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1.
Coulombs Law:
The force of attraction (or) repulsion between two charges at rest is directly proportional to the
product of magnitude of two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
2. Electric Field:
Electric field exists in a region in which a charge experiences a force.
surface.
E.ds
1
0
q.
6. The electric intensity at a point due to an infinitely long charged wire is, E =
.
2 0 r
Here is the uniform linear charge density, r is the radial distance of the point from the
axis of the wire.
7. The electric intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge is,
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Here is the uniform surface charge
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2 0
2.
A. Positively charged body can attract both negatively charged and neutral bodies, but positively
charged body can only repel another positively charged body. Hence repulsion is sure test of
electrification.
1 n 1.6 10
1
1.6
19
10
18
6.2510
4.
A:
Every body acquires positive charge due to the loss of electrons. Hence the weight of a body
decreases when it is positively charged.
5.
What happens to the force between two charges if the distance between them is
a) Halved b) Doubled?
A.
d2
a)
F2
d1
F2
4F
F1
d2
F1
d / 2
d1
d
b)
F1 d 2
2d
F2
F1
6.
A.
The tangent drawn to electric line of force gives the direction of electric field at the point. If
the electric lines of force intersect then at the point of intersection electric field will act in
two different directions, which is not possible. Hence electric lines of force do not intersect.
7.
Consider two charges +q and -q placed at B and C of an equilateral triangle ABC. For
this system, the total charge is zero. But the electric field (intensity) at A which is
equidistant from B and C is not zero. Why?
A: Charge is a scalar, Hence it is added algebraically. But field is a vector, it should be added
vectorially. The fields due to the given charges are not in the same direction. Therefore the net
field is not zero.
8.
Electrostatic field lines of force do not form closed loops. If they form closed loops then
the work done in moving a charge along a closed path will not be zero. From the above
two statements can you guess the nature of electrostatic force?
A: Electric force is conservative force. If field lines form closed loop, then work done by the
conservative force along the closed path is not be zero.
9.
A:
The total electric flux through any closed Gaussian surface is equal to
sum of charge enclosed by the surface. Here 0 is the permittivity of free space.
_. .
10. When will be the electric flux negative and when is it positive?
A.
For a closed surface, inward flux is taken to be negative and outward flux is taken to be
positive.
11. Write the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite long charged wire at a radial
distance 'r' from the wire?
A:
12. Write the expression for electric intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge?
A:
13. Write the expression for electric intensity due to charged conducting spherical shell at
points outside and inside the shell?
A. Outside the shell ( r R ): If ' ' is the surface charge density E
Inside the shell r R : If ' ' is the surface charge density E = 0.
o r
A.
Statement:
The force of attraction (or) repulsion between two charges at rest is directly proportional to the
product of magnitude of two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them and acts along the line joining the charges.
Explanation:
Let two point charges q1 and q2 at rest are separated by a distance r. The force F between them
is given by
F q1q2
1
d2
(Or)
F
q1q2
(Or)
r2
1
4
q1q2
r2
the medium
r 1 For air or vacuum
Fair
Fai 1
4
r
0
q1q2
r2
1
4
0
q1q2
r2
2.
Define intensity of electric field at a point. Derive an expression for the intensity due to a
point charge?
A.
1
Q 1
4 0 2
r
1 Q
2
4
0 r
3.
A.
Derive the equation for the couple acting on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field?
Let an electric dipole of dipole moment P placed at an angle to the direction of a uniform
electric field of intensity E. Each charge of the dipole experiences a force of magnitude qE.
Hence the dipole experiences two equal, unlike and non collinear forces which form a couple.
The torque acting on the dipole is given by
qE 2a sin Or pE sin
In vector form p E
q
qE
2l sin
qE q
The torque on the dipole tends to align the dipole in the direction of electric field.
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4.
Derive an expression for the electric intensity of electric field at a point on the axial line of
an electric dipole?
A.
