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Guy Fawkes

This article is about the historical gure. For other uses,


see Guy Fawkes (disambiguation).
Guy Fawkes (/a fks/; 13 April 1570 31 January 1606),[lower-alpha 1] also known as Guido Fawkes, the
name he adopted while ghting for the Spanish, was a
member of a group of provincial English Catholics who
planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
Fawkes was born and educated in York. His father
died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his
mother married a recusant Catholic. Fawkes converted
to Catholicism and left for the continent, where he fought
in the Eighty Years War on the side of Catholic Spain
against Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. Fawkes was baptised at the church of St. Michael le Belfrey
He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without success. He later met Thomas
Wintour, with whom he returned to England.
a prominent merchant, who served as Lord Mayor of
Wintour introduced Fawkes to Robert Catesby, who
York in 1536.[4] Guys mothers family were recusant
planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic
Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a
monarch to the throne. The plotters leased an undercroft
Jesuit priest.[5] Guy was an uncommon name in England,
beneath the House of Lords, and Fawkes was placed in
but may have been popular in York on account of a local
charge of the gunpowder they stockpiled there. Prompted
notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton.[6]
by the receipt of an anonymous letter, the authorities
searched Westminster Palace during the early hours of The date of Fawkess birth is unknown, but he was
5 November, and found Fawkes guarding the explosives. baptised in the church of St. Michael le Belfrey on 16
Over the next few days, he was questioned and tortured, April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism
[5]
and eventually he confessed. Immediately before his exe- was three days, he was probably born about 13 April.
cution on 31 January, Fawkes fell from the scaold where In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne,
he was to be hanged and broke his neck, thus avoiding the but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November
that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne
agony of the mutilation that followed.
(b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married,
Fawkes became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot,
in 1599 and 1594 respectively.[6][7]
the failure of which has been commemorated in Britain
since 5 November 1605. His egy is traditionally burned In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died.
on a bonre, commonly accompanied by a reworks dis- His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic
Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton,
play.
Harrogate. Fawkes may have become a Catholic through
the Baynbrigge familys recusant tendencies, and also the
Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of
1 Early life
Scotton,[8] but also from his time at St. Peters School
in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20
1.1 Childhood
years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John
Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recuGuy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He sants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work
was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, The Pulleynes of Yorkshire, author Catharine Pullein suga proctor and an advocate of the consistory court at gested that Fawkess Catholic education came from his
York,[lower-alpha 2] and his wife, Edith.[lower-alpha 3] Guys Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring
parents were regular communicants of the Church of priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to FlanEngland, as were his paternal grandparents; his grand- ders in 15921593.[9] Fawkess fellow students included
mother, born Ellen Harrington, was the daughter of John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later in1

GUNPOWDER PLOT

volved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald


Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who
became priests (the latter executed in 1601).[10]
After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of
Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount
took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by AnthonyMaria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, who succeeded
his grandfather at the age of 18.[11] At least one source
claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known
A contemporary engraving of eight of the thirteen conspirators,
contemporary accounts conrm this.[12][lower-alpha 4]
by Crispijn van de Passe. Fawkes is third from the right.

1.2

Military career

In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in Clifton that


he had inherited from his father.[lower-alpha 5] He travelled
to the continent to ght in the Eighty Years War for
Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from
1595 until the Peace of Vervins in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land operations against Spain, the two countries were still at war,
and the Spanish Armada of 1588 was only ve years in the
past. He joined Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic
and veteran commander in his mid-fties who had raised
an army in Ireland to ght in Leicesters expedition to
the Netherlands. Stanley had been held in high regard by
Elizabeth I, but following his surrender of Deventer to the
Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, had switched
sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an alfrez or junior
ocer, fought well at the siege of Calais in 1596, and
by 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy.[3] That
year, he travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic
rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the
Italian version of his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described James I as a heretic, who intended to
have all of the Papist sect driven out of England. He denounced Scotland, and the Kings favourites among the
Scottish nobles, writing it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as they are, for very long.[13]
Although he was received politely, the court of Philip III
was unwilling to oer him any support.[14]

