbetweenseasonaltemperaturesandday
andnighttemperatures.Designshallbeinfluencedbythatextremewhichlastthelongestin
theyear.Thedesignofroofandwallthickness,positionofopenings,etc,shallinfluencethe
humancomfortconditionswithinthehouse.
5.3.3
Traditionally,housefacingtheEastdirectionarepreferredbytheinhabitantsinNorth
andNorthEastregionsoftheHimalayas.
6PLANNINGANDDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
6.1
Existinghousingtypologyshallbekeptinviewforpreparationofdesignsfor
residentialbuildings.Apartfromclimaticconditions,thelifestyles,livinghabits,socio
economiclevels,occupationandculturalpatternofhabitantsshallgovernthehouseforms.
Generallytribalsareinhabitantsoftheseareasandareadheringtotheirtraditionalcustoms
andsystemsofhousebuilding.Theplanninganddesignofahouseshallalsodependupon
criterialikesafetyofdomesticinvasionbypredatorsetc.
6.1.1
Astheterrainofhillyregionshavevalliesorslopes,thehousesshallbeeitherdetached
orsemidetached.Sincelargepocketsofflatlandmaynotbeavailable,itwillnotbepossible
toattaintherowhousingconcept.Moreover,livingstyleandpreferenceofhabitantsmay
notappreciaterowhousingconcept.Clusteroffourtosixhousesarecommonpractice.
Therefore,grouphousingtomatchtheterraincharacteristicsshallbepreferred.
6.1.2
Thedesignanddistributionofvariousfunctionalspacesandserviceareasshallmeet
requirementsoflocalbuildingbyelaws.However,spacedimensionsandshapeofbuilding
shallbecontrolledbybreadthanddepthratio.Therecommendedratio2.5:1.0shallbe
preferredwhereflatland,orientationandwinddirectionmeetstherequirements.
6.1.3
Flatlandisnormallynotavailableinhillyregions.Thehousesarerequiredtobe
constructedonpartiallyslopinglandmadeavailablebycuttingandfilling.Itshallbe
necessarytoprotectthehousebybuildingretainingwalls/breastwalls[seeIS14458(Part
2)]toavoidlandslidesoccurringattimeofearthquakesorheavyrains.
6.1.4
ThehouseformsandpatternsprevailingintheNorth,andNorthEaststatesofhilly
regionshavedifferenttypology.Spaceforstorageoffuelwoodandgranaryisquitecommon
inhillyregions.ThesalientdesignfeaturesofexistingtypologyisdescribedinbriefinAnnex
B.
6.1.5
Theshapeandsizeofthehouseshallbegovernedbythetypeofpitchedroofand
materialsusedforcovering.Theroomdimensionsshallbesmall.
6.1.6
Therearemanydesignfeatureswhichcanreducetheeffectoftheforcesofhighwinds
onahouse.Mostofthebuildingfeaturesarecontrarytoidealrequirementsforawind
resistanthouse,socompromisesinthedesignwillhavetobemade.Followingaresomeof
featureswithrulesofthumb:
a. Donotbuildanyopeningwhichcannotbereachedandclosedoffduringthecalamity.
b. Provideopeningsinsuitablelocationswherewindpressurecanescape.
c. Designtherooftoreducesuctionandbreakingliftingpattern.
d. Designcornerstoreducethepressuresbyallowingwindtosliparoundthecorners.
(Thiscanbedoneoftenbyroundingorbevellingthecornersofahouse.)
e. Avoidcreatingareaswherewindcanbetrappedandexcessivepressurecanbuildup.
f. Avoidcreatingcourtyardsorpatiostoreducecircularorturbulentwinds.
g. Providealldoorsandwindowsnotlessthan1mfromeachotherandalsonotlessthan
1mfromtheendofawall.
2
6.1.7
Followingrulesofthumbshallapplyforearthquakeresistantdesign:
a. Provideuniformopeningareaoppositeeachotherintheparallelexternalwalls.
b. Providealldoorsandwindowsnotlessthan1mfromeachother.
c. Alldoorsininternalandexternalwallsshallbecentered,ornotlessthan1mfromthe
endofthewall.
d. Incaseofleantoroof,thehighestwallofhouseshallnotbemorethanhalfmetre
higherthantheoppositewall.
e. Alldoorsinsidethehouseshouldopeninthedirectionofthenearestdoorleadingtothe
outsideofthehouse.
f. Thethicknessofmortarjointshouldnotbemorethan15mm.
6.2SiteSelection
6.2.1
Thereshallbethreemainobjectivesfortheselectionofsites:
a. Safety,
b. Developabletopography,and
c. Closetoplaceofwork.
6.2.2
Thefollowingpointsshallbeconsideredinmakingapreliminarysurveyofasite
option:
Accessto
a. water,
b. service,and
c. communicationlinksandintegrationwithnatureandneighbourhood.
