9/4/2008

Ci
Circuit
it Analysis
A l i 1
Chapter # 2
Resistive Circuits

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences
and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 6

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Chapter 2: RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

Here we introduce the basic concepts and laws that are
fundamental to circuit analysis

LEARNING GOALS

• OHM’S LAW - DEFINES THE SIMPLEST PASSIVE ELEMENT: THE

RESISTOR, ITS RELATIOSHIP WITH V & I
• KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT CONSERVATION
LAWS- KIRCHHOFF CURRENT (KCL) AND KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE (KVL)
• LEARN TO ANALYZE THE SIMPLEST CIRCUITS
o SINGLE LOOP - THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER
o SINGLE NODE-PAIR - THE CURRENT DIVIDER
• SERIES/PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS - A TECHNIQUE
TO REDUCE THE COMPLEXITY OF SOME CIRCUITS
• WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMATION - A TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE
COMMON RESISTOR CONNECTIONS THAT ARE NEITHER SERIES NOR
PARALLEL
• CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES - (NOTHING VERY
SPECIAL) 2

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2.1 RESISTORS AND OHM’S LAW

Standard Multiples of Ohm
+ v(t ) − George Simon
OHM: German MΩ Mega Ohm(106 Ω)
i(t ) Physicist kΩ Kilo Ohm(103 Ω)
Volt
A resistor is a passive element A common occurrence is
characterized by an algebraic mA
relation between the voltage across resulting in resistance in kΩ
its terminals and the current
through it
Conductance
v(t ) = F (i (t )) General
G l Model
M d l for
f a Resistor
R i t If instead of expressing voltage as
A linear resistor obeys OHM’s Law a function of current one expresses
current in terms of voltage, OHM’s
v(t ) = Ri (t ) law can be written
The constant, R, is called the 1
i= v
resistance of the component and R
is measured in units of Ohm (Ω) 1
We define G = as Conductance
From a dimensional point of view R
Ohms is a derived unit of Volt/Amp of the component and write
i = Gv
Since the equation is algebraic
the time dependence can be omitted The unit of conductance is 3
Siemens

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Some practical resistors

Symbol

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RESISTORS AND SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

Notice passive sign
Convention-Absorbing energy
i
+ Two special resistor values

v R + i=0
− v=0
Circuit Represent ation −
Short Open
i
“A
A touch of Ci it
Circuit Circuit
reality” R=0 R=∞
G=∞ G=0

Linear approximation

Linear range
Actual v-I relationship
v
Ohm’s Law is an approximation valid
while voltages and currents remain
in the Linear Range 5

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OHM’S LAW PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

v = Ri i = Gv OHM' s Law
One equation and three variables. Given Voltage and Resistance
Given ANY two the third can be found Compute Current V
I=
Given current and resistance + R
Find the voltage
Notice use of 12[V ] R = 3Ω
V = RI passive sign
− I = 4[ A]
I = 2A + convention
R = 5Ω V = 10[V ] Determine direction of the current
− using passive sign convention

Table 1 Keeping Units Straight

Voltage Current Resistance

Given Current and Voltage Volts Amps Ohms

Find Resistance
+ I = 4[ A] Volts mA kΩ

mV A
R = 5Ω
20[V ] mΩ

− R=
V mV mA Ω 6
I

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+
Ω
−

GIVEN VOLTAGE AND CONDUCTANCE OHM’S

’ LAW v ( t ) = Ri ( t ) UNITS?
REFERENCE DIRECTIONS SATISFY − 4[V ] = ( 2Ω) i ( t ) ⇒ i ( t ) = −2[ A]
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
i ( t ) = Gv (t ) OHM’S LAW
−
UNITS?
−
CONDUCTANCE IN SIEMENS,
SIEMENS VOLTAGE 4V
IN VOLTS. HENCE CURRENT IN AMPERES
+ v ( t ) = − Ri (t )
i ( t ) = 8[ A] +
OHM’S LAW
THE EXAMPLE COULD BE 7
GIVEN LIKE THIS

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RESISTORS AND ELECTRIC POWER

Resistors are passive components that can only absorb
energy. Combining Ohm’s law and the expressions for
power we can derive several useful expressions
P = vii (P
(Power)
)
v = Ri , or i = Gv (Ohm' s Law)
Problem solving tip: There are four
variables (P,v,i,R) and two equations.
Given any two variables one can find
the other two.
A MATTER OF UNITS
Given P , i Given v, R Working with SI units Volt, Ampere, Watt,
P
v = ,R =
v v v2 Ohm, there is never a problem. One must
i = , P = vi = be careful when using multiples or sub
i i R R
multiples.
Given i, R Given P, R
EXAMPLE : R = 40 kΩ, i = 2mA
v = Ri , P = vi = Ri 2 P
i= , v = Ri = PR The basic strategy is to express
R
all given variables in SI units
If not given, the reference
direction for voltage or current v = (40 *103 Ω) * (2 *10 −3 A) = 80[V ]
can be chosen and the other is P = Ri 2 = (40 *103 Ω) * (2 *10 −3 A) 2 = 8
given by the passive sign convention −3
160 *10 [W ]

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Example: 2.3 DETERMINE VOLTAGE/CURRENT AND POWER

ABSORBED BY RESISTOR

P =?

VS = IR ⇒ VS =
I 0.5 × 10−3[ A]
VS = = 10[V ]
G 50 × 10−6 [ S ] Example 2.4

P=I R=
2 I2
P=
(
0.5 × 10−3[ A] )2
−2
=0.5 × 10 [W ]
−6
G 50 × 10 [ S ]
5[mW ]

P = I 2R
80 × 10−3[W ]
P = VS I R=
80[mW ] ( )
4 × 10−3 A
2

VS = = 20[V ] R = 5kΩ
4[mA]

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Homework

E: 2.1, 2.2
P:2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 (very
y
interesting)

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2.2 KIRCHHOFF LAWS

KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW

• Kirchhoff
i hh ff again
i a German Physicist
h i i
• ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES
IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TO CLACULATE CURRENTS
SOME BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
• Conductors have zero resistance
• Lumping energy into one element (Lumped parameter circuit)
• Current is based on charge and CHARGE CANNOT BE CREATED NOR
DESTROYED

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NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS A NODE CONNECTS SEVERAL

COMPONENTS.
BUT IT DOES NOT HOLD ANY CHARGE.
Its just a GATEWAY for passing the
charges

TOTAL CURRENT FLOWING INTO THE NODE

MUST BE EQUAL TO TOTAL CURRENT OUT
OF THE NODE

(A CONSERVATION OF CHARGE PRINCIPLE)

NODE: point where two, or more, elements

are joined (e.g., big node 1)
LOOP: A closed path that never goes
twice over a node (e.g., the blue line)
The red path is NOT a loop

BRANCH: Component connected between two

nodes (e.g., component R4) NODE

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