Gunpowder Plot

Main article: Gunpowder Plot


In 1604 Fawkes became involved with a small group of
English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned
to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace
him with his daughter, third in the line of succession,
Princess Elizabeth.[15][16] Fawkes was described by the
Jesuit priest and former school friend Oswald Tesimond
as pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed to quarrels and strife ... loyal to his friends. Tesimond also claimed Fawkes was a man highly skilled
in matters of war, and that it was this mixture of

piety and professionalism which endeared him to his


fellow conspirators.[3] The author Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as a tall, powerfully built man, with thick
reddish-brown hair, a owing moustache in the tradition
of the time, and a bushy reddish-brown beard, and that
he was a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance, somewhat to the surprise of his enemies.[5]
The rst meeting of the ve central conspirators took
place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the
Duck and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of
London.[lower-alpha 6] Catesby had already proposed at an
earlier meeting with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to
kill the King and his government by blowing up the Parliament House with gunpowder. Wintour, who at rst
objected to the plan, was convinced by Catesby to travel
to the continent to seek help. Wintour met with the Constable of Castile, the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen,[18]
and Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would
receive no support from Spain. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who had by then been away
from England for many years, and thus was largely unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries; each was militant, and had rst-hand experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help.
Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to doe some whatt in
Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott,[3] and
thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England.[17]
Wintours news did not surprise Catesby; despite positive
noises from the Spanish authorities, he feared that the
deeds would nott answere.[lower-alpha 7]
One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy, was promoted
in June 1604, gaining access to a house in London
that belonged to John Whynniard, Keeper of the Kings
Wardrobe. Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began
using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy.[20]
The contemporaneous account of the prosecution (taken
from Thomas Wintours confession)[21] claimed that the
conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from beneath
Whynniards house to Parliament, although this story may
have been a government fabrication; no evidence for the
existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution,
and no trace of one has ever been found; Fawkes himself did not admit the existence of such a scheme un-

2.3

Torture

til his fth interrogation, but even then he could not locate the tunnel.[22] If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnelling from
their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased
their eorts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise
from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with the news that the tenants widow was clearing
out a nearby undercroft, directly beneath the House of
Lords.[3][23]
The plotters purchased the lease to the room, which also
belonged to John Whynniard. Unused and lthy, it was
considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the
plotters planned to store.[24] According to Fawkes, 20
barrels of gunpowder were brought in at rst, followed
by 16 more on 20 July.[25] On 28 July however, the ever- Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (c. 1823), Henry Perronet
Briggs
present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Par[26]
liament until Tuesday, 5 November.

2.1

Overseas

In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605


Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of
the plotters plan.[27] At some point during this trip his
name made its way into the les of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl
of Salisbury, who employed a network of spies across Europe. One of these spies, Captain William Turner, may
have been responsible. Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no more than a
vague pattern of invasion reports, and included nothing
which regarded the Gunpowder Plot, on 21 April he told
how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England.
Fawkes was a well-known Flemish mercenary, and would
be introduced to Mr Catesby and honourable friends of
the nobility and others who would have arms and horses
in readiness.[28] Turners report did not, however, mention Fawkess pseudonym in England, John Johnson, and
did not reach Cecil until late in November, well after the
plot had been discovered.[3][29]
It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he
was back in London by late August 1605, when he and
Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into
the room, along with rewood to conceal it.[30] Fawkess
nal role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October. He was to light the fuse and then escape
across the Thames. Simultaneously, a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Acts of regicide were frowned upon, and Fawkes
would therefore head to the continent, where he would
explain to the Catholic powers his holy duty to kill the
King and his retinue.[31]

ing the opening.[32] On the evening of 26 October, Lord


Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to
stay away, and to retyre youre self into yowre contee
whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they
shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament.[33] Despite quickly becoming aware of the letter informed
by one of Monteagles servants the conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it
was clearly thought to be a hoax.[34] Fawkes checked
the undercroft on 30 October, and reported that nothing had been disturbed.[35] Monteagles suspicions had
been aroused, however, and the letter was shown to King
James. The King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct
a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he
did in the early hours of 5 November. Fawkes had taken
up his station late on the previous night, armed with a
slow match and a watch given to him by Percy becaus
he should knowe howe the time went away.[3] He was
found leaving the cellar, shortly after midnight, and arrested. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered
hidden under piles of rewood and coal.[36]