6.2.3Location
a. Inlocatingahouse,takeadvantageofnaturalwindbreakssuchasstandoftrees,
smallhillsorhedges.
b. Avoidsitesonorneartallhills.Tallhillscanincreasewindspeedbyasmuchas50
percent.
c. Valleystendtofunnelwindscreatingabnormallyhighwindspeeds.Therefore,efforts
shouldbetoavoidsuchsites.
d. Buildingplacesnearoneanothershalldevelopintensesuctiononthegableendof
pitchedroofs.Buildingshallalsobespacedwithsmallgapstostabilisetheflowonthe
leeside.
6.2.4Siting
a. Nohouseshallpreferablybelocatedcloserthan1mtoanotherhouse.
b. Nohouseshallpreferablybelocatedcloserthan10mtoasteepslope.
c. Nohouseshallbebuiltonalandfillorontheedgeofaslopeknowntohavebeen
levelled.
6.2.5
Followingpointsshallbekeptinviewwithreferencetoparticularrisks.
6.2.5.1Earthquake
a. Useavailabledataondispositionoffaultingandspreadofpoorbearingsoilsand
unrestrainedsands.
b. Avoidnarrowridges,steepslopes,narrowvalleysandsitesnearcliffsorlargegullies
thatiswithin150m.
c. Prefersiteswithhardbedrockatornearthesurface.
d. Prefersiteswherelandslidesareunknowninsurroundingarea.
e. Prefersiteswherethereisnosignofactivefaultingandavoidoffsetrocklays,rowof
pondsorswampsanddeeporlongcracksinground.
6.2.5.2Cyclones
a. Prefersitesawayfromseacoast,floodplainsandlakesides.
b. Followingtobeavoided:
1. Lowelevationrelativetolagoon,riverorsurroundingland
2. Lackofnaturaloutlettodischargethevolumeofwaterorrestrictionatthe
outletand
3. Buildingatthefootofslopesreceivingdirectsurfacerunoff.
6.2.5.3Landslides
a. Useallavailabledataondispositionofriskarea.
b. Localgeographicalconditionsshallindicateseverityofrisk.
6.2.5.4Flashfloods
a. Avoidlowlyingareas,wetlandsandlagoonmouths
b. Avoidedgesofinlandlakes
c. Avoidfloodplainsandparticularlythefloodway
d. Avoidhousinginnarrowdefilesupriver
e. Avoiddownstreambanksandflowwaysbelowdamsandparticularlyinearthquake
areasand
f. Provideprotectivemeasuressuchaschannelisation,pondingareas,floodwalls,etc.
3
6.2.5.5Snowavalanches
a. Useallavailabledataondispositionofriskarea.Heavysnowfallmaybeassociated
withheavyrains.
b. Prefersitesawayfromavalanchessites.
c. Avoidformationofsnowpocketsonroofandonsite.
d. Designroofswithslopesgreaterthan50todisregardsnowload.
e. SnowloadshallbeasperIS875(Part4).
6.3ShapeofBuilding
6.3.1
Ahouseplanofcircularshapeshallbeidealforhighwindregions.
6.3.2
Ahouseplanofrectangularshapeshallbeevolved,providedlengthtowidthratiodoes
notexceed2.5:1.
6.3.3
Theparallelwallsofthebuildingsshallbeofequallengthandheight.
6.3.4
Theheightofbuildingshallbeminimum.Maximumheightofdoublesotreyed
buildingshallberestrictedtobe6.0m.
6.4RoofDesign
6.4.1
Apitchedroofhavinghipandfoursideslopesisrecommended.Agableroofhaving
hipandtwosideslopesmaybedesigned,providedadequatediagonalbracingisusedbetween
trussesandgablewallsarereinforced.Flatroofsinreinforcedconcretearerecommended.
Ferrocementshallalsobepermissible.Roofsmadeofearthsupportedbyawoodandtimber
frameshallnotbepreferred.
6.4.2
Theroofpitchangleshallnotbelessthan30oraboutonemetreinthree.Outside
overhangsofmorethanhalfmetreshallbeavoided.Alltrussesshallrestonandbe
structurallysecuredtotheupperringbeamofthewall.Notrussshallrestdirectlyonthe
wallitself.Roofingmaterials,sheetsortilesshallbesecuredrigidlywithtopties.
7DISASTERSRESISTANTCONSTRUCTION
7.1
Humansettlementinurbanorruralareoftensubjectedtothevagariesofnatural
calamitiessuchascyclones,earthquakesandfloods.Hillyareasfacetheriskofgreat
disasterslikelandslides,floods,earthquakeandavalanchesetc.Thereareseveralregions
whicharefacedwithriskofcombineddisasters.Thenatureofdamageduetonatural
disastersincaseoffullyengineeredandpartiallyengineeredarenotsosevereasincaseof
marginallyengineeredornonengineeredbuildings.
