SCIENCE

9.1 Classification of Microorganism

Taxonomy "Five kingdom system of Classification":
Monera or Prokaryotae.
Prosita or protoctista
Fungi
Plant or plantae
Animals or Animalia.

Bacteria
Characteristics
The characteristics of bacteria are:
Prokaryotic (no membrane-enclosed nucleus)
No mitochondria or chloroplasts
A single chromosome:
A closed circle of double-stranted DNA.
With no associated histones.

Classification of bacteria

Until recently classification was done on the basis of such traits as:
Shape
Bacilli:Rod-shaped
Cocci:Spherical
Spirilla:Curved walls
Ability to form spores.
Nutritional requirements.
Reaction to the Graim stain(bacteria cell wall).

Figure 9.1 structure of bacterial cell.

Table 9.1 shows the structure and function of a becterial cell.

Table 9.1
Reproduction
A bacterium does not need a partner to reproduce.
Some bacteria can reproduce sexually,a process known as conjugtion (Figure 9.2) .

Figure 9.2
Conjugtion tube forms between a donor and recipient.An enzyme nicks the plasmid.
Plasmid DNA replication starts.The free DNA strand starts moving through the tube.
In the recipient cell,replication starts on the transferred DNA.
The cells move apart and the plasmid in each forms a circle.

Conjugation
Sexual reproductive method.
Two bacteria form a conjugation bridge or tube between them.

Photograph 9.1 Bacteria form a conjugation

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to the other.

Nutrition
Autotrophic
Heterophic
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Heterotrophic
parasitic
Saprotrophic
Fungi
Characteristics
The characteristics of fungi are:

Eukaryotic
Do not contain chlorophyll.
Do not photosynthesise
Heterotrophs.
Glycogen
Most are saprophitic.
Decomposers and recyclers.
Multicellular.
Internal or external parasites.
Non motile
Lack true roots,stems and leaves.
Chitin.
Mycelia.
Edible.
Sexual and asexual spores.
Warm,Moist environments.
Mycology.
Fungicide.
Ondosymbiosis.

Reproduction
Non reproductive structures.
Body of fungus is made of tiny filaments or tubes called Hyphae.
Cytoplasm and nuclei,chitin.

Photograph 9.2 hyphae.

Septum (septa-plural) are cross walls with pores to allow the movement of cytoplasm in
hyphae.

Figure 9.3 Hypae

Mycelium.
hyphae.
stolon
Rhizoids

Reproductive structure.
Asexually and sexually.
Asexual reproduction genetically identical.
Sexual reproduction in fungi.
Asexually
Mitosis
Budding

Photograph 9.3 Yeast.

Fragmentation
Spores
Penicillium produces spores Conidia without a protective sac on the top of a stalk
condiophore.
Sporangium fungi
Rhizopus stolonifer (Bread mold).

Figure 9.4 bread mold

Hyphae(Coenocytic)
Asexual.
Sporangium
Sporangispores
Rhizoids
Zygospores

Figure 9.5 Sporangium fungi

Sexual reproduction in fungi.
Fungi reproduce sexually.
No male or female.
Plus (+) and minus (-)
Fruiting bodies.asexual spores.
sporangiophore.sporangium

Photograph 9.4 Sporangiophores

Spores: Dehydrated cytoplasm and a proctive coat.

Protozoa
Characteristic
Prostista
Unicellular
Heterotrophs,Food vacuoles.

Way they move (cilia,flagella and pseudopodia).

Euglena

Paramesium

Amoeba

Photograph 9.5 classification of protozoa

Microscopic
Zooplankton
Free living
Food for other organism,zooplankton

Reproduction
Binary fission.
Multiple fission.
Sexually by conjugation.

Adaptations
Eyespots
Conditions become unfavourable.
Detect and avoid obstacles and harmful chemicals.
contractile vacuoles.
Classificaton.
Protista