2.3 Torture

Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was rst


interrogated by members of the Kings Privy chamber,
where he remained deant.[37] When asked by one of
the lords what he was doing in possession of so much
gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was to
blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains.
[38]
He identied himself as a 36-year-old Catholic from
Netherdale in Yorkshire, and gave his fathers name as
Thomas and his mothers as Edith Jackson. Wounds on
his body noted by his questioners he explained as the effects of pleurisy. Fawkes admitted his intention to blow
up the House of Lords, and expressed regret at his failure
2.2 Discovery
to do so. His steadfast manner earned him the admiraA few of the conspirators were concerned about fel- tion of King James, who described Fawkes as possessing
low Catholics who would be present at Parliament dur- a Roman resolution.[39]

4
Jamess admiration did not, however, prevent him from
ordering on 6 November that John Johnson be tortured,
to reveal the names of his co-conspirators.[40] He directed
that the torture be light at rst, referring to the use of
manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the
use of the rack: the gentler Tortures are to be rst used
unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]".[37][41] Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. The King composed a list
of questions to be put to Johnson, such as "as to what he
is, For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him,
When and where he learned to speak French?", and If
he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?"[42] The room
in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became
known as the Guy Fawkes Room.[43]

GUNPOWDER PLOT

ing the Ridol plot of 1571 prisoners were made to dictate their confessions, before copying and signing them,
if they still could.[47] Although it is uncertain if he was
tortured on the rack, Fawkess scrawled signature bears
testament to the suering he endured at the hands of his
interrogators.[48]

2.4 Trial and execution


The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday
27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from
the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his coconspirators.[lower-alpha 8] They were kept in the Star
Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where
they were displayed on a purpose-built scaold. The
King and his close family, watching in secret, were among
the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the
list of charges. Fawkes was identied as Guido Fawkes,
otherwise called Guido Johnson. He pleaded not guilty,
despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment
he was captured.[50]

Fawkess signature of Guido, made soon after his torture, is a


barely evident scrawl compared to a later instance.

Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkess confession.[37]
He searched his prisoner, and found a letter, addressed
to Guy Fawkes. To Waads surprise, Johnson remained
silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its authors.[44]
On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who
reported to Salisbury He [Johnson] told us that since he
undertook this action he did every day pray to God he
might perform that which might be for the advancement
of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul. According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the night,
despite his being warned that he would be interrogated
until I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and
all his complices.[45] His composure was broken at some
point during the following day.[46]
The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked Since Johnsons being in the Tower, he beginneth to speak English.
Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told
his interrogators that there were ve people involved in
the plot to kill the King. He began to reveal their names
on 8 November, and told how they intended to place
Princess Elizabeth on the throne. His third confession,
on 9 November, implicated Francis Tresham. Follow-

A 1606 etching by Claes (Nicolaes) Jansz Visscher, depicting


Fawkess execution

The outcome was never in doubt. The jury found all of


the defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John
Popham proclaimed them guilty of high treason.[51] The
Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that
each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to his
death, by a horse, his head near the ground. They were to
be put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both. Their genitals would be cut o and burnt
before their eyes, and their bowels and hearts removed.
They would then be decapitated, and the dismembered
parts of their bodies displayed so that they might become
prey for the fowls of the air.[52] Fawkess and Treshams
testimony regarding the Spanish treason was read aloud,
as well as confessions related specically to the Gunpowder Plot. The last piece of evidence oered was a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who had been
kept in adjacent cells. The two men apparently thought
they had been speaking in private, but their conversation
was intercepted by a government spy. When the prison-