7.1.1
Withtheadvancementinthescienceofhydrology,weatherforecastingand
technologicaldevelopmentsinthefieldofbuildingmaterialsandconstructiontechnology,it
shallnowbepossibletouseengineeringprinciplesofdisasterresistantdesignand
constructionswithprofessionalinputintheirplanning,design,constructionandsupervision.
Someofthefollowingprinciplesshallserveasguidelinesfordisasterresistantconstruction.
7.2HighWindResistantBuildings
a. Buildingsshallbewellanchoredtotheirfoundations.
b. Allelementsinastructureshallbetiedtogether.
c. Walltowallframing,posts,beams,rafters,columns,purlins,battensandroof
tiles/sheetsetc.
d. Thefixingmethodbetweenelementsshallbegoodenough.Themethodemployed
shouldstopthestructurefrombreakingupintoseparate.
e. Thestructureshallbediagonallybraced.Thebracingofroofshallalsoberequired.
f. Largeopenverandahsandpartopenareasshallbebraceddiagonallyintheroof,and
alsoinplanesofthewalls.
g. Thenaturalwindbreakssuchasstandsoftrees,smallhillsorhedgesshouldbemade.
h. Dueconsiderationofshapeandwinddirectionshallbetaken.Squareshapeshallbe
avoided.Cornersofbuildingshallpreferablybechamferedtobreakwindpressure.
7.3EarthquakeResistantBuildings
a. Theshapeofhouseplanshallpreferablyberectangular.L,TorUshapeplanningshall
beavoided.Incaseunavoidable,shallbemadebynonstructuralsections/units.
b. Themudoradobewallsandbrickpiers,cornersandperimetersofopeningshallbe
reinforced.
c. Thefoundationsshallbecontinuouslyreinforced.
d. Theprojectionsandparapetwallsshallbewelltiedwithmainstructure.
e. Thewallsshallbecappedbycontinuousringbeamsattopandbottom.
f. Thewallsandcornersshallbestrengthenedbywallplastersorbuttresses.
g. Hippedroofshallbepreferable.
4
h. Verandahanditsroofshallbestructurallyseparatedfromthemainroof.
i. Avoidbuildingonfilleduplandorontheedgeofaslope.
j. Thediaphragmforcesinwallsmustbetransmitteddirectlythroughthewallfloor
connection.
7.4FlashFloodResistantBuildings
a. Selectionofsiteshallbemadeonbasisofgeneralfloodlevel.
b. Thewidthofopeningsshallbeminimumforblockingduringfloodbysandbags.
c. Thestructureshallberaisedonstilts.
d. Lowerpartofstructureshallbebuiltwithpermanentmaterialslikeburntclaybricksin
cementmortar,stonewallsincementmortar.
e. Posts(wood,metalorconcrete)shallbeplacedonstoneorconcretestand.
f. Foundationdesignshouldtakecareofhorizontalandverticalforces.
8STRENGTHENINGFEATURES
8.1
Therewillbeoftengreatsimilaritybetweenrecommendationstoimproveparticular
typesofhouse,againstdifferenttypesofnaturaldisastersprevalentintheregion.Thus
actionstakentoimproveresistanceofthehouseagainstonetypeofdisastershallhave
beneficialresultsinimprovingitsperformanceagainsttheothertype.Thereshallbeno
conflictbetweenrecommendationsforearthquakeorhighwindresistantconstructionfor
newbuildingdesigns.Insuchcircumstancesthemostprevalenttypeofthreatshallbe
decidingfactor.Commonfeaturesaregivenin8.2.
8.2
Followingbasicfeaturesshallbeincorporatedindesignandconstructionofnew
buildings:
a. AnchorageItshallbenecessarytoholdtheroofon.Thismeansthattheroofshallbe
tieddowntothewalls,orfoundationbyanadequateandcontinuouschainofstrength.
Inwindresistantconstruction,thepurposeistoholdtheroofdown.Inearthquake
resistantconstruction,trussesshallbebracedatthebeam.Inavalancheresistant
construction,designofroofandroofingmaterialsshallbestrongenoughtocarrythe
staticloadofsnow.Smallerroofareaandsteppingshallbepreferred.
b. BracingItshallbenecessarytobracethewallstowithstandthelateralwindloading
andrackingeffect.Strengthshallbeaddednotonlyatthecornersofthebuilding,but
alsoatkeylocationsthroughouteachwall.Intimberstructure,diagonalbracing,in
brickorabodestructure,horizontalandcrossedtimberormetalmemberstoactas
bracingattopandinthestructuralwallshallbeprovided.
c. ContinuityItshallbeensuredthatallbuildingcomponentsandelementsareproperly
connectedsothattheirfunctionsareperformedsatisfactorily.Normally,forcesare
oftenmuchlarger,andintheoppositedirectiontheseshallrequireadequateprovision
ofconnectionsbetweenmembersandcomponentsofahouse.