EA
1
q
2
4 (r a)
0
Net intensity,
E
axial
Eaxial
Eaxial EB EA
q
2
2
40 (r a) 40 (r a)
q
1
4 (r 2 a2 )
0
2
Since p = q(2a)
Eaxial
1
2 pr
2
2 2
40 (r a )
axial
1 2p
3
40 r
( EB EA )
5.
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Derive an expression for the electric intensity of electric field at a point on the equatorial
line of an electric dipole.
A.
1
q
1
4 AP2
4
0
q 2
2
(r a (Along PD )
)
1
q
2
2
4 (r a
0
)
(Along PC )
Clearly EA EB .Let us resolve and EB into two components in two mutually perpendicular
directions components of EA and EB along the equatorial line cancel each other. But the
components perpendicular to equatorial line get added up because they act in same direction.
So magnitude of resultant intensity E at P
E 2E
Eequitorial
q
cos 2
A
2
2
4 0 (r a
)
p
1
4
(r 2 a2 )3/
0
a
r a
2
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If r >>> a, then
Eequitorial
p
1
. This intensity is parallel to AB from P.
4 3
0 r
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6.
A:
by the surface.
Here 0 is the permittivity of free space, Mathematically, Gauss law can be stated as,
_. . q
E E.ds
0
Define Electric Flux. Applying Gausss law derives the expression for electric intensity
due to an infinite long straight charged wire. (Assume that the electric field is everywhere
radial and depends only on the radial distance r of the point from the wire.)
A.
Electric Flux:
The total number of electric lines of force passing through a normal plane inside an electric
field is called Electric flux ( ) . It is a scalar quantity.
d E .d s .
Gauss Theorem:
The Electric flux ( ) through any closed surface is equal to
Or
1
ds q
0
1
E(2 rl) q
0
2or 2or
2.
State Gausss law in electrostatics. Applying Gausss laws derive the expression for
electric intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge?
A.
Gauss Theorem:
The Electric flux ( ) through any closed surface is equal to
by the surface.
_. _. 1
E.ds q
0
This is the integral form of Gauss law. Here 0 is the permittivity of free space.
Electric field due to an infinite plane sheet of charge:
Consider an infinite plane sheet of charge OXPY of uniform surface charge density' ' .
Imagine a Gaussian surface in the form of horizontal cylinder ABCD, passing through the
vertical plane sheet and having length 2r perpendicular to the plane sheet and symmetrical on
either side of the sheet. The areas ds3 and ds4 are perpendicular to E. Hence electric flux
through them is zero.
For the areas ds3 and ds4 ,
E.ds =
= E (S + S) = E (2S)
ds
q
E.ds
0
But q s
E (2S) =
or
E
.
2 0
2 0
3.
Applying Gausss law derive the expression for electric intensity due to charged
conducting spherical shell at (i) a point outside the shell (ii) a point on the surface of the
shell and (iii) a point inside the shell ?
A.
Gauss Theorem:
The Electric flux ( ) through any closed surface is equal to
by the surface.
_. _.
E.
1
0
ds
This is the integral form of Gauss law. Here 0 is the permittivity of free space
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Electric field due to a spherical shell:
Consider a spherical shell of radius R and a charge q. Let us find the electric field at a point
P at a distance r from the centre O of the shell.
Surface charge density
q
2
q 4 R
4
2
R
E(4 r )
2
1
1 q2
q E 4
.r
0
R
4
E
2
2
R
2
2
4o r
0 r
R E
4 0
0
2
E(4 r )
0
E0
PROBLEMS
1. Two small identical balls, each of mass 0.20 g. carry identical charges and are suspended
by two threads of equal lengths. The balls position themselves at equilibrium such that the
angle between the threads is 600. If the distance between the balls is 0.5 m, find the charge
on each ball?
Sol:m = 0.2 gm 2 10 4 kg
1
30 , x 0.5 m 5 10 m
1
4
0
q2
x
mg tan .