5
ers were allowed to speak, Fawkes explained his not guilty res were accompanied by reworks from the 1650s onplea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment.[53] wards, and it became the custom to burn an egy (usuOn 31 January 1606, Fawkes and three others Thomas ally the pope) after 1673, when the heir presumptive,
Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, and Robert Keyes were James, Duke[3]of York, made his conversion to Catholidragged (i.e. drawn) from the Tower on wattled hurdles to cism public. Egies of other notable gures who have
the Old Palace Yard at Westminster, opposite the build- become targets for the publics ire, such as Paul Kruger
Thatcher, have also found their way onto
ing they had attempted to destroy.[54] His fellow plotters and Margaret[64]
although most modern egies are of
the
bonres,
were then hanged and quartered. Fawkes was the last to
Fawkes.[60] The guy is normally created by children,
stand on the scaold. He asked for forgiveness of the
[60]
King and state, while keeping up his crosses and idle cer- from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask. During the
19th century, guy came to mean an oddly dressed peremonies (Catholic practices). Weakened by torture and
conaided by the hangman, Fawkes began to climb the lad- son, but in American English it lost any pejorative[60][65]
notation, and was used to refer to any male person.
der to the noose, but either through jumping to his death
or climbing too high so the rope was incorrectly set, he
managed to avoid the agony of the latter part of his execution by breaking his neck.[37][55][56] His lifeless body
was nevertheless quartered[57] and, as was the custom,[58]
his body parts were then distributed to the four corners
of the kingdom, to be displayed as a warning to other
would-be traitors.[59]

Legacy

See also: Gunpowder Plot in popular culture


On 5 November 1605 Londoners were encouraged to
Children preparing for Guy Fawkes night celebrations (1954)

Procession of a Guy (1864)

William Harrison Ainsworth's 1841 historical romance


Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason portrays
Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light,[66] and transformed him in the public perception into an acceptable
ctional character. Fawkes subsequently appeared as
essentially an action hero in childrens books and penny
dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes;
or, The Conspirators of Old London, published in about
1905.[67] According to historian Lewis Call, Fawkes is
now a major icon in modern political culture, whose
face has become a potentially powerful instrument for
the articulation of postmodern anarchism[lower-alpha 9] in
the late 20th century, exemplied by the mask worn by
V in the comic book series V for Vendetta, who ghts
against a ctional fascist English state.[68]

celebrate the Kings escape from assassination by lighting Guy Fawkes is sometimes toasted as the last man to enter
bonres, always provided that 'this testemonye of joy be Parliament with honest intentions.[69]
carefull done without any danger or disorder'".[3] An Act
of Parliament designated each 5 November as a day of
thanksgiving for the joyful day of deliverance, and remained in force until 1859.[60] Although he was only one 4 References
of 13 conspirators, Fawkes is today the individual most
associated with the failed plot.[61]
Notes
In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy
Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night[62] and Bonre Night; the latter can be traced directly back to
the original celebration of 5 November 1605.[63] Bon-

[1] Dates in this article before 14 September 1752 are given


in the Julian calendar. The beginning of the year is treated
as 1 January even though it began in England on 25 March.

[2] According to one source, he may have been Registrar of


the Exchequer Court of the Archbishop.[1]
[3] Fawkess mothers maiden name is alternatively given as
Edith Blake,[2] or Edith Jackson.[3]
[4] According to the International Genealogical Index, compiled by the LDS Church, Fawkes married Maria Pulleyn
(b. 1569) in Scotton in 1590, and had a son, Thomas, on
6 February 1591.[9] These entries, however, appear to derive from a secondary source and not from actual parish
entries.[12]
[5] Although the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
claims 1592, multiple alternative sources give 1591 as the
date. Peter Beal, A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology, 1450 to 2000, includes a signed indenture of the
sale of the estate dated 14 October 1591. (pp. 198199)
[6] Also present were fellow conspirators John Wright,
Thomas Percy, and Thomas Wintour (with whom he was
already acquainted).[17]
[7] Philip III made peace with England in August 1604.[19]
[8] The eighth, Thomas Bates, was considered inferior by
virtue of his status, and was held instead at Gatehouse
Prison.[49]
[9] See Post-anarchism