9SAFETY
9.1
Thehazardisanaturalphenomenonandisrelatedtoidentifiablegeographicareas.
Thedesignofsafehousesshallstartwiththeunderstandingofthenatureofthehazardthat
hastoberesisted.Hazardproofingofindividualhouseispossiblebutshallbehighlyinter
relatedtothesocialandeconomiclevelofinhabitants.
9.2SafetyMeasuresAgainstHighWind,SnowStorms
9.2.1
Doorsandwindowsshallbesodesignedthatstormshutterscanbeplacedoverthem
duringwindstorms.
9.2.2
Windowshuttersshallbesodesignedthatglasspanesarerelativelysmall.
9.2.3
Windowframeshallbesodesignedthatifscreensareusedontheoutside,theycanbe
easilyremovedandattachedtotheinsidetoprovideprotectionagainstflyingglassorother
debris.
9.2.4
Anysmallroomofthehouseshallbestrengthenedsothatitcanbeusedasinhouse
shelterduringthehazard.
9.3SafetyMeasuresAgainstEarthquakes
9.3.1
Doorsandwindowsshallbesodesignedthattheywillnotfallorjaminanearthquake.
9.3.2
Allhousesshallhavedoorswhichopenoutward.
9.3.3
Alldoorsinsidethehouseshallopeninthedirectionofnearestexittotheoutside.
9.3.4
Highchimneys,cornicesoranyornamentalstructureshallbeavoidedontherooftop
orelsewherewhichcanfallintothebuildingorobstructadoororwindow.
10APPROPRIATEBUILDINGMATERIALS
10.1
Thechoiceofappropriateconstructionmaterialsandtechnologiesshalldirectlybe
relatedtotheavailabilityofskillsandmaterialsinaparticularregion.Indeterminingthe
choiceofmaterialstobeusedforbuildingahouse,itneedstoberelatedtopasttraditional
usage,availabilityintime,andonrequiredscalethepossibilityofupgradingquality.
10.2
Thetraditional/conventionalbuildingmaterialsusedforwalling,roofingandflooring
areindicatedbelow.
a. WallingEarth,soil,wood,timber,bamboo,bamboomat,corrugatedgalvanizediron
sheets,stone,bricks,concrete,asbestoscementsheets,lime,cement,ekra,slates.
b. RoofingWood,timber,bamboo,bamboomat,corrugatedgalvanizedironsheets,
reinforcedcementconcrete,concrete,thatch,asbestoscementsheets,slates,country
tiles,lime,cement,plasticsheets.
c. FlooringEarth,soil,wood,timber,stone,bricks,concrete,slates,lime,cement.
10.3PropertiesofMaterials
10.3.1
Fromtheseismicviewpointthefollowingmaterialpropertiesandcharacteristicsshall
bemostimportant:
a. UnitweightLightermaterialsconsistentwithstrength,shallbebetter.
b. StrengthCompression,tensionandshearincludingdynamiceffects,ifany,induced
tostrainrates.
c. Modulusofelasticityincludingstrainrateeffects.
d. Dampingvalueatvariousstrainlevel,higherthebetter.
e. Lateralloaddisplacementcharacteristicsofelementsandcomponentsunderreversed
loadingincludingplasticdeformation.
f. DurabilityResistanceagainstweatheringaction,corrosion,insectattacks,etc.
g. Fireresistance.
10.3.2
Thestatusofdeterminationofthepropertiesasstatedin10.3.1forcommonbuilding
materialsshallbepresentedinamatrixformasgiveninTable1.
Table1PropertiesofCommonBuildingMaterialsMatrix
(Clause10.3.2)
SI
No.
Materials
(2)
(1)
Mass Compressive
Tensile
Elastic Damping Hysterosis Highstrain
Density
Strength
andShear Modulus
Shape
Rate
Strength
(7)
Effect
(3)
(4)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(9)
i)
Adobe
ii)
Burntbrickinmud
v ii) Timber
v iii) Cementconcrete
mortar
iii)
Burntbrickin
cementmortar1:6
iv )
Burntbrickin
limesurkhi
v)
Randomrubble,in
cementorlimeor
mudmortar
v i)
Dressedstone
1:2:4
ix)
Mildsteel
*Excellent,oPoor,Fair,Noinformation.
10.4TraditionalConstructionPractices
10.4.1
Traditionalbuildingmaterialsandtheirpropertiesarementionedin10.2and10.3.
Theavailabilityofthesematerialsinhillyregionsofdifferentstatesandtheirpredominant
usageinvarieditemsofworksareindicatedinTable2.
10.5AlternateBuildingMaterials
10.5.1
Newbuildingmaterialsdevelopedforwallingandroofingandfoundsuitableafterfield
testsmaybepermittedinthehillyregions.Theperformanceofsuchmaterials,however,
maybeevaluatedbytheusersaftertakingintoaccountofengineeringprinciplesofdisaster
resistant,designandconstructionpracticeswithprofessionalinputs.
10.5.2WallingMaterials
a. Hollowconcreteblocks[seeIS2185(Parts1and2)].
b. Precaststoneblocks(seeIS12440).
c. Concreteblock[seeIS2185(Part1)].
d. Stabilisedsoilblocks.
10.5.3Floor/RoofingMaterials
a. PrecastreinforcedconcreteLpanel(seeIS14241).
b. Partiallyprecastreinforcedconcreteplanksandjoists(seeIS13990).
c. Precastreinforcedconcretechannelunits(seeIS14201).
d. Fireretardantthatch(seeIS12506).
e. Aluminium/fibrereinforcedplasticroofingsheets.
10.5.4Joinery
a. Precastreinforcedconcreteframesfordoorsandwindows.
b. Ferrocementshutters.
c. PVCDoorshutters.
Table2StatewiseAvailabilityandUsageofMaterialsinHillyAreas
(Clause10.4.1)
State
J&K
Foundation
Brickorstoneworkin
mud/cement/lime
mortar.
Wailing
Roofing
Unburnt/burnt
Gable/hippedroof
bricks/stone,mud/abodein madeofslatestilesof
mud/cementlimemortar.
Timberplanksand
corrugatedgalv anized
sheets
abov ewallswiththicklay er
ofmud/limeplaster.
Himachal
Stoneworkin
Pradesh
mud/cement/lime
mortar.
Slate,stonein
mud/cement/limemortar.
Thickwoodenbeams
Woodenplankswith
thicklay erofmudplaster.
Sharply inclinedgableroof
usingslatesov erwooden
structure.
inbetweeninsidemud
plaster.
Uttar
Stoneworkin
Randomrubblestone
Gabletwosidesslopedwith
Pradesh
mud/cement/lime
masonry in
slates.
mortar.
mud/cement/limemortar.
Stoneworkin
Mudwall,stonein
Gableroofcorrugated
mud/cement/lime
mud/cement,limemortar.
galv anizedironsheetingon
mortar.
Woodenplanks.
woodenframework.
Sikkim
West
Stoneworkin
Bengal
mud/cement/lime
mortar.
Mudwallsstone
masonry in
mud/cement/limemortar.
Gableroofcorrugated
galv anizedironsheetingon
woodenframework.
Woodenplanksand
posts.
Assam
Stiltsofbambooor
Plaitedorsplit
Thatchedsloppedroof.
woodenpolesorposts. bambooorreedswith
equidistantpolesorposts.
Plasteredwithmud
andcowdungorlimeand
sand.
Arunachal
Slopedthatchedroofusing
Pradesh,
timberpolesor
bamboo/woodwalls
bambooandgrass.
Meghalay a,
bamboos.Random
cov eredwithmudorTarja
Corrugatedgalv anizediron
Manipur,
rubblestonemasonry
wattleanddaubwallsbrick
sheetonwooden
Tripura,
mudwall.
walls.
substructure.
Mizoram
7
11CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS,SYSTEMSAND
METHODS
Therearethreemaincomponentsofthehousefoundation,wallandroof.The
foundationiscloselyrelatedwiththetypeofwallingmaterialsandsurroundingtypeofsoil
androofstructureisquiteindependent.Thosecommonallyusedforresidentialhousesalong
withsomevariationsintheirmaterialsandmethodsaredescribedin11.1to11.5.3.
11.1EarthenHouses
11.1.1
Thebasicmaterialsforconstructionshallbeclayeyeartheitherinmudlumpform,
rammedearthinwoodenformsorrectangularshapedblocks,calledadobe.Somefibrous
materialslikestraw,hay,humanoranimalshairshallbemixedinnaturalsoil.Normally
300350mmthicknessshallbeadoptedforlowrisehouses.Sometimesthethicknessofwall
shallbetaperedupwards.Insomevariations,woodelementsorsplittedbamboosshallbe
insertedbetweencoursesparticularlyatthecornersandTjunctionsofthewall.
11.1.2
TheDhajjiDiwariconstructioninJ&Kregion,pillarsofadobe600600mminsize
shallbebuiltat1.5to2.0mcentres.Theinterveningspaceshallbefilledwithbricksorstone
11.1.3
Thefloorshallbeofwoodenjoistsandplanks.Thejoistsshallrestonwoodenwall
platesandalsosometimes,willhavewallplatesontopofthem.Thesewoodenwallplates
shallformrunnersallroundthehouse.
11.1.4
Acompositewallconstructioncanbeadopted.Thiswillhaveburntbricksonouter
faceandunburntbricksoninnerface,builtinmudmortarandbotharebondedtogetherby
headerbricks.
11.2BurntBrickHouses
11.2.1
Thebasicmaterialsforconstructionshallbeclayburntbrickshandormachine
mouldedandfiredindifferenttypeofclampsandkilns.Thedimensions,quality,strengthetc,
shallbeasperIS1077.
11.2.2
Theroomsizesshalldependonthetypesofroof.Theroomwidthshallberestrictedto
3.0to3.4mandlengthfrom4.0to8.0mwhereflatroofs/floorsareconstructedwith
woodenjoistsandplanks.
11.2.3
TheEnglishbond,shallbeusedfortheconstructionofonebrickthickwall.Mud
mortarforsinglestoreyedandcementorlimemortarfordoublestoreyedloadbearingwalls
shallbeused.
11.2.4
Foundationsshallconsistsofsteppedtypefootingsoverrammedearthandbrickbats.
Slightlyunderoroverburntbricksshallbepermittedinfoundation.
11.2.5
Theoneandhalfbrickpiersthicknesshavingindependentfootingat3.0mcentreto
centreprojectingbyhalfbricksandinfillunburntbrickpanelsshallbepermittedin
compositeconstruction.Woodenringbeamsontopofwallsshallbeprovidedtoreceivethe
hippedroof.
11.3StoneMasonryHouses
11.3.1
Thenaturalstonesinmasonryworkshallbeusedinformofrandomrubbleorhalf
dressedorfullydressedstate.Themortarsshallbecementorlime.
11.3.2
Thewallthicknessshallvaryfrom400to750mm,dependinguponloadingand
mortarsused.
11.3.3
Singlestoreylateritestoneunitwallsshallbe250to300mmthickwithhippedroof.
Roomsmaybewideandlonghavinginnerrowofwoodenposts.
11.3.4
Singlestoreystonehousewithreinforcedconcreteslabroofand2400mmheight
shallbetypicaldesign.
11.4WoodenHouses
11.4.1
Woodenhousesshallincludethoseinwhichthemainloadbearingstructureconsists
ofwoodenpostsandframesalthoughthecladdingmaybeofbrickorstone.Thewoodused
inconstructionshallalsoincludelogs,sawntimberofdifferentspeciesaswellasbamboo.
11.4.2
Thesystemofconstructionshallbeclassifiedintotwoforms:
a. studwall,and
b. noggedtimberframe.
11.4.2.1
Studwallconstructionshallbeofwoodensillplateslaidatplinthlevelandwooden
postsframedatshortdistanceof800to1200mmcentretocentre.Thestudsshallalso
carrywoodenplatesattheirtop.Thecornersandjunctionsofwallsshallbestabilizedby
connectionsbetweenplatesandframing.Thesillplatesshallberigidlyfixedtomasonry
plinthbymeansofironboltsorwires.Horizontalwoodenmembersoflightercrosssection
shallbeinsertedbetweenthestudsatregularintervalsbynotchingintothestudsorspiking
tothem.Theroofshallbepitchedorhippedtypehavingwoodenraftersandpurlinstowhich
thesheetinginnailedorbolted.Thewallcladdingshallconsistofplanks,sheets,boards,
bamboomats,etc.Thepanelsshallbediagonallybraced.
11.4.2.2
Thebricknoggedtimberframeshallconsistofheavycornercolumns,piersorposts,
sills,intermediateverticalsat1000mmcentres.Thewallplates,horizontalnogging
membersanddiagonalbracesinalternatepanelsshallbeframedintoeachother.Thespace
betweenframingmembersshallbefilled
8
withtightfittingburntorunburnthaltbrickmasonryinstretcherbond.Flatstones
likeslatesorlateriteshallalsobeused.Theroofshallbepitchedorhippedwithsheetingor
tilecovering.Thatchshallalsobeused.
11.4.2.3
Thefoundationofbothtypeofwoodenhousesshallusuallyberandomstonemasonry
inmudmortar.Thesetypeofhousesshallhaveanintermediateandatticfloorfordouble
storeyedconstruction.
11.5ConcreteFrameandInfillConstruction
11.5.1
Concreteconstructedhousesshallincludethemethodofreinforcing,acontinuous,
runningframeofinsitureinforcedcementconcrete.Theadobes,hollowconcreteblocks,
stoneblocks,concreteblocksorstabilizedsoilblocksshallbeusedasanonloadingbearing,
nonstructuralinfill.
11.5.1.1
Thehouseshallbeconstructedonstrong,levelfoundationwithmoisturebarrier.
Reinforcedcementconcretecolumnsshallbeineachcornerandspacedatappropriate
intervalsthroughouteachwallandoneachsideofdoorsandwindows.Allcolumnsshallbe
firmlyimplantedinthefoundationatleast750mmdeep.Reinforcedcementconcretering
beamsatbottom,middleandtipofwallshallbeprovided.Intersectingwallsshallbejoined
toexteriorwallataverticalcolumn.Intersectingwallsshallbemadecontinuousbymeans
ofthebarsandorhorizontalreinforcementthatextendintoneighbouringwallsand
partitions.
11.5.1.2
Incaseofloadbearingstructureusingalternatebuildingmaterialsforwallingas
mentionedin10.5.2theconstructionmethodsshallbeasdescribedin11.3.Additional
reinforcementormildsteelbarsineachthirdlayerandverticalreinforcedoneachsideof
openingshallbeprovided.
11.5.2
Foralternatebuildingmaterialsforroofingasmentionedin10.5.3theconstruction
methodswouldnotdiffer.However,additionalgablewallofbricksonjointsshallbe
provided.
11.5.3
Partiallyprecastreinforcedconcreteplanksandjoistssystemforfloor/roofshall
requireadditionalstrengtheningmeasuresfordiaphragmaction.
ANNEXA
LISTOFREFERREDINDIANSTANDARDS
(Clause2)
ISNo.
Title
87 5(Part4): Codeofpracticefordesignloads(otherthanearthquake)forbuildingsand
1987
structures:Part4Snowloads(secondrevision)
107 7 :1992
Specificationforcommonburntclay buildingsbricks(fifthrevision)
1893:1984
Criteriaforearthquakeresistantdesignofstructures(fourthrevision)
2185
Concretemasonry units:
(Part1):
Hollowandsolidconcreteblocks(secondrevision)
197 9
Hollowandsolidlightweightconcreteblocks(firstrevision)
(Part2):
1983
6523:1983
Specificationforprecastreinforcedconcretedoorandwindowframes(first
revision)
12440:1988
Precastconcretestonemasonry blocks
12506:1988
Codeofpracticeforimprov edthatchingofroofwithrotandfireretardanttreatment
13990:1994
Precastreinforcedconcreteplanksandjoistsforroofingandflooring
14201:1994
Precastreinforcedconcretechannelunitsforconstructionoffloorsandroofs
14241:1995
PrecastreinforcedconcreteLpanelforroofing
14458(Part
RetainingwallforhillareaGuidelines:Part2Designofretaining/breastwalls
2):1997
9
ANNEXB
HOUSEFORMSANDPATTERNSPREVAILINGINDIFFERENTHILLY
REGIONS
(Clause6.1.4)
B1
CommonhousetypesinJammuandKashmirhaveaneastorientation.Thehouses
aresquareorrectangularinplan.Atypicalfeatureinalltheruralhousesistohaveasmall
frontverandah.Plinthisraised.Commonlythehousesaretwoorthreestoreyedandmulti
roomedtenements.Gabledroofarepreponderantinthesehouseswhicharepurposefully
constructedtoshedoffthesnow.
B2
GenerallyinHimachalPradesh,plinthisnotraised,doorsaresmallinsizeand
minimumventilationisprovided.Groundlevel/floorisusedforstoragepurposesand
keepingcattles.ATANDthatis,asmallroombetweentwofloorsisdesignedforretiring
duringextremecoldweather.Besides,aprovisionforaverandahallaroundthecentralarea
ispreferred.
B3
ThehousetypesinhillyregionsofUttarPradesharegenerallydoublestoreyedin
characterandmultiroomtenments.Acoveredverandahongroundfloorinfrontfacadeis
anintegralpartofthehouse.Generallyacoveredbalconyonupperfloorisacommon
feature.Raisedplinthandstoneflabflooringiscommonpractice.
B4
ThehousingtypologyinthestateofSikkimandWestBengalisquitesimilartothe
otherhillyregions.Thehousesaremultiroomed,twoorthreestoreyedstructureserected
withhighplinthrangingfrom600to900mm.Coveredverandahandbalconyonground
andupperfloorsrespectivelyarecommonfeatures.Afewsmallholesorsmallwindowsin
frontwalls,areprovidedforventilation.
B5
Generally,housetypesinAssamareoneroomedhavingtwoorthreelowlevel
partitionstodividetheavailablespaceaccordingtofunctionalusage.Cookingspaceisinside
theroom.Normally,thereisanopencourtyardspaceinfrontdemarcatedwithbamboo
fencing.Thisspaceisusedascattleshedandgranary.Theplinthheightisusually300to900
mmwithfilledupearth.Floorfinishisdonewithmudandcowdung.
B6
InallStatesofNorthEasternregion,thehousetypesbuiltonstiltsarecommon.These
areoneroomedwithscareventilation.Theroomspaceisdesignedforbuiltinbedstead
alongthewalls,kitchen/fireplaceinthecentre.TheprovisionofTAND(projectedshelves)
forstorageismadeinsidetheroom.
B7
InMeghalaya,thestilthutsare900to1200mmabovesurroundinglevel.Theroom
spaceispartitionedin23rooms.TonggharsofTripurahavestiltheightbetween1200to1
800mm.Thehousehaveacoveredbambooplatforminfrontusedasporticoanduncovered
platformattheback.
B8
AOhouseofNagalandareusuallytworoomedunitswithanopenplatformof
interlacedsplitbambooattheback.Mizoramhousesarespacioussingleroomedstructures
withfrontcoveredverandahandbackopenverandah.
B9
ThetribalsofArunachalPradeshconstructtheirstilthouseswithprovisionsoffront
verandah,mainhallandbackverandah.Insomecases,aprovisionsofcorridorallalongthe
housetoconnectfrontandbackismade.
10
ANNEXC
COMMITTEECOMPOSITION
(Foreword)
Chairman
DrGopalRanjan
SA/46,CivilLines,Roorkee
Members
Representing
ShriSheikhNazirAhmed
PublicWorksDepartment,Jammu&Kashmir
ProfA.K.Chakraborty
IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing,DehraDun
ShriR.C.Lakhera(Alternate)
ChairmancumManagingDirector
NationalBuildingsConstructionCorporation,NewDelhi
ShriB.B.Kumar(Alternate)
ChiefEngineer(DamDesign)
UttarPradeshIrrigationDesignOrganization,Roorkee
SuperintendingEngineer(TehriDamDesignCircle)(Alternate)
ChiefEngineer(Roads)
Ministry ofSurfaceTransport,NewDelhi
SuperintendingEngineer(Roads)(Alternate)
Deputy DirectorGeneral(D&S
IndianRoadsCongress,NewDelhi
Directorate,DGBR)
Deputy Secretary (T),IRC(Alternate)
Director,HCD(N&W)
CentralWaterCommission,NewDelhi
Director(SardarSarov ar)(Alternate)
DrR.K.Dubey
IndianMeteorologicalDepartment,NewDelhi
DrD.S.Upadhy ay (Alternate)
ShriT.N.Gupta
BuildingMaterials&Technology PromotionCouncil,New
Delhi
ShriJ.K.Prasad(Alternate)
ShriM.M.Harbola
ForestSurv ey ofIndia,DehraDun
ShriP.K.Pathak(Alternate)
ShriB.C.Borthakur
RegionalResearchLaboratory .Jorhat
ShriU.C.Bora(Alternate)
ShriS.Kaul
ShriKireetKumar
ShriR.S.Rawal(Alternate)
ProfA.K.Maitra
SchoolofPlanningandArchitecture,NewDelhi
ProfArv indKrishan(Alternate)
ShriN.K.Shangari
CentralBuildingResearchInstitute,Roorkee
ShriK.D.Garg(Alternate)
ShriP.L.Narula
GeologicalSurv ey ofIndia,Calcutta
ShriS.Dasgupta(Alternate)
ShriK.K.Maitra
EngineerinChiefsBranch,Army Headquarters.New
Delhi
SikkimHillAreaDev elopmentBoard.Gangtok
ShriD.S.Tolia
CentralRoadResearchInstitute,NewDelhi
ShriSatishKumar(Alternate)
DrK.S.Rao
IIT,NewDelhi
DrBhawaniSingh
DrP.C.Jain(Alternate)
ShriBhoopSingh
DepartmentofScienceandTechnology ,NewDelhi
ShriB.L.Tikee
DirectorateGeneralBorderRoads(D&S),NewDelhi
ShriJ.Gopalakrishna(Alternate)
11
ShriR.D.Singh
DrSudhirKumar(Alternate)
Director
NorthEasternRegionalInstituteofWaterandLand
Management,Assam
Adv iser(Alternate)
ShriLakhbirSinghSonkhla
PublicWorksDepartment,Shimla
ShriA.K.Soni
CentralMiningResearchInstitute,Dhanbad
DrP.Sriniv asulu
StructuralEngineeringResearchCentre,Chennai
ShriG.Jay ramarao(Alternate)
SuperintendingSurv ey orofWorks(NZ) CentralPublicWorksDepartment,NewDelhi
Surv ey orofWorksI(NZ)(Alternate)
ShriV.Suresh
Housing&UrbanDev elopmentCorporation(HUDCO),
NewDelhi
ShriD.P.Singh(Alternate)
ShriS.C.Tiwari
U.P.HillAreaDev elopmentBoard,Lucknow
ShriK.Venkatachalam
CentralSoil&MaterialResearchStation,NewDelhi
ShriS.K.Babbar(Alternate)
DrN.S.Virdhi
DrR.L.Chauhan
RegionalEngineeringCollege,Hamirpur
ProfC.L.Dhar(Alternate)
ShriS.S.Sethi,
DirectorGeneral,BIS(ExofficioMember)
Director(Civ Engg)
MemberSecretary
ShriD.K.Agrawal
JointDirector(CivEngg),BIS
12