9
2 2 10 4 9.8 tan 300
q
10
2
2510
7
q 1.77 10 col.
1 1
1 8
1 .....
Eres q
2
4 0 12 22 42 82 16
40
1
4
towards origin
3 o
3. A clock face has negative charges q, 2q, 3q.......12q fixed at the position of the
corresponding numerals on the dial. The clock hands do not disturb the net field due to
the point charges. At what time does the hour hand point in the direction of the electric
field at the centre of the dial?
A
.
-11q
-9q
-10q
E10
-12q
-q
E
12
E11
E1
E2
-2q
E3
-3q
E9
-8q
E4
-4q
E8
-7q
E7
E6
-6q
E5
-5q
The resultant electrified due to all charges lies in between 9 and 10 i.e. at the time 9:30
4. Consider a uniform electric field E = 310 3 N/C. (a) What is the flux of this field through
a square of 10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the yz plane? (b) What is the flux
through the same square if the normal to its plane makes a 600 angle with the x-axis?
Sol: E 3103 NC
A 10
10 m
a) EA 3103 10 2 30
b) EA cos
2
310 10
1
2
15. Here 60
5. There are four charges, each with a magnitude q. Two are positive and two are negative.
The charges are fixed to the corners of a square of side L, one to each corner, in such a
way that the force on any charge is directed toward the center of the square. Find the
magnitude of the net electric force experienced by any charge?
A.
The attractive force experienced by charge at C due to the charges at B and D is same
F1 F2
-q
1
q
.
40 q
L2
+q
B
2F
D
q
......... (1)
F
L
C
-q
F2 F2
2 F 2
q2
........... (2)
40 L
1
40
q q
......... (3)
2 L
1 q
1
q
. 2
. 2
2 F F2
4 L 4 2L
FR
FR
q
. 2L2 2 2 1
net flux passing through a square area of side L parallel to y-z plane.
_.
Sol: A L i; E ai b j
_. _.
E.A ai bj . L2 i
aL
. It is kept in a cube of
edge 3r such that the centre of the cube coincides with the centre of the shell. Calculate the
electric flux that comes out of a face of the cube?
Sol:For the spherical shell
2
2
4r q .4r
2r 2
3Eo
6E
8. An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite point charges +Q and Q, separated
by a distance 2l. P is a point collinear with the charges such that its distance from the
positive charge is half of its distance from the negative charge. The electric intensity at P
isA.
Given r l 1 r
l
2
-q
p
+q
2l
(r-l)
r
(r+l)
2r 2l r l r = 3l
The electric intensity at P is
2P3l
1
E 4
0
3l2
2pr
.
2
2
1
r l 2
40
1 2P 3l
P 2l Q
2 4
2 2
8l
2 2l Q 3l
3Q
4
0
64l
4
4 16l
9. Two infinitely long thin straight wires having uniform linear charge densities and 2
are arranged parallel to each other at a distance r apart. The intensity of the electric field
at a point midway between them isSol: 1 , 2 2, r1 r2
E1
E2
r
2
r
2 0 1 2 r
0 r
0
2
2
2 0
r2
2
2
2 r 0 r
E E
0
2
Enet = 2
r
0
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10. Two infinitely long thin straight wires having uniform linear charge densities e and
2e
are arranged parallel to each other at a distance r apart. The intensity of the electric field
at a point midway between them isSol: 1 , 2 2, r1 r2
E1
E2
r
2
r1
2 0
2 r
0 r
0
2
2
2 0
r2
E E
Enet = 2
2
2
2 r 0 r
2
r
11. An electron of mass m and charge e is fired perpendicular to a uniform electric field
of intensity E with an initial velocity u. If the electron traverses a distance x in the field
in the direction of firing, find the transverse displacement y it suffers?
A.
y
m
2
The transverse distance of the electron in the perpendicular direction is y at
1 eE x 2
2
eEx
2 m u
2
2mu
eE
m