[13] Fraser 2005, p. 89


[14] Fraser 2005, pp. 8790
[15] Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 46
[16] Fraser 2005, pp. 140142
[17] Fraser 2005, pp. 117119
[18] Fraser 2005, p. 87
[19] Nicholls, Mark (2004), Catesby, Robert (b. in or after 1572, d. 1605)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/
4883, retrieved 12 May 2010 (subscription or UK public
library membership required)
[20] Fraser 2005, pp. 122123
[21] Nicholls, Mark (2004), Winter, Thomas (c. 1571
1606)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford
University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29767, retrieved
16 November 2009 (subscription or UK public library
membership required)
[22] Fraser 2005, pp. 133134
[23] Haynes 2005, pp. 5559
[24] Fraser 2005, pp. 144145
[25] Fraser 2005, pp. 146147

Footnotes

[26] Fraser 2005, pp. 159162

[1] Haynes 2005, pp. 2829

[27] Bengsten 2005, p. 50

[2] Guy Fawkes, The Gunpowder Plot Society, retrieved 19


May 2010

[28] Fraser 2005, p. 150

[3] Nicholls, Mark (2004), Fawkes, Guy (bap. 1570, d.


1606)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/
9230, retrieved 6 May 2010 (subscription or UK public
library membership required)

[30] Fraser 2005, p. 170

[4] Fawkes, Guy in The Dictionary of National Biography, Leslie Stephen, ed., Oxford University Press, London
(19211922).

[33] Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 6869

[5] Fraser 2005, p. 84


[6] Sharpe 2005, p. 48

[29] Fraser 2005, pp. 148150

[31] Fraser 2005, pp. 178179


[32] Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 6263

[34] Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 72


[35] Fraser 2005, p. 189
[36] Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 73
[37] Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 9192

[7] Fraser 2005, p. 86 (note)


[38] Cobbett 1857, p. 229.
[8] Sharpe 2005, p. 49
[9] Herber, David (April 1998), The Marriage of Guy
Fawkes and Maria Pulleyn, The Gunpowder Plot Society Newsletter (1), The Gunpowder Plot Society, archived
from the original on 17 June 2011, retrieved 16 February
2010

REFERENCES

[39] Fraser 2005, pp. 208209


[40] Fraser 2005, p. 211
[41] Fraser 2005, p. 215
[42] Fraser 2005, p. 212

[10] Fraser 2005, pp. 8485

[43] Younghusband 2008, p. 46

[11] Fraser 2005, pp. 8586

[44] Bengsten 2005, p. 58

[12] Fraser 2005, p. 86

[45] Bengsten 2005, p. 59

[46] Fraser 2005, pp. 216217


[47] Bengsten 2005, p. 60
[48] Fraser 2005, pp. 215216, 228229
[49] Fraser 2005, p. 263
[50] Fraser 2005, pp. 263266
[51] Fraser 2005, p. 273
[52] Fraser 2005, pp. 266269
[53] Fraser 2005, pp. 269271
[54] Haynes 2005, pp. 115116
[55] Fraser 2005, p. 283
[56] Sharpe 2005, pp. 7677
[57] Allen 1973, p. 37
[58] Thompson 2008, p. 102
[59] Guy Fawkes, York Museums Trust, retrieved 16 May 2010
[60] House of Commons Information Oce (September
2006), The Gunpowder Plot (PDF), parliament.uk at
web.archive.org, retrieved 15 February 2011

Fox, Adam; Woolf, Daniel R. (2002), The spoken


word: oral culture in Britain, 15001850, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5747-7
Fraser, Antonia (2005) [1996], The Gunpowder
Plot, Phoenix, ISBN 0-7538-1401-3
Haynes, Alan (2005) [1994], The Gunpowder Plot:
Faith in Rebellion, Hayes and Sutton, ISBN 0-75094215-0
Northcote Parkinson, C. (1976), Gunpowder Treason and Plot, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0297-77224-4
Sharpe, J. A. (2005), Remember, Remember: A Cultural History of Guy Fawkes Day (illustrated ed.),
Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01935-0
Thompson, Irene (2008), The A to Z of Punishment
and Torture: From Amputations to Zero Tolerance,
Book Guild Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84624-203-8
Younghusband, George (2008), A Short History of
the Tower of London, Boucher Press, ISBN 978-14437-0485-4

[61] Fraser 2005, p. 349


[62] Fox & Woolf 2002, p. 269
[63] Fraser 2005, pp. 351352
[64] Fraser 2005, p. 356
[65] Merriam-Webster (1991), The Merriam-Webster new
book of word histories, Merriam-Webster, p. 208, ISBN
0-87779-603-3, entry guy
[66] Harrison Ainsworth, William (1841), Guy Fawkes; or,
The Gunpowder Treason, Nottingham Society
[67] Sharpe 2005, p. 128
[68] Call, Lewis (July 2008), A is for Anarchy, V is for
Vendetta: Images of Guy Fawkes and the Creation of
Postmodern Anarchism, Anarchist Studies, retrieved 10
November 2008 via HighBeam Research (subscription
required)
[69] Sharpe 2005, p. 6

Bibliography
Allen, Kenneth (1973), The Story of Gunpowder,
Wayland, ISBN 978-0-85340-188-9
Bengsten, Fiona (2005), Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, and the Gunpowder Plot (illustrated ed.), Traord Publishing, ISBN 1-41205541-5
Cobbett, William (1857), A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, Simpkin,
Marshall and Company

5 External links
Guy Fawkes story from the BBC, including archive
video clips
Guy Fawkes Day at DMOZ

6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1

Text

Guy Fawkes Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes?oldid=690863179 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Mav, Uriyan, Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Malcolm Farmer, Sjc, AlexWasFirst, Rjstott, Grouse, Aldie, Gritchka, Toby Bartels, Deb, SimonP, Shii, DrBob, Isis~enwiki,
Montrealais, Olivier, Rickyrab, Stevertigo, Bdesham, Patrick, Kchishol1970, EvanProdromou, Ixfd64, Kalki, Shoaler, Ihcoyc, Kricxjo,
Pjamescowie, G-Man, Den fjttrade ankan~enwiki, Kingturtle, RadRafe, Sray, Rossami, Netsnipe, Kaihsu, GCarty, GRAHAMUK,
JASpencer, Seth ze, OliD~enwiki, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Dino, Ike9898, WhisperToMe, Tcassedy, DJ Clayworth, Maximus Rex, Itai,
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6.2

Images

SheepNotGoats, Krawi, Julain Barbarosa, BloodDoll, RJaguar3, Yintan, Aeuoah, Brereton55, Pcbbc, Dustman81, Toddst1, Krullx0r,
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1608

6.2

Images

File:(Guy_Fawkes_night_at_Chirk)_(6302836170).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/%28Guy_


Fawkes_night_at_Chirk%29_%286302836170%29.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Guy Fawkes night at Chirk Original artist: Geo
Charles
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Gunpowder_Plot_conspirators.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gunpowder_Plot_
conspirators.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Portrait Gallery: NPG 334a Original artist: Crispijn van de Passe
the Elder
File:Guy_fawkes_henry_perronet_briggs.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Guy_fawkes_henry_
perronet_briggs.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.parliament.uk/gunpowderplot/children_arrest.htm Original artist:
Henry Perronet Briggs
File:Guy_fawkes_torture_signatures.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Guy_fawkes_torture_
signatures.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Top: Derived from original document here
Original artist: Guy Fawkes
File:Procession_of_a_guy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Procession_of_a_guy.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Robert Chambers - artist unknown
File:The_Church_of_St_Michael_le_Belfry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_411603.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/2/22/The_Church_of_St_Michael_le_Belfry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_411603.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From
geograph.org.uk Original artist: Graeme Walker
File:The_execution_of_Guy_Fawkes{}_(Guy_Fawkes)_by_Claes_(Nicolaes)_Jansz_Visscher.jpg Source:
https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/The_execution_of_Guy_Fawkes%27_%28Guy_Fawkes%29_by_Claes_%28Nicolaes%29_
Jansz_Visscher.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Portrait Gallery: NPG D20306 Original artist: Claes (Nicolaes) Jansz
Visscher
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10

6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

